Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2017-03-21T18:32:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 LucimarioThiagoFelixDeAraujo_DISSERT.pdf: 1666805 bytes, checksum: 491f0cadf9aec790018979edc6e49605 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-03-27T21:53:05Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 LucimarioThiagoFelixDeAraujo_DISSERT.pdf: 1666805 bytes, checksum: 491f0cadf9aec790018979edc6e49605 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-27T21:53:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LucimarioThiagoFelixDeAraujo_DISSERT.pdf: 1666805 bytes, checksum: 491f0cadf9aec790018979edc6e49605 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-21 / ?xido n?trico (NO) ? uma mol?cula gasosa importante em processos intra e extracelular, est? presente em v?rios tecidos, exercendo um papel importante no sistema imune, na regula??o da press?o sangu?nea, no relaxamento do m?sculo liso e na vasodilata??o via nervos perif?ricos. Por ser um g?s o NO atravessa livremente as membranas celulares. Portanto, na parte central do sistema nervoso age como um neurotransmissor em circuitos locais, distribuindo-se em curtas dist?ncias, difundindo-se de c?lula em c?lula participando de v?rias fun??es, como aprendizado e mem?ria, podendo mediar respostas excitat?rias a certos amino?cidos. O NO est? presente em v?rios n?cleos distribu?dos por todo o sistema nervoso e tem sido descrito em diversas esp?cies animais atrav?s da express?o de sua enzima de s?ntese, a NOS. Utilizando as t?cnicas de imunoistoqu?mica contra NOS e de histoqu?mica para marcar a atividade enzim?tica da NADPH diaforase, a NADPHd, n?s mapeamos a distribui??o de NO no tronco encef?lico de um roedor end?mico da caatinga brasileira que habita ?reas rochosas e tem h?bitos crepusculares, o moc? (Kerodon rupestris). Diversas regi?es e n?cleos do tronco encef?lico apresentaram imunorreatividade ao NOS ou atividade NADPHd. O presente trabalho mostra que em moc?, entre outras regi?es, NO est? em n?cleos do sistema visual prim?rio como os n?cleos pr?-tectais e col?culo superior; n?cleos do sistema auditivo como o complexo olivar, col?culo inferior e n?cleo coclear; em diversas subdivis?es da subst?ncia cinzenta periaquedutal, estrutura envolvida em comportamentos defensivos, nocicep??o e ansiedade, assim como o locus cer?leos onde NO tamb?m foi encontrado; subst?ncia negra, onde NO est? relacionado a encefalopatia hep?tica e com a doen?a de Parkinson em outros roedores. O grande n?mero de n?cleos nitr?rgicos e seu padr?o de distribui??o no tronco encef?lico de moc? foi semelhante ao observado em outras esp?cies de mam?feros, nos levando a concluir que a proximidade filogen?tica das esp?cies ? mantida na distribui??o de NO no tronco encef?lico de moc?. / Nitric oxide (NO) is a gas very important in intra and extracellular process. It is present in many tissues, having an important role in the immunological system, regulation of blood pressure, relaxation of the smooth muscle and vasodilatation through peripheral nervous system. As a gas, NO can pass freely through cell membranes. Therefore, it acts as a neurotransmitter of local action in the central nervous system, reaching short distances, diffusing from cell to cell. It has many functions as learning and memory and modulation of excitatory responses to aminoacids. NO is present in many areas throughout the brain and has been described in many animal species by the expression of its enzyme of synthesis, the NOS. Using immunohistochemistry against NOS and NADPH diaphorase histochemistry we described the distribution of NO in the brainstem of a rodent typical from the Brazilian caatinga, that inhabits rocky areas and has crepuscular habits, the rock cavy (Kerodon rupestris). Several brainstem areas and nuclei presented immunorreactivity to NOS or NADPHd activity. Some of them showed a high density of immunostained neurons, for example the periaqueductal gray, the magnocellular nucleus of the posterior commissure and the interpeduncular nucleus. Others nuclei presented a moderated, as the posterior pretectal nucleus, olivary pretectal nucleus, layers of the superior colliculus and cuneate nucleus. Several showed a low density as the posterior commissure nuclei, paranigral nucleus external cortex of the inferior colliculus and the inferior oliva. Finally, there is nuclei with a very low density, for example the reticular part of the substantia nigra, the pararubral nucleus, the dorsal raphe nucleus, the gracile nucleus and interstitial nucleus of the medulla. The great number of nitrergic nuclei and its pattern of distribution in the rock cavy's brainstem is similar to the other mammals, leading us to conclude that the phylogenetic proximity between species is kept in the brainstem. The present work shows that among other regions the NO is in nuclei of the primary visual system as the pretectal nuclei and the superior coliculum; nuclei of the auditory system as the olivar complex, inferior coliculum and the coclear nuclei; it is in several divisions of the periaqueductal grey matter, strutucture involved in defensive behavior, nociception and anxiety, like the locus coeruleus, where NO also was find; the substantia nigra, where the NO has been related to hepatic encephalopatia and Parkinson's disease in other rodents.The great number of nitrergic nuclei and its pattern of distribution in the rock cavy's brainstem looked alike what is seen in other mammals, leading us to conclude that the philogenetic proximity of the species is mantained in the distribution of NO in the rock cavy's brainstem.

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2017-07-17T13:25:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 RaphaelBenderChagasLeite_TESE.pdf: 4093723 bytes, checksum: 021488e56c69aed1d15a27179827dc0a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-07-19T14:08:37Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 RaphaelBenderChagasLeite_TESE.pdf: 4093723 bytes, checksum: 021488e56c69aed1d15a27179827dc0a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-19T14:08:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RaphaelBenderChagasLeite_TESE.pdf: 4093723 bytes, checksum: 021488e56c69aed1d15a27179827dc0a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-23 / Nos seres humanos, o processamento da informa??o sonora possibilitou o aparecimento da linguagem oral e da m?sica. A altura sonora (do ingl?s, pitch), que permite a constru??o da melodia de uma m?sica e da pros?dia no discurso falado, ? um desses atributos. A percep??o da altura ? uma habilidade universal, contudo alguns indiv?duos se destacam por serem capazes de identificar ou produzir um tom em uma altura particular sem o uso de uma refer?ncia externa. Essa habilidade ? popularmente conhecida por ?Ouvido Absoluto? (em ingl?s, absolute pitch ou perfect pitch). No entanto, os mecanismos neurais respons?veis por tal habilidade ainda n?o s?o totalmente conhecidos. O presente trabalho tem o objetivo de contribuir para o entendimento dos processos neurais envolvidos na percep??o de alturas em indiv?duos com a habilidade de Ouvido Absoluto (OA). No nosso primeiro estudo, avaliamos a preval?ncia do OA em uma popula??o local de m?sicos (Escola de M?sica, UFRN). Para isso, utilizamos de ferramentas psicof?sicas e um question?rio. Nesse trabalho inicial, observamos que a habilidade do OA n?o se apresenta como um processo do tipo "tudo-ounada", mas sim com diferentes n?veis de desempenho: desde as pessoas que acertam abaixo do acaso, aumentando gradativamente a performance at? chegar aos 100%. Enquanto limiares tradicionais (~85%) mostraram uma preval?ncia de OA similar ?quela observada em m?sicos da Europa e Estados Unidos, a aplica??o de um limiar estat?stico resultou na detec??o de um n?mero maior de indiv?duos com algum grau de OA. Al?m disso, mostramos que indiv?duos com OA tem maior prefer?ncia de acerto para as chamadas notas naturais (aquelas relacionadas ?s teclas brancas no piano) em compara??o com as notas de teclas pretas (que s?o as notas sustenidas ou bem?is). Encontramos tamb?m que indiv?duos com OA apresentam in?cio mais precoce do treinamento musical. Finalmente, mostramos que quanto maior a profici?ncia musical, maior a preval?ncia dessa habilidade. Num segundo estudo, utilizamos potenciais evocados auditivos do tronco encef?lico (PEATE) para quantificar a ativa??o de n?cleos do tronco encef?lico no processamento de alturas de indiv?duos com OA. Nesse trabalho, mostramos a presen?a de respostas sustentadas (mas n?o transientes) com maior energia em indiv?duos com OA do que em m?sicos sem essa habilidade. Observamos tamb?m que a amplitude dessa resposta sustentada correlaciona-se com o tempo de rea??o em um teste de nomea??o de alturas. Esses resultados sugerem que indiv?duos com OA possuem maior refinamento no processamento da informa??o ac?stica nos primeiros est?gios do processamento auditivo, contribuindo assim para uma maior automatiza??o da identifica??o de alturas. Acreditamos que esses resultados, como um todo, poder?o facilitar entendimento das rela??es entre o desenvolvimento do sistema nervoso e o aprendizado musical, contribuindo assim para a elabora??o de novas t?cnicas de ensino de m?sica e programas de treinamento. / In humans, the processing of sound information allowed the appearance of speech and music. The pitch - which allows the melody of a song and prosody in spoken discourse - is one of these attributes. Pitch perception is a universal skill, however, just a few individuals are able to identify or produce a tone at a particular pitch without an external tonal reference, an ability known as the Absolute Pitch (AP). However, the neural mechanisms responsible for such ability are not yet fully understood. The present work has the objective to contribute to the understanding of the neural processes involved in the perception of pitch in AP possessors. In the first study, we evaluated AP prevalence in a local population of musicians (School of Music, UFRN). For this, we used psychophysical tools and a questionnaire. This first work showed that AP is not an "all-or-nothing" process, but rather that it has different levels of performance: from people that perform below chance, until it increases gradually to 100% of correct answers. While traditional thresholds (~85%) showed a prevalence of AP similar to that observed in musicians in Europe and the United States, the application of a statistical threshold resulted in the detection of a greater number of individuals with some degree of AP. In addition, we showed that AP possessors hit more the natural notes (those with the whitekeys of the piano) than those that are accidental (flat or sharp, i.e. the black keys of the piano). We also observed that AP possessors present an earlier onset of musical training. Finally, we showed that AP was more prevalent in a high proficiency group in comparison to the average proficiency group. In a second study, we used the auditory brainstem evoked potentials (ABR) to quantify the activation of brainstem nuclei in the processing of heights of individuals with OA. In this work, we showed that sustained responses (but not the transient ones) present a higher energy in individuals with AP than in control musicians. We also found that the amplitude of this sustained response correlates with the reaction time in a pitch naming test. These results suggest that individuals with AP have an increased refinement in the processing of acoustic information in the early stages of auditory processing, which would thus contribute to a greater automation of pitch identification. We believe that this thesis will contribute to the understanding of the relationship between nervous system development and musical learning, thus contributing to the development of new music teaching techniques and training programs.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:37:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JoacilGS_DISSERT.pdf: 4166780 bytes, checksum: d28a491081df0a86a997a1a2664b7535 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-12-28 / Serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) is a substance found in many tissues of the body, including as a neurotransmitter in the nervous system, in which may exert varied post-synaptic actions. Inside the neuro-axis, the location of 5-HT neurons is almost restricted to the raphe nuclei of the brainstem, such that 5-HT-immunoreactivity can be considered a marker of the raphe nuclei. The raphe nuclei are located in the brainstem, at or near the midline. The serotonergic groups were originally alphanumerically classified as B1 to B9 towards caudorrostral in rats and can be divided into upper and lower groups. In this study the distribution of serotonergic neurons was studied using immunohistochemistry in the brain of the rock cavy (Kerodon rupestris), a species of rodent endemic to Northeastern Brazil. The cytoarchitectonic location of serotonergic neurons was established in series of adjacent coronal and sagittal sections stained by the Nissl method and immunohistochemistry for 5-HT. Thus, we defined the raphe rostral linear, caudal linear, dorsal, median, and paramedian pontine raphe nuclei, and B9 cluster, constituting the rostral group, and the interpositus, magnus, obscure and palidus, constituting the caudal part of the group, comparable to which has been described for other mammalian species / A serotonina ou 5-hidroxitriptamina (5-HT) ? uma subst?ncia encontrada em muitos tecidos do organismo, inclusive no sistema nervoso como neurotransmissor, onde pode exercer a??es p?s-sin?pticas variadas. Dentro do neuro-eixo, a localiza??o dos neur?nios 5-HT ? quase absoluta nos n?cleos da rafe do tronco encef?lico, de tal maneira que 5-HT neuronal pode ser considerada um marcador dos n?cleos da rafe. Os n?cleos da rafe est?o localizados no tronco encef?lico, na linha m?dia ou suas proximidades. Os grupamentos serotonin?rgicos foram originalmente classificados alfanumericamente como B1 a B9 no sentido caudorrostral no rato e podem ser divididos em grupos superior e inferior. Neste trabalho a distribui??o dos neur?nios serotonin?rgicos foi estudada com imunoistoqu?mica no c?rebro do moc? (Kerodon rupestris), uma esp?cie de roedor end?mica da regi?o Nordeste do Brasil. A localiza??o citoarquitet?nica dos neur?nios serotonin?rgicos foi estabelecida em s?ries de sec??es coronais e sagitais adjacentes submetidas a colora??o pelo m?todo de Nissl e imunoistoqu?mica para 5-HT. Assim, foram delimitados os n?cleos da rafe linear rostral, linear caudal, dorsal, mediano, paramediano e pontino da rafe e grupamento B9, compondo o grupo rostral, e os n?cleos interp?sito, magno, obscuro e p?lido, compondo o grupo caudal, compar?vel ao que j? foi descrito para outras esp?cies de mam?feros

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:16:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AdrianaJOB_DISSERT.pdf: 1566198 bytes, checksum: 766db20794ef85bc19aa4a81b03784d3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-08-30 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / To the vertebrates, maintain body balance against the gravitational field and be able to orient themselves in the environment are fundamental aspects for survival, in which the participation of vestibular system is essential. As part of this system, the vestibular nuclear complex is the first central station that, by integrating many information (visual, proprioceptive), and the vestibular, assumes the lead role in maintaining balance. In this study, the vestibular nuclear complex was evaluated in relation to its cytoarchitecture and neurochemical content of cells and axon terminals, through the techniques of Nissl staining and immunohistochemistry for neuronal specific nuclear protein (NeuN), glutamate (Glu), substance P (SP), choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) (enzyme that synthesizes acetylcholine-Ach) and glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) (enzyme that synthesizes gamma-amino butyric acid-GABA). The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) was used as experimental animal, which is a small primate native from the Atlantic Forest in the Brazilian Northeast. As results, the Nissl technique, complemented by immunohistochemistry for NeuN allowed to delineate the vestibular nucleus superior, lateral, medial and inferior (or descending) in the brain of the common marmoset. Neurons and terminals immunoreactive to Glu and ChAT and only immunoreactive terminals to SP and GAD were seen in all nuclei, although in varying density. This study confirms the presence in the vestibular nuclei of the common marmoset, of Glu and SP in terminals, probably from the first order neurons of vestibular ganglion, and of GABA in terminals, presumably from Purkinge cells of the cerebellum. Second-order neurons of the vestibular nuclei seem to use Glu and Ach as neurotransmitters, judging by their expressive presence in the cell bodies of these nuclei in common marmosets, as reported in other species / Para os vertebrados, manter o equil?brio corporal contra o campo gravitacional e ser capaz de orientar-se no ambiente s?o aspectos fundamentais para a sobreviv?ncia, nos quais ? essencial a participa??o do sistema vestibular. Como parte deste sistema, o complexo nuclear vestibular ? a primeira esta??o central que, ao integrar v?rias informa??es (visual, proprioceptiva), al?m da vestibular, assume o papel principal na manuten??o do equil?brio. Neste estudo, o complexo nuclear vestibular do sagui foi avaliado com rela??o a sua citoarquitetura e conte?do neuroqu?mico de c?lulas e terminais ax?nicos, atrav?s das t?cnicas de colora??o de Nissl e imuno-histoqu?mica para prote?na neuronal nuclear espec?fica (NeuN), glutamato (Glu), subst?ncia P (SP), colina acetiltransferase (ChAT) (enzima de s?ntese da acetilcolina-Ach), e descarboxilase do ?cido glut?mico (GAD) (enzima de s?ntese do ?cido gama-amino-but?rico-GABA). Foi utilizado como animal experimental o sagui (Callithrix jacchus), um pequeno primata nativo da Mata Atl?ntica do Nordeste Brasileiro. Como resultados, a t?cnica de Nissl, complementada pela imuno-histoqu?mica para NeuN, permitiu delinear os n?cleos vestibulares superior, lateral, medial e inferior (ou descendente) no enc?falo do sagui. Neur?nios e terminais imunorreativos a Glu e ChAT e apenas terminais imunorreativos a SP e GAD foram vistos em todos os n?cleos, embora em densidade vari?vel. Este trabalho confirma a presen?a nos n?cleos vestibulares do sagui, de Glu e SP em terminais, provavelmente provenientes dos neur?nios de primeira ordem do g?nglio vestibular, e de GABA em terminais, supostamente provenientes das c?lulas de Purkinge do cerebelo. Neur?nios de segunda ordem dos n?cleos vestibulares parecem usar Glu e Ach como neurotransmissores, a julgar pela sua expressiva presen?a em peric?rios destes n?cleos no sag?i, como relatado em outras esp?cies