Au XVIe siècle, Londres est soumis à plusieurs mouvements de grande ampleur. La croissance démographique de la ville, fondée sur des flux migratoires de personnes jeunes et parfois pauvres, est sans précédent, de même que le développement économique de la ville. À cela s’ajoute le passage à la réforme, initié par les souverains Tudor à partir des années 1525-1530. Dans un tel contexte, on doit s’interroger sur deux mouvements parallèles qui affectent alors Londres : le nombre et la qualité des cérémonies publiques (entrées royales, spectacles civiques pour l’élection du Lord maire) ne cesse de croître alors que se développe une abondante et inédite offre en spectacles payants (théâtre, combats d’animaux, escrime…). Si un certain nombre de travaux se sont interrogés sur les connexions possibles entre les mutations que connait Londres et la prise d’importance des spectacles publics, peu d’études ont été consacrées à la comparaison des deux types de spectacles d’un point de vue politique, économique, social et culturel.Une telle comparaison révèle l’importance des spectacles dans la fabrique d’une société londonienne animée de grandes mutations. Tout d’abord, les cérémonies sont l’occasion pour les magistrats de Londres d’élaborer un discours théorique sur un gouvernement idéal au service du « bien commun » du corps civique. Mais les magistrats entendent le réaliser pratiquement, en optant pour un mode d’organisation et de financement qui fait participer toutes les institutions et un maximum de Londoniens à un même idéal civique. Ensuite, les spectacles payants, qui se plient à des contraintes économiques, politiques et religieuses, contribuent également à la fabrique sociale du Londres Tudor. La monarchie et les différentes institutions londoniennes considèrent que la fréquentation des spectacles comme un « honnête divertissement », qui contribue au maintien de la paix sociale dans Londres. Une étude précise des acteurs dans ces différents spectacles montre que ce sont les mêmes « spécialistes » du spectacle qui participent aux cérémonies et donnent des représentations payantes dans Londres.Toutefois, dans le dernier tiers du XVIe siècle, ce modus vivendi se fissure. Alors que la situation financière de Londres se dégrade, les cérémonies deviennent un objet de discorde entre institutions et au sein des institutions civiques. Parallèlement, les spectacles publics échappent en partie au contrôle du pouvoir, révélant le manque de coopération entre les différents acteurs institutionnels. La municipalité semble dès lors considérer les spectacles plus comme un danger pour l’ordre public que comme un moyen de l’assurer. / Sixteenth-century London underwent three important transformations. First, a dramatic demographic expansion was due to the arrival of thousands of young migrants, often poor, who settled every year in the city. Second, under the Tudor dynasty, London became the economic center of England, and the number of prosperous Londoners soared. Finally, Henry VIII initiated a process of religious reformation.From 1533, a growing number of expensive ceremonies (royal entries and civic spectacles) were organized by London authorities. In the same way, public representations of drama, bear baiting or fencers prizes are more and more numerous. This thesis would like to investigate the link between the economic, political and religious transformations and the development of a market-economy of spectacles in London.The study of the people involved in the organization of the ceremonies reveals that they are the same than those that give public representations in London and private spectacles at the royal court.Comparing ceremonies and public recreations demonstrates that, from Henri VIII to Elizabeth I, spectacles played a major role in the social integration of migrants in the urban society. On one hand, ceremonies were the occasion for London magistrates to elaborate new civic rhetoric and ideology in which the common wealth was the core value. For civic magistrates and corporations officers, the common wealth was not simply a set of discourses, it had to be achieved through the organization and the funding of the ceremonies. On the other hand, public spectacles which were constrained by economic, religious and political imperatives, contributed to the same civic integration. The Privy Council and the London institutions considered public spectacles as a form of “honest recreation” that should be encouraged. The existence of such cheap spectacles was thought to be useful to maintain the public order in an ever growing metropolis. In the 1580-1590’s, the modus vivendi surrounding spectacles was broken. The dire economic and financial situation of the city created some tensions regarding funding of ceremonies in the London institutions among the members, and between the monarchy and the City. The public spectacles became also a problem, because livery companies and parish vestries refused to collaborate with the civic magistrates. For the City fathers, the public spectacles were becoming a menace more a menace that an asset in the effort to enforce social order.

This thesis. looks at a group of texts, that it has identified as English Protestant~ antI-epIscopal martyrologies, in their social context. It examines the dIalogue In print and manuscript between Protestant reformers in Tudor England and the bishops who opposed them. I argue that an analysis of the polemlical texts which contributed to this dialogue demonstrates the strongly antI-epIscopal stance adopted by English Protestants from the early sixteenth century to the accession of Elizabeth I. The texts I probe have been little studled eIther by historians or literary critics, and this has resulted in their literary discourses, as well as their importance as contributions to the development of the English Reformation, being overlooked. The reason for this neglect is that commentators have failed to identify the way in which they limned Protestant martyrological stances for their characters. Furthermore the context common to all these texts - a systematic opposition to the judicial, economic and political powers of the bishops in England, which was being carefully developed by Protestant propagandists from as early as 1520 - has not previously been discussed. The thesis makes equal use of historical and literary sources in order to make sense of otherwise oblique references and rhetorical techniques in both well-known and more obscure pieces of Protestant doctrinal writing and ecclesiastical satire produced between 1520 and 1560. By paying attention to episcopal archives and modern research on English bishops of the sixteenth century, the thesis identifies the fundamental importance of English episcopal administration for Henrician, Edwardian, and Marian ecclesiology. It shows that the Tudor ecclesiastical polity created a culture that fostered a martyrological consciousness, which was ultimately the only form of justification for opponents of the established church. Such a consciousness was exploited by anti-episcopal apologists for propaganda purposes. My study identifies the formation of this martyrological consciousness by early writers such as William Tyndale, William Barlow and George Joye, whose writing has hitherto not been discussed in such terms. It then looks at the way in which this early martyrological writing was tailored into more specialised anti-episcopal martyrology, such as those pieces which satirised episcopal visitation and examination or those which analysed the significance of last wills and testaments in the context of an episcopal administration. From this the thesis concludes that anti-episcopal martyrology heavily informed the thinking behind the later debates over the social and political position of the church within the state, such as in the Admonition Crisis of the 1570s and the Marprelate Controversy of the late 1580s and early 1590s. There is also strong evidence to suggest that, rather ironically, the literary creation of a Protestant martyrological posture made between 1520 and 156~ was adopted by Catholic apologists in the 1570~ and 1580s In theIr confrontation with the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the Ellzabetian Settlement. It Iso argues that further work should be done on the borrowIng of notions of martyrology from the early propagandists by later more well-known authors such as John Foxe, Edmund Spenser, John Milton and John Bunyan. I have consulted collections of MSS and early printed sources in The British Library, Cambridge University libraries, Lambeth Palace Library, Dr Williams' Library and Winchester Cathedral library.

No description available.

This thesis challenges the notion that little light can be shed on Exeter’s ‘middling’ and ‘poorer’ sorts in the period 1550-1610, defined as ‘the chorus’ by Wallace MacCaffrey in his book Exeter 1540-1640. It selects data from mid- to late- sixteenth and early seventeenth century urban archives, defines the strengths and weaknesses of that data and captures it in a digitised database. It uses this data to test which of the methodologies of prosopography, collective and individual biography, social network analysis and occupied topography are most appropriate for analysis of the city’s social structure and individuals’ lived experiences. It subsequently selects collective and individual biography for use with the randomly incomplete data set presented by the archives. Using the database to create group and individual biographies, it then introduces elementary quantitative analyses of the city’s social structure, starting by describing broadly the distinguishing characteristics of the leading actors and the chorus. Following on from this, it describes several groups who form part of the chorus, including the more civically active, alongside those with less data against their names. It investigates family and household dynamics and reveals how these are reflected through the occupation of baker. It continues by examining the post-mortem intentions of those who bequeathed goods and explores the lives of a selection of craftsmen, merchants, tailors and widows viewed through in-depth biographies created from the comparatively rich data associated with death. It also makes explicit that the lack of a particular document type compromises the degree of success in connecting the chorus to the cityscape using occupied topography methodologies. It reveals the challenges of recreating the notion of neighbourhood in the city’s west quarter around St Nicholas Priory, then the town house of the wealthy Hurst family. It concludes that it is possible to outline a new model, that of the ‘categorised, connected citizen’, which challenges the validity of MacCaffrey’s construct of a bi-partite society, one side of which is a murky unknown quantity about whom no ‘striking assertions’ can be made. This new model acknowledges the dynamism, individuality and interactivity of Exeter’s inhabitants, and contents that it is a better one for enabling historians to treat respectfully people they cannot yet fully understand.

After the conquest of 1282, Wales increasingly fell under the dominion of England and in 1535, the first Laws in Wales Act officially annexed the country. During this period of political and legal instability, Welsh men and women fought to regain independence, a struggle that led to the development of a nascent national identity. For many authors, this identity was fundamentally rooted in the topography of Wales and the mythical histories concerning the cultivation of its land. This interest in native mirabilia corresponded with a period of increased availability of English and continental geographical treatises and travelogues that provided Welsh authors with a new vocabulary for discussing wonder. Medieval and early modern Welsh authors incorporated these exotic geographies into their accounts of native landscapes in order to differentiate Wales from England and argue for a sense of Welsh cultural exceptionalism based in its alterity. / Celtic Languages and Literatures

Elizabeth Tudor succeeded to England's throne during a time when misogynist societal ideology questioned the authority of a female monarch. Religious opposition to a woman ruler was based on biblical precedent, which reflected the general attitude that women were inferior to men. Elizabeth's dilemma was reconciling her femininity with her sovereignty, most notably concerning her justification for power, the issue of marriage and succession, and the conflict over the execution of Mary, Queen of Scots. The speeches Elizabeth presented to Parliament illuminate her successful solidification of her authority from a feminine gendered position. She established and reinforced her status through figurative language that presented her femininity as favorable to ruling England, ultimately transcending her womanhood to become an incarnation of the state. Elizabeth's speeches reflect her brilliance at fashioning herself through divine and reciprocal imagery, which subsequently redefined English society, elevating her to the head of a male-dominated hierarchy. By establishing her position as second to God, Elizabeth relegated all men to a status beneath hers. Elizabeth's solution to the perceived liability of her gender was to recreate herself through divine imagery that appropriated God's authority as her own. She reinforced her power through a reciprocal relationship with Parliament, evoking the imagery of motherhood to redefine the monarchy as an exchange rather than an absolute rule.

Les ARN interagissants avec Piwi (ARNpi) sont des petits ARN non-codants qui sont exprimes dans la ligne grrminale des animaux. Ils interagissent avec les proteines de la branche Piwi de la famille des Argonautes en formant des complexes des ribonucleproteines impliques dans le maintien de l'intégrité du génome. La region N-terminale des quelques proteines Piwi contiennent symetriquement des arginines diméthylées. Il est considere que ce status symmetrique de la dimethylation est responsable du recrutement des proteines possédant des domaines Tudor (TDRDs). Ces domaines peuvent avoir un role comme platforme pour medier les interactions entre les proteines de la voie de l'ARNpi. Nous avons mesure indivindiuellemnt l'affinite de liaison des quatres domaines etendus Tudor (TD) de la proteine murine TDRD1 pour les trois differents peptides de la protein murine Mili qui contiennent de la methyl-arginine. Les resultats montrent une preference des TD2 et TD3 pour les peptides consecutives Mili alors que TD4 et TD1 ont une affinite plus bas et plus faible respectivement pour tous les peptides. Ces observations ont ete confirmees par des experiences pull-down en utilisant des proteines Piwi endogenes et des proteines-interagissent avec Piwi. L'affinite de TD1 pour les peptides qui contiennent de la methyl-arginine peut etre restoree par une seul mutation ponctuelle dans la cage aromatique pour revenir a la sequence consensus. La structure de cristal de la proteine TD3 lie au peptide methyle Mili montre une orientation inattendue de la peptide de liaison et de la chaine latérale de l'arginine methyle dans la cage aromatique. Finalement, le model SAXS des quatres domains tandem Tudor de TDRD1 revele une forme de la proteine flexible et elongee. Globalement, les resultats montrent que la proteine TDRD1 peut accommoder des differents peptides des differentes proteines et ainsi de fonctionner comme une protéine d'échafaudage dans la voie de l'ARNpi. La proteine FKBP6 (FK506 Binding Protein) a ete recemment identifiee comme un nouvel facteur interagissent dans la voie de l'ARNpi. FKBP6 est constituee d'une domaine d'isomerase FK et une domaine de tetratricopeptide (TPR). Une perte de la Fkbp6 conduit a la de –repression des transposons et a la sterilite masculine des souris. Le domaine TPR est implique dans l'interaction avec la proteine chaperone Hsp90 et le domaine FK est une isomerase inactive qui a ete evolue a une module structurale. En effectuant des exepriences biochimiques preliminaires nous avons identifie la region N-terminal du domaine MYND de TDRD1 comme le partenaire d'interaction du domaine FK de la FKBP6. Nous proposons que la proteine TDRD1 est une plateforme moleculaire qui reconnait des marques de methylation de MILI et elle recrute FKB6 pour promouvoir la formation d'un complexe indispensable pour la fonction de la voie de l'ARNpi. / Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs expressed in the germ line of animals. They associate with Argonaute proteins of the PIWI subfamily, forming ribonucleoprotein complexes that are involved in maintaining genome integrity. The N-terminal region of some PIWI proteins contains symmetrically dimethylated arginines. This symmetrical dimethylation is thought to be responsible for the recruitment of Tudor domain-containing proteins (TDRDs), which might serve as platforms mediating interactions between various proteins in the piRNA pathway. We measured the binding affinity of the four individual extended Tudor domains (TDs) of murine TDRD1 protein for three different methyl-arginine containing peptides from murine PIWI protein Mili. The results show a preference of TD2 and TD3 for consecutive Mili peptides whereas TD4 and TD1 have respectively lower and very weak affinity for any peptide. These observations were confirmed by pull-down experiments with endogenous PIWI and PIWI-associated proteins. The affinity of TD1 for methyl-arginine peptides can be restored by a single point mutation in the aromatic cage back to the consensus sequence. The crystal structure of TD3 bound to a methylated Mili peptide shows an unexpected, non-canonical orientation of the bound peptide and of the methylated arginine side-chain in the aromatic cage. Finally, the SAXS model of the four tandem Tudor domains of TDRD1 reveals a flexible, elongated shape of the protein. Overall the results show that TDRD1 can accommodate different peptides from different proteins and therefore act as a scaffold protein in the piRNA pathway. FK506-binding protein 6 (FKBP6) was recently identified as a novel piRNA pathway associated factor. It is comprised of an isomerase FK domain and a tetratricopeptide domain (TPR) and loss of Fkbp6 results in transposons de-repression and male sterility in mouse. The TPR domain is implicated in interaction with the chaperone Hsp90 and the FK domain is an inactive isomerase that has evolved into a structural module. We performed preliminary biochemical experiments that identify the N-terminal MYND domain of TDRD1 as the interaction partner of the FK domain of FKBP6. Overall, we propose that TDRD1 protein is a molecular platform that recognizes multiple methylation marks of Mili and recruits FKBP6 for the promotion of a complex formation indispensable for the proper function of the piRNA pathway.

Because it can expand the range of a protein’s interactions or modulate its activity, post-translational methylation of arginine residues in proteins must be duly coordinated and ‘decoded’ to ensure appropriate cellular interpretation of this biological cue. This can be achieved through modulation of the enzymatic activity/specificity of the protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) and proper recognition of the methylation ‘mark’ by a subset of proteins containing ‘methyl-sensing’ protein modules known as ‘Tudor’ domains. In order to gain a better understanding of these regulatory mechanisms, we undertook a detailed biochemical characterization of the predominant member of the PRMT family, PRMT1, and of the novel Tudor domain-containing protein 3 (TDRD3). First, we found that PRMT1 function can be modulated by 1) the expression of up to seven PRMT1 isoforms (v1-7), each with a unique N-terminal region that confers distinct substrate specificity, and by 2) differential subcellular localization, as revealed by the presence of a nuclear export sequence unique to PRMT1v2. Second, our findings suggest that TDRD3 is recruited to cytoplasmic stress granules (SGs) in response to environmental stress potentially by engaging in methyl-dependent protein-protein interactions with proteins involved in the control of gene expression. We also found that arginine methylation may serve as a general regulator of overall SG dynamics. Finally, we uncovered that alteration of PRMT1, TDRD3, and global arginine methylation levels in breast cancer cells may be closely associated with disease progression and poor prognosis. Therefore, further studies into the pathophysiological consequences ensuing from misregulation of arginine methylation will likely lead to the development of novel strategies for the prevention and treatment of breast cancer.

Because it can expand the range of a protein’s interactions or modulate its activity, post-translational methylation of arginine residues in proteins must be duly coordinated and ‘decoded’ to ensure appropriate cellular interpretation of this biological cue. This can be achieved through modulation of the enzymatic activity/specificity of the protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) and proper recognition of the methylation ‘mark’ by a subset of proteins containing ‘methyl-sensing’ protein modules known as ‘Tudor’ domains. In order to gain a better understanding of these regulatory mechanisms, we undertook a detailed biochemical characterization of the predominant member of the PRMT family, PRMT1, and of the novel Tudor domain-containing protein 3 (TDRD3). First, we found that PRMT1 function can be modulated by 1) the expression of up to seven PRMT1 isoforms (v1-7), each with a unique N-terminal region that confers distinct substrate specificity, and by 2) differential subcellular localization, as revealed by the presence of a nuclear export sequence unique to PRMT1v2. Second, our findings suggest that TDRD3 is recruited to cytoplasmic stress granules (SGs) in response to environmental stress potentially by engaging in methyl-dependent protein-protein interactions with proteins involved in the control of gene expression. We also found that arginine methylation may serve as a general regulator of overall SG dynamics. Finally, we uncovered that alteration of PRMT1, TDRD3, and global arginine methylation levels in breast cancer cells may be closely associated with disease progression and poor prognosis. Therefore, further studies into the pathophysiological consequences ensuing from misregulation of arginine methylation will likely lead to the development of novel strategies for the prevention and treatment of breast cancer.

Because it can expand the range of a protein’s interactions or modulate its activity, post-translational methylation of arginine residues in proteins must be duly coordinated and ‘decoded’ to ensure appropriate cellular interpretation of this biological cue. This can be achieved through modulation of the enzymatic activity/specificity of the protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) and proper recognition of the methylation ‘mark’ by a subset of proteins containing ‘methyl-sensing’ protein modules known as ‘Tudor’ domains. In order to gain a better understanding of these regulatory mechanisms, we undertook a detailed biochemical characterization of the predominant member of the PRMT family, PRMT1, and of the novel Tudor domain-containing protein 3 (TDRD3). First, we found that PRMT1 function can be modulated by 1) the expression of up to seven PRMT1 isoforms (v1-7), each with a unique N-terminal region that confers distinct substrate specificity, and by 2) differential subcellular localization, as revealed by the presence of a nuclear export sequence unique to PRMT1v2. Second, our findings suggest that TDRD3 is recruited to cytoplasmic stress granules (SGs) in response to environmental stress potentially by engaging in methyl-dependent protein-protein interactions with proteins involved in the control of gene expression. We also found that arginine methylation may serve as a general regulator of overall SG dynamics. Finally, we uncovered that alteration of PRMT1, TDRD3, and global arginine methylation levels in breast cancer cells may be closely associated with disease progression and poor prognosis. Therefore, further studies into the pathophysiological consequences ensuing from misregulation of arginine methylation will likely lead to the development of novel strategies for the prevention and treatment of breast cancer.