Technologies for early detection of tumors is critical for better therapy outcome and overall change in cancer survival. These assays must be capable of detecting tumors at early stages in order to prevent metastasis of the tumor and help reduce mortality. Biological molecules can serve as markers that can indicate the presence of cancerous cells. Current biomarkers approved by the FDA include CA 125, which is a tumor associated antigen (TAA). However, the sensitivities of these TAAs is not high enough to detect at early stages of disease. Recent technologies have found that antibodies that recognize these TAAs, also known as autoantibodies, provide more sensitive means to screen for tumors. This review aims to present recent literature data relative to the field of cancer diagnosis and treatment. However, one should note that this article covers only fraction of the broad science behind this subject.

Nectine-4 est une molécule d'adhérence membre de la superfamille des immunoglobulines. Elle est localisée au niveau des jonction adhérentes. Exprimée durant l'embryogenèse, nectine-4 n'est pas retrouvée dans les tissus adultes excepté la peau. Des mutations survenant au niveau du gène de la nectine-4 cause le syndrome EDSS affectant le développement de la peau. Nous avons participer à la démonstration que l'expression de nectine-4 est marqueur des carcinomes mammaires,pulmonaires et ovariens. Ainsi, nous avons étudier le role fonctionnel de l'expression de nectine-4 sur la progression tumorale. Les résultats obtenus suggèrent que nectine-4 représente une cible intéressante dans le cadre d'une stratégie d’immunothérapie anti-tumorale.Par l'utilisation d'une méthode multiplex combinant des essais biochimiques, cellulaires et algorithmiques, 5 peptides potentiellement antigéniques ont été identifiés. Toutefois,après génération de lymphocytes cytotoxiques HLA-A*0201 spécifique à partir de PBMC de donneurs sains et la mise en place" de tests de cytotoxicité dirigée; nous avons identifié un nouveau peptide antigénique produit et présenté de façon naturelle à la surface de cellules tumorales. Ce dernier est le peptide nectine-4 N°145 (VLVPPLPSL). En plus de l'identification d'un peptide antigénique, nous avons développé un anticorps monoclonal anti-nectine-4 qui a la capacité de réduire de façon spécifique et significative les capacités métastatiques des cellules tumorales nectine-4 positive.Ainsi, dans cette étude nous avons démontré que nectine-4 qui est un nouveau antigène associé aux tumeurs, affecte la progression tumorale, mais aussi il est possible de cibler cette molécule par des stratégies d'immunothérapie car nous avons pu identifiés un peptide antigénique et un anticorps monoclonal. L'efficacité d'une stratégie d'immunothérapie est en cours de réalisation actuellement. / Nectin-4 is a cell surface adhesion molecule, member of the Ig-superfamily, and is localized at adherens junctions. Nectin4 is expressed during embryogenesis but not in adult tissues, except in the skin. Mutations in nectin-4 gene in humans cause the EDSS syndrome that affects skin development (EctoDermal and Syndactly Syndrome). We and others have recently demonstrated that nectin-4 expression was a tumoral marker of breast, lung and ovarian carcinoma. We thus started to investigate the functional role of nectin-4 overexpression in breast cancer. Using in vitro and in vivo assays, the preliminary results demonstrate that nectin-4 increased the tumorigenicity of malignant cells.Altogether, these results suggest that nectin-4 might be a candidate target forimmunotherapy (vaccination and antibody based therapy). Using a multiplex approachbased on biochemical, cellular and algorithmic assays, five relevant nectin-4 epitopes were identified. Specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) populations from healthy donors that recognized and lyzed peptide-pulsed HLA-A*0201 tumor cells were identified. HLAA*0201-restricted CTL that recognized the N4-145 (VLVPPLPSL) nectin-4 epitope was characterized extensively. This CTL kills breast tumor cells that express nectin4, strongly demonstrating that this peptide could be naturally processed and recognized by specific CTL. In parallel, we also tested a blocking monoclonal antibody against the extracellular region of nectin-4. We next demonstrated that this antibody reduced the metastatic capacity of tumors expressing nectin4. To summarize, in this study, we identified nectin-4 as a newcell surface Tumor Associated Antigen and demonstrated its likely implication in cancertumorigenesis. In parallel, we have developed the specific tools required to conduct an effective immunotherapy targeting nectin4 over-expressing cells, which are currently under investigation.