Hsuehshan tunnel which included two bore and three ventilation shaft systems is the longest (12.9 km) freeway tunnel in Taiwan. 56 species volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were sampled in two different locations each bore and three emitted shafts to determine the emission factors (EFs). Each sampling day has three sampling period: morning (8:00-10:00), Noon (12:00-14:00) and afternoon 16:00-18:00). C2 species were analyzed by GC/FID and C3 − C12 species were analyzed by GC/MS. The composition in southern bore was expressed by alkanes (36.69% − 39.20%), aromatics (34.14% − 36.33%), alkenes (20.27% − 21.95%), Alkynes (3.35% − 4.11%) and Naphthenes (1.06% − 1.35%). Northern bore had the similar profile. Ethylene (4.93 ¡Ó 2.21 mg/veh-km), Isopropane (4.85 ¡Ó 2.75 mg/veh-km), toluene (4.55 ¡Ó 1.31 mg/veh-km), m,p-xylene (2.98 ¡Ó 0.90 mg/veh-km) and propylene (2.70 ¡Ó 0.88 mg/veh-km) are the top five abundant VOCs in southern bore ; Isopropane (6.78 ¡Ó 3.33 mg/veh-km), ethylene (5.44 ¡Ó 2.63 mg/veh-km), toluene (5.32 ¡Ó 2.39 mg/veh-km), propylene (3.55 ¡Ó 1.67 mg/veh-km) and m,p-xylene (3.36 ¡Ó 1.45 mg/veh-km) are the top five abundant VOCs in northern bore. The EFs were smaller than other freeway tunnel investigated. Shaft emitted the partial mass of VOCs result in concentration gradient dropped off. The total VOCs EF of shafts during holidays was in the range of 72.24 mg/s − 180.60 mg/s higher than on weekdays in the range of 53.40 mg/s − 82.74 mg/s. The EF of shafts had effected by air-extracting apparatus, so standard deviations (S.D.) varied widely. Combining the EF of shaft with EF of tunnel we obtained the overall vehicle EF which was close to other freeway tunnel results. The proportion of Ozone formation potential (OFP) in both bore were alkenes (47.5% − 48.5%), aromatics (40.2% − 42.3%) and alkanes (9.8% − 10.1%). Note that sum of alkenes and aromatics exceeded 90%.

The purpose of this study is the distribution, the emission factors, and the emission rates of the ventilation shafts of air pollutant concentration in the Hsuehshan tunnel, and analyze the correlation. The study, in the inside of Hsuehshan tunnel (the southern and the northern) and the three ventilation shafts, the real-world measure air pollutants(CO, NOx, NO, THC, NMHC and SO2) at the same time, and to analyze the concentration of air pollutants in the tunnel that is distribution of the time and spatial. In this study, the ventilation system is natural ventilation in the Hsuehshan tunnel, and the proportion of heavy vehicles in the period are less than 8%. The concentration of air pollutants in the tunnel, showing the exit higher than the entrance, the northern tunnel higher than the southern tunnel and the holidays higher than on weekdays concentration of distribution trends. The emissions and the concentration of air pollutants at the ventilation shaft No. 2 are the highest with the three shafts. All the ventilation shafts on holidays higher than weekdays were displayed on the trend of concentration distribution. The concentration of air pollutants in the tunnel are CO (12.04¡Ó1.85 ppm), THC (4.08¡Ó0.48 ppm), NMHC (2.21¡Ó0.46 ppm), NOx (1.58¡Ó0.23 ppm), NO (1.44¡Ó0.20 ppm) and SO2 (6.33¡Ó0.83 ppb). The results show that the emission factors of air pollutants in northern tunnel are higher than in southern tunnel by influence of slope. The emissions of ventilation shaft a sequence were CO, THC, and NOx. The concentrations(r¡×0.55 − 0.93) and the emission factors(r¡×0.60 − 0.96) of air pollutants are much related with traffic situation, and it shows that the air pollutants change with traffic condition. Comparison the emission factors between this study and past research in the Hsuehshan tunnel show that the air quality are becoming badly.

The Hsuehshan tunnel, whose length is about 12.9 kilometers, is the longest tunnel in Taiwan and Southeast Asia. Since the tunnel is used, it reduces the traveling time from Taipei to Ilan and brings the convenience of transportation; but the vehicles and pollution sources are added. Furthermore, the concentrations of pollutants are increased by accumulation in the long tunnel. This study estimates the effects of automobile tailpipe emissions in the Hsuehshan tunnel on the air quality of neighboring areas by using Atmospheric Dispersion Modelling System for Roads (ADMS-Roads). This work simulates carbon monoxide (CO), nitrous oxides (NOx) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) at two sites (Pin-Ling and Tou-Cheng management centers) in northern Taiwan in winter of 2008. The average concentrations of CO, NOx and SO2 at Pin-Ling (Tou-Cheng) management centers respectively are 0.49 (0.55) ppm, 10.60 (14.83) ppb and 4.80 (7.47) ppb on non-holiday and 0.66 (0.64) ppm, 16.88 (15.12) ppb and 4.70 (4.20) ppb on holiday. It shows that the concentrations of pollutants on holiday are higher than on non-holiday by increasing vehicles. Simulated results show that effects of traffic exhaust in the tunnel on the air quality of neighboring areas are less. Estimations using the ADMS-Roads suggest that the emissions are not the predominant contributors at two sites. The effect is the highest with northern (northeastern) winds at the southern (northern) area of the Hsuehshan tunnel. Comparisons between simulations and measurements at both sites are satisfactory. Simulated values are generally in agreement with measured values, with a correlation coefficient of R = 0.37 ¡V 0.81, the index of agreement (IOA) = 0.58 ¡V 0.77, and the normalized mean square error (NMSE) = 0.03 ¡V 0.25. The ADMS-Roads will be applied to assess the environmental impact while the tunnel will be allowed more types of vehicles to drive in the future.

Traditional Mobile IP supports only one tunnel between HA (Home Agent) and FA (Foreign Agent) for MN (Mobile Node) to transmit data from CN (Corresponding Node) to MN during handoff. To alleviate traffic load, in this Thesis, we propose a multiple-tunnel approach by setting up a secondary tunnel in addition to the primary tunnel. HA can split the video stream from the primary tunnel to the secondary tunnel when the former encounters high traffic load. Thus, quality of video stream from CN to MN can be guaranteed through the proposed multiple-tunnel schemes. For the purpose of validation, we implement the multiple-tunnel schemes on Linux platform for HA, FA, and MN to support video stream splitting. Specifically, if HA detects that high system load occurs on FA, an MPEG-4 packet filter is activated on HA to split some portions of video packets from the primary tunnel to the secondary tunnel based on I/B/P frame types. Video receiver on MN can then successfully recover these two divided video packets and playback the complete stream smoothly. Three experiments for validation are developed. They are (i) a simple Mobile IP handoff, (ii) Different bit rates to activate the stream splitting mechanism, and (iii) automatic adjustment of stream splitting according to system load. The experimental results have proved that the proposed multiple-tunnel schemes can substantially improve the quality of video streams.

<p>This thesis deals with the problems of scaling aerodynamic data from wind tunnel conditions to free flight. The main challenges when this scaling should be performed is how the model support, wall interference and the potentially lower Reynolds number in the wind tunnel should be corrected.</p><p>Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations have been performed on a modern transonic transport aircraft in order to reveal Reynolds number effects and how these should be scaled accurately. This investigation also examined how the European Transonic Wind tunnel (ETW) twin sting model support influences the flow over the aircraft. In order to further examine Reynolds number effects a MATLAB based code capable of extracting local boundary layer properties from structured and unstructured CFD calculations have been developed and validated against wind tunnel measurements. A general scaling methodology is presented.</p>

Reproduction de : Thèse de doctorat : Electronique : Reims : 2004. / Titre provenant de l'écran titre. Bibliogr. p. 187-191.

Thèse de doctorat : Sciences des matériaux : Lille 1 : 2001. / N° d'ordre (Lille) : 3012. Résumé en français et en anglais. Bibliogr. en fin de chapitres.

Thèse de doctorat : sciences. Matière condensée, surfaces et interfaces : Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon : 2003. / 90 réf.

Thèse doctorat : sciences. Matière condensée, surfaces et interfaces : Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon : 2003. / Titre provenant de l'écran-titre. 90 réf.

Thèse doctorat : Physique : Strasbourg 1 : 2006. / Titre provenant de l'écran-titre. Bibliogr. 7 p.