Thesis (doctoral)--Université de Paris X, 1978. / Five maps in pocket. Includes indexes. Includes bibliographical references (p. 459-478).

Thesis (doctoral)--Université de Paris X, 1978. / Five maps in pocket. Includes indexes. Includes bibliographical references (p. 459-478).

Thesis (M.A.)--Carleton University, 1992. / Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

Doctorat en sciences sociales, politiques et économiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

No description available.

Past studies of the Tuareg have been chiefly concerned with nomadic or semi-nomadic pastoral society. This work is an examination of a sedentary community of former vassals or slaves of the Tuareg who reside at Aouderas, a village of the Saharan Air Massif of northern Niger (West Africa). / The economy of Aouderas is multi-sectoral, and is composed of: small-scale irrigated agriculture (which has been analytically separated into subsistence and cash crops); stock-raising of camels, small ruminants, and cattle; and a caravan trade based on the exchange of salt and grain. An analysis of more recent economic developments, namely migration to wage work and expanding urban markets for garden produce, is also undertaken. / The principal social institutions which govern production and reproduction are examined. The relative importance of each sector to household welfare is quantified and analysed by means of a model which shows the revenues derived from each sector in terms of millet, the local staple food.

This dissertation presents a study of the urban form of the Old Town of Ghat, the historical sultanate of the Azjer Tuareg. An analysis of the public and private spaces of this collective artifact is presented in order to comprehend and document the relationship between this Saharan town's architecture and Ghatian society. This study illustrates how Ghat's vernacular architecture represents a range of culturally distinct meanings and values and how this architecture reflects Ghatian life. In order to analyze the built environment of Ghat and the pattern of use of public and private spaces, this dissertation investigates Azjer Tuareg culture and documents the various existing nomadic and semi-nomadic Azjer Tuareg housing typologies in Libya. It investigates not only the contribution of the socio-cultural practices of this culture to the way spaces were configured, organized, and used, but also the Ghatian peoples' daily and seasonal life routines as well as their various social and economic activities. / This dissertation explores Ghat's spaces at three levels of its urban environment: the home (domestic), the neighbourhood (communal), and the town (public). It focuses on the relationship between the social aspects of Ghatian culture and the formation and use of the town's spaces. It also investigates the affect of trans-Saharan trade and the colonization and ruling history of Old Ghat on its formation and/or growth and the creation of public and private spatial domains in an attempt to understand the embedded meanings of Ghat's built environment. This study also investigates the role of climate in the formation of Old Ghat and the ingenious architecture and structure of its dwellings. This architecture reflects local construction techniques and limited local resources, consequently imparting distinct meaning to the built form of Ghat.

No description available.

Cette thèse a pour but de comprendre pourquoi et comment les rébellions touarègues du Niger se forment, se pérennisent et réapparaissent malgré une efficacité marginale dans l’accomplissement de leurs buts politiques. L’analyse des mobilisations est fondée sur une approche sociohistorique qui en montre les tendances longues et permet de resituer les facteurs de déclenchement des mouvements récents. On voit apparaître une porosité entre les temps de guerre et de paix qui permet au rebelle de conserver un statut et à la rébellion d’évoluer sous l’effet conjugué des influences extérieures et de la créativité politique de ses acteurs. Au-delà de la temporalité du conflit s’est développé un répertoire culturel qu’on peut définir comme une culture politique rebelle. On montre d’abord qu’il existe depuis les premières rencontres avec la France une histoire de résistance qui s’inscrit dans un cadre politique plus complexe que généralement décrit et installe durablement une représentation du combattant. On voit ensuite que ces processus se réalisent dans la rébellion des années 1990, qui a mobilisé des combattants aux parcours sociologiques divers favorisant l’émergence de son influence après les accords de paix. Enfin, la rébellion et les rebelles en tant qu’acteurs politiques se pérennisent dans une culture politique, qui est renforcée par la voix de la diaspora et enfin par le monde occidental, dans un jeu de miroir constant et éminemment productif. Ce travail privilégie une « approche par le bas » qui situe les rebelles au centre des analyses. Au-delà du cas nigérien, cette approche critique les analyses unidimensionnelles des conflits dominantes dans le monde académique et les institutions du développement. / This work aims at understanding why and how Tuareg rebellions in Niger form, last and reappear although they have proven only marginally efficient at reaching their political goals. The analysis of the mobilizations is based on a sociohistorical approach, which shows their trends in the long-term and allows us to reconsider the start factors of the most recent movements. One can see a porosity appear between times of war and peace, which allows the Rebel to retain his status and lets the rebellion evolve under the influence of both outsiders and the political creativity of its actors. Beyond the conflict’s timeframe, a cultural repertoire has developed, that might be defined as a political culture. I show first that since their first encounter with the French the Tuaregs have had a history of resistance included in a political frame much more complex than usually described. This history has also contributed to establish a representation of the combatant. Then one will see that those processes find a realization in the rebellion of the 1990’s. By mobilizing combatants with very diverse backgrounds, this rebellion has built a sustainable influence after the peace agreements. Lastly, the rebellion and the rebels as political actors last as a political culture reinforced by the voices of the diaspora as well as the Western World, through a highly productive mirror effect. This work favors an approach “from below”, putting the rebels at the center of the analysis. Beyond the case of Niger, this approach criticizes the one-dimensional analysis that dominates academic research as well as the institutions of economic development.

Ce travail tente de répondre à la problématique suivante : de quelle façon un écrivain, en l’occurrence Ibrahim Al Koni, peut-il témoigner de l’histoire et de la culture de son peuple, les Touaregs (en danger d’extinction), sans verser dans le discours ethnographique ou le manifeste politique ? La réponse qui vient immédiatement à l’esprit c’est : par l’écriture.Or l’oralité étant le mode d’expression et de transmission principal de la société touarègue, l’auteur va se trouver dans la nécessité d’user d’une langue « étrangère » (l’arabe), et d’une forme exogène (le roman) pour accomplir cette œuvre. Mais la gageure ne s’arrête pas là : Al Koni se propose de restituer à son peuple des valeurs et un mode de vie menacés par l’oubli et la dislocation de l’espace traditionnel nomade. Il lui faut alors inventer une matrice originale capable de véhiculer ces valeurs et de retrouver l’oasis perdue « Waw » baignant dans la parole première du livre des Ancêtres « Anhi ». C’est par l’investissement des mythes fondateurs touaregs dans la trame des intrigues romanesques qu’il réussira cette alchimie et parviendra à fonder un genre nouveau dans la littérature arabe et mondiale contemporaines : Le Roman du désert. / This work aims at answering the following question : how can a writer, in this case Ibrahim Al Koni, testify to the history and culture of his people, the Touaregs (endangered), without producing neither an ethnographic speech nor a political manifest ? The answer just immediately to mind is : by writing. However, the main mode of expression and transmission in the touareg society is orality. That is why the author will need to use a “foreign” language (arabic) and an exogenous form (the novel) to accomplish this mission. But the challenge does not stop here : Al Koni intends to give back to his people many values and a way of life threatened by oblivion and by the collapse of the traditional nomadic space. He than needs to invent an original matrix able to convey these values and find “Waw”, the lost oasis, bathing in the prime speech of the ancestors book, “Anhi”. By investing touaregs founding myths in the frame of romanesques intrigues, Al Koni manages to succeed this alchemy and builds a new genre in the arab and contemporary world literature : The Novel of the desert.