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Reading David Jones’s The Anathemata, William Carlos Williams’s Paterson, and Charles Olson’s The Maximus Poems as epics, this doctoral dissertation challenges the old but persistent notion that epic poetry ceased being written at a particular point in the past and instead examines the particular formal, philosophical and political difficulties writers of this genre had to confront in the second half of the twentieth century. Twentieth-century epic poetry will primarily be defined in terms of its purpose or function, which is the representation of the identity of a ‘community’, while the literary period beginning with the end of the Second World War will be defined as late modernism. Chiefly inspired by Anthony Mellors’s Late Modernist Poetics: From Pound to Prynne, late modernism will be discussed as an aesthetico-political challenge with which writers had to come to terms in the wake of twentieth-century European totalitarianism. Georges Bataille’s philosophy of community, it will be argued, paradigmatically illustrates these aesthetico-political difficulties in philosophical terms, and the discussions of the three epic poems are therefore preceded by an analysis of Bataille’s Summa Atheologica, which constitutes the core of his philosophy of community.

This thesis compares and contrasts the historiography of Quebec and Flanders during the first half of the twentieth century. The main argument is that the philosophy of neo-Thomism was influential to the conceptualization and writing of history by prominent nationalist historians in both Quebec and Flanders during the period leading up to the Second World War. By extensively comparing the life and works of prominent nationalist historians that played an active role in the nationalist movements of Quebec and Flanders, it has been found that the Catholic University of Leuven was influential in the development of nationalist historiography in Quebec and Flanders during the first decades of the twentieth century. In this sense, this thesis argues that the nationalist historians of Quebec and Flanders be considered as part of a shared historiographical tradition that was influenced by the neo- Thomist philosophy which played an essential role at the Catholic University of Leuven during this period, and which can be traced back in the writings and practices of nationalist historians in both Quebec and Flanders. Out of this shared influence of the neo-Thomist philosophy then, this thesis argues for a reevaluation of the traditional portrayal of nationalist historiography in the first half of the twentieth century, and a reconsideration of the influence neo-Thomism has had on the conceptualization of nationalist history in Quebec and Flanders. It is argued that the nationalist historians of both Quebec and Flanders have traditionally been characterized as unscientific due to their convergence of science and politics, and portrayed the nation as deterministic, meaning that the nation's essence and development was unaffected by the historical circumstances. By analysing the historical works of nationalist historians that either attended the Catholic University of Leuven, or were part of a network that was influenced by the writings of the neo-Thomists that taught at Leuven, this thesis will make three general arguments that will nuance this traditional portrayal of nationalist historiography during the first half of the twentieth century. First, it will be argued that the neo-Thomist emphasis on the interdependence of essential and existential characteristics nuances the essentialist portrayal of the nation. Using the case of neo- Thomist chemistry as a counterexample, it will be shown how nationalist historians in Quebec and Flanders ascribed an important role to the existentiality and historicity of the nation, and as such, compels us to reconsider the essentialist paradigm of nationalist historiography. Secondly, the neo- Thomist notion of science which legitimated the convergence of subjectivity and objectivity sheds new light on the practice and theory of what constituted scientific history in the first half of the twentieth century. Moreover, it will be argued that Quebec and Flanders shared a similar theoretical concept of what constituted scientific history, but represented their historical works differently due to the differentiating political and academic context. Finally, the thesis will highlight how the notions of ambiguity and human freedom, which figured prominently in neo-Thomism, influenced the notion of teleology in Quebec and Flemish nationalist historiography, as is illustrated by the notion of coincidence in Flemish, and providence in Quebec historiography. In addition, using the cases of nationalist historians Lionel Groulx and Hendrik Elias, it will be argued that the different political contexts influenced the political actions of the two nationalist historians, which helps to shed new light on the motives of Flemish nationalist historians to collaborate during the Second World War. By comparing and contrasting the two cases then, this thesis is able to show how the neo- Thomist framework and crucial concepts were not only instrumental to the nationalist historiographies in Quebec and Flanders, but were also malleable to differing historical contexts, and, as such, provides new insight in the intricate relationship between religion, nationalism and historiography that underpinned nationalist historiography in Quebec and Flanders during the first half of the twentieth century.

The life of Randolph Blackwell (1927-1981) provides a new lens through which to view the evolution of African American politics during the 20th century. Though perhaps most recognizable as a member of Martin Luther King‘s Southern Christian Leadership Conference, Blackwell‘s career as an activist had dimensions far broader than that of non-violent resistance. Most importantly, Blackwell‘s thought and praxis suggests the centrality of an economic and class-rooted analysis that endured far beyond the halcyon days of the Popular Front during the 1930s and 1940s. Through the medium of biography, this thesis charts the trajectory of Blackwell‘s political life. Beginning with his influence of his father—a member of Marcus Garvey‘s UNIA—Blackwell‘s journey intersected with some of the most foundational institutions and organisations shaping African American politics during the period under consideration, including Henry Wallace‘s Progressive Party of the late 1940s, the NAACP, the Voter Education Project and the SCLC. This thesis also ventures into unchartered territories, particularly in its description of Blackwell‘s post-civil rights career. In 1966, Blackwell founded Southern Rural Action, a non-profit private organisation dedicated to the cause of working class empowerment in some of the most impoverished counties in the South. Delineating Blackwell‘s unique, geographically centered vision of southern rebirth between 1966 and 1977, this thesis provides the first account of a long-ignored chapter in the history of "civil rights" organizing in the post-King years. Finally, Blackwell‘s work for the Federal Government as head of the Office of Minority Business Enterprise is given its due consideration.

Este trabalho estuda a prática profissional do arquiteto no Brasil, tomando como referência reportagens editadas em três periódicos especializados: \"Arquitetura: Revista do IAB\", \"Projeto: arquitetura, planejamento, desenho industrial, construção\" e \"AU - Arquitetura e Urbanismo\", no período compreendido entre os anos de 1962 e 1996. Realiza também uma revisão bibliográfica deste tema nos contextos internacional - com enfoque nos séculos XIX e XX - e nacional - do período monárquico até a virada da década de 1960. Analisa as atribuições da classe, o papel do ofício e os processos de formação profissional, dos ateliês às escolas. Investiga a heterogeneidade da categoria, as relações de trabalho entre profissionais liberais e assalariados e a composição de diversos tipos de escritórios de arquitetura. Verifica as conquistas e desafios relacionados à regulamentação e à remuneração profissionais. Aponta os diversos métodos de produção do projeto, com ênfase especial nas ferramentas informatizadas. Examina as principais características da interação arquiteto-cliente e as alterações no perfil desta clientela ao longo do período em análise. / This work studies the architect\'s professional practice in Brazil, having as reference articles published in three journals: \"Arquitetura: Revista do IAB\", \"Projeto: arquitetura, planejamento, desenho industrial, construção\" and \"AU - Arquitetura e Urbanismo\", between 1962 and 1996. It also makes a literature review of this topic in the international - with emphasis on the nineteenth and twentieth centuries - and the national - from monarchic period up to the turning of the 1960\'s - contexts. It analyzes professional assignments, the worker\'s role and professional education process, from ateliers to schools. It investigates the class heterogeneity, the working relationship between liberal professional and earners and the organization of different types of architecture offices. Moreover, it checks achievements and challenges related to professional regulation and remuneration; it points out different production methods of project, with special focus on computerized tools. Finally, it checks the main characteristics of architect-costumers interaction and the changes on this clientele\'s profile during the analyzed period.

O objeto de estudo desta dissertação é o surgimento do campo fotográfico profissional paulistano entre 1939 e 1970, fenômeno intimamente ligado à consolidação da sociedade de consumo em São Paulo. Ela tem como objetivo investigar as diferentes forças sociais que atuaram na formação da imagem da metrópole de seus artefatos, edifícios, pessoas e espaços componentes procurando entender por que uma e não outra representação da cidade; por que determinados profissionais e não outros a produziram. O tema foi abordado em três escalas. O primeiro capítulo traz um zoom sobre a atividade de um estúdio fotográfico, o Fotolabor, propriedade dos irmãos Werner e Geraldo Haberkorn. Descreve sua produção, as relações de trabalho, de aprendizado, os clientes e outros aspectos relevantes. O segundo capítulo abre um pouco o foco e tem como tema os fotógrafos de estúdio do período, a relação entre fotografia, publicidade e o desenvolvimento dos meios de comunicação impressos no Brasil. O terceiro amplia o campo de visão, como uma lente grande angular, e traz à cena fotógrafos, comerciantes e importadores de produtos fotográficos, numa visão de conjunto do que se denominou mercado fotográfico. Espera-se, assim, contribuir para uma melhor compreensão do trabalho dos fotógrafos profissionais em São Paulo no século XX. / The subject of this thesis is the rise of the professional photographic field in São Paulo between 1939-1970, understood as a phenomenon that establishes a deep relationship with the consumer societys growth in the city at that time. It aims to investigate the different social forces that led to the conception and creation of the metropolis image its artifacts, buildings, people and spaces trying to understand why that image has been created and why a specific kind of professional produced it (foreign photographers in Brazil). The theme was approached on three levels. The first chapter gives a close up upon the activities of a photography studio, named Fotolabor, owned by the brothers Werner and Geraldo Haberkorn. This first chapter describes its production, its work relationships, the apprenticeship in the studio, its clients and other relevant aspects. The second chapter focuses on and looks at the photographers themselves (their life histories, the way they saw themselves and their colleagues) and at the relationship between photography, advertising and the press development in Brazil. The third chapter extends the field of view, much like a wide angle lens, and brings to the scene photographers, traders and importers of photographic products, an overview of what was called photographic market. It aims, therefore, to contribute to a better understanding of the work of professional photographers in São Paulo in the twentieth century.

Entre 1889 e 1916, sob a influência da economia da borracha e do interesse pelo desenvolvimento da agricultura, o Pará experimenta a chegada de grande número de migrantes cearenses que, movidos pelos problemas da seca, ou atraídos pelas alternativas de trabalho que essa região oferecia, para lá se deslocavam, vivenciando variadas experiências sociais. Esta tese discute essa experiência, examinando os muitos significados atribuídos a ela pelos migrantes, desde sua saída do Ceará até sua instalação no Pará nos núcleos coloniais, na capital paraense e nos seringais. Igualmente, trata-se de perceber os sentidos que os poderes públicos do Ceará e do Pará deram a esse processo migratório. Parte da historiografia que se debruçou sobre o tema solidificou a imagem dos migrantes cearenses como pobres flagelados pela seca ou como semi-escravos nos seringais, presos aos revezes da natureza ou à exploração de um patrão. Entretanto, a experiência migratória tem outras dimensões. Nela estão também presentes a luta pela sobrevivência, pelo trabalho e pela posse da terra, revelando conflitos, laços de afetividade com a família, com a terra natal dos migrantes, redes de solidariedade e uma estreita relação entre a floresta e a cidade. / Between 1889 and 1916, numerous people left the state of Ceará (Brazil) and migrated to the state of Pará, influenced by the rubber boom and by an agricultural policy. These people were compelled to migrate owing to the serious droughts which afflicted their native land, and also seduced by the many labour offers in Pará, where they endured a variety of social experiences. This dissertation discusses these experiences, focusing on the meaning given by the migrants themselves to the process of migration, from the departure from Ceará until their settlement in Pará (whether in the colonies, in the capital or in the rubber fields). It also analyses the meaning given to migration by the government. Part of the historiography which has addressed these issues stresses the image of a poor and defenceless migrant, a victim of the droughts or chained to an unpredictable nature or to a ruthless employer. However, migration has many other senses. In this process, migrants also fought for their life, their labour and their land, unveiling conflicts, affective tights with their family and their native country, solidarity, and a close relation between the forest and the city.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-12-21T11:25:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 André Luís Reis Santos.pdf: 1915872 bytes, checksum: be1e1f7aa2835ccb684a3a187fc6bf98 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-21T11:25:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 André Luís Reis Santos.pdf: 1915872 bytes, checksum: be1e1f7aa2835ccb684a3a187fc6bf98 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-12 / The aim of this thesis is to create a Design Mnemosine to analyze this practice historically, with a focus on the so-called Digital Design. For this, we will use every day experiences to create a reflection on design in contemporary society. The foundations of Peircean, Barthesian and Gestalt semiotics will be the basis for arguing the construction of a possible Design Science in the digital age. The methodology will have as support the bibliographical and documentary survey about the subject, besides field research of qualitative character to investigate the phenomena that involve the professionals of the digital design area. This study will have as objectives: 1) the analysis related to the etymology of the word Design, in addition to other words correlated to the design or elements that compose and accompany the design stages in their social and economic impacts related to Industrial Revolutions; 2) analysis of the characteristics of design in its relationship with society and with technology; 3) study the marks and technical revolutions that interfered in the production and communication of the design function; 4) to study design in the information age, so that the concepts related to the theme and its events help analyze the different ways of producing, doing, thinking and communicating design. With these objectives, it will be possible to understand the technical and projective changes in order to define what Design is in the digital age, tracing its characteristics based on the new form of collaborative and distributed power that characterizes the third Industrial Revolution / O objetivo desta tese é criar uma Mnemosine do Design a fim de analisar historicamente esta prática, com foco no chamado Design Digital. Para isso, utilizaremos as experiências do cotidiano para criar uma reflexão sobre o design na sociedade contemporânea. Os fundamentos da semiótica peirceana, barthesiana e da gestalt serão a base para argumentar a construção de uma possível Ciência do Design na era digital. A metodologia terá como apoio o levantamento bibliográfico e documental acerca do tema, além de pesquisa de campo de caráter qualitativo para investigar os fenômenos que envolvem os profissionais da área do design digital. Este estudo terá como objetivos: 1) a análise relacionada à etimologia da palavra Design, além de outras palavras correlacionadas ao design ou aos elementos que compõem e acompanham as etapas do design nos seus impactos sociais e econômicos relacionados às Revoluções Industriais; 2) análise das características do design em sua relação com a sociedade e com a técnica; 3) estudo das revoluções técnicas que interferiram na produção e na comunicação da função do design; 4) estudo do design na era da informação, para que os conceitos relacionados ao tema e seus acontecimentos auxiliem as análises dos distintos modos de produzir, fazer, pensar e comunicar design. Com estes objetivos, será possível entender as mudanças técnicas e projetivas a fim alcançar uma possível definição do Design na era digital, traçando suas características baseadas na nova forma de poder colaborativo e distribuído que caracteriza a terceira Revolução Industrial

O que é “projeto urbano”? Nos últimos anos, no Brasil, esta expressão tem sido muito utilizada e debatida. Ela comporta diferentes acepções: é polifônica, polivalente, como admitem muitos pesquisadores. Mas esta ambiguidade conceitual, sem dúvida às vezes fonte de equívocos que não se limitam ao debate acadêmico, nesta tese é tomada como característica positiva: afinal, o debate sobre as significações do projeto urbano não indica que, justamente ali, busca-se a invenção de novas práticas? O principal objetivo desta tese é desenvolver uma definição situada de projeto urbano. Trata-se, antes de tudo, de um exercício de conhecimento ou saber localizado, amarrado a um lugar específico, Porto Alegre, a um tempo específico, o início do século XXI, e ao olhar particular de uma arquiteta cujos estudos de graduação ocorreram nos anos 1990. Desde este tempo e lugar, a tese aborda caminhos já percorridos e descortina um futuro possível para viver e estudar: uma esperança, um futuro a situar; porque “o futuro já não é o que era". / What does “urban design” mean? During the last few years, this expression has been widely used and debated in Brazil. It has different meanings: it is polyphonic, polyvalent, as many researchers concede. However, this conceptual ambiguity, often a source of misunderstanding, which is not limited to academic debate, is considered as positive in this thesis: after all, the debate about the meanings of urban design does not indicate, precisely in this case, an invention of new practices? The main objective of this thesis is to develop a situated knowledge of urban design. Most of all, it is an exercise of situated knowledge linked to a specific place – Porto Alegre – at a specific time – the beginning of the 21st century –, and the particular look of an architect who did his undergraduate studies in 1990s. From this time and place, the thesis discusses already covered paths and reveals a possible future to live and to study – a hope, a future to be situated; because “the future is not what it was.”

Perhaps no melody in the country music canon has been as widely recognized and borrowed from as that of the song “The Great Speckled Bird.” This significant song has become resonant and representative of both country music culture and religious culture of the Protestant South. Through this historiographical study, I have traced the influences that helped shape “The Great Speckled Bird” and in so doing have illustrated distinct movements that led to popularizing the non-secular song through commercial country music. The composer’s use of sentimentality, neo- traditionalism, and religious ideas made it appealing to a rural southern culture struggling with the social, racial, and economic changes of the early twentieth century. As I develop and explore the diverse influences that helped to shape “The Great Speckled Bird,” I will illustrate the interconnectedness of country music culture and the wider popular and religious cultures of the white Protestant South.