O Arco de São Gabriel é um terreno juvenil exposto na parte oeste do Cinturão Dom Feliciano, na parte sul da Província Mantiqueira, sul do Brasil. Aqui apresentamos os resultados de SHRIMP e LA-ICP-MS geocronologia U-Pb de 177 zircões detríticos das rochas metasedimentares do Complexo Cambaizinho. Oitenta e um grãos foram depois selecionados para o SHRIMP-II para a análise de δ18O. As idades variaram 840-660 Ma, com uma forte concentração entre ca. 750 e 700 Ma. O espectro de idade de zircões detríticos desta sucessão meta-sedimentar sugere que os sedimentos originais foram obtidos a partir da erosão do São Gabriel arco em si, muito provavelmente numa bacia de ante-arco. As razões Th/U e a texturas dos grãos de zircão revelam que eles eram em sua maioria erosão de rochas magmáticas no arco, sem qualquer contribuição relevante de suas contrapartes metamórficos, ou de qualquer outra fonte mais velha. Os valores de δ18O variam de 3,2-9,6%o o, e a maioria deles indicam derivação a partir de fontes juvenis, magmas manto-derivados. Três grupos distintos são reconhecidos: (i) ca. 840-750 Ma para os quais os valores de δ18O variaram entre 3,2 a 5,5%o o que sugere uma origem mantélica, sem qualquer contribuição continental, (ii) 750-700 Ma, com valores de δ18O que variam de 4,0 a 9,4%o o; este período é considerado como o pico do magmatismo dentro do arco, neste caso, tanto rochas mantélicas e continentais neoproterozóicas desempenhado um papel importante no fornecimento de sedimento para a Bacia Cambaizinho, (iii) 690-660 Ma, para os quais os valores δ18O variou entre 6,0 e 9,4%o o. Neste período, rochas continentais são a principal fonte de sedimentos; nenhum valor mantélico de δ18O são observados. Portanto, nossos dados fornece uma visão da evolução progressiva do arco de São Gabriel de uma zona de subducção intra-oceânico a cerca de 840-750 Ma para um ambiente de arco continental (idades <690 Ma), que precedeu o fechamento de um oceano, e a colisão continental no final do Neoproterozóico. / The São Gabriel Magmatic Arc (SGA) is a juvenile terrane exposed in the western part of the Dom Feliciano Belt (DFB) in the southern part of the Mantiqueira Province, southern Brazil. Here we present the results of combined SHRIMP and LA-ICP-MS U-Pb geochronology of 177 detrital zircons from the meta-sedimentary rocks of the Cambaizinho Complex (CC). Eighty-one grains were later selected for SHRIMP-II δ18O analysis. Ages ranged from 840 to 660 Ma, with a strong concentration between ca. 750 and 700 Ma. The age spectrum of the detrital zircon grains from this meta-sedimentary succession suggests that the original sediments were derived from the erosion of the São Gabriel Arc itself, most likely in a fore-arc basin. Th/U ratios and internal structures of the zircon grains reveal that they were mostly eroded from magmatic rocks in the arc, without any relevant contribution from their metamorphic counterparts, or from any other older source. The δ18O values varied from 3.2 to 9.6%o, and most of them indicate derivation from juvenile, mantle-derived magmas. Three distinct age groups are recognized: (i) ca. 840-750 Ma for which δ18O values varied between 3.2 to 5.5 %o suggesting a mantle-derived source, without any continental contribution, (ii) 750-700 Ma, with δ18O values ranging from 4.0 to 9.4 %o; this period is regarded as the peak of magmatism within the arc, in this case both mantle and continental derived Neoproterozoic rocks played an important role on sediment supply, (iii) 690- 660 Ma, for which δ18O values ranged between 6.0 and 9.4 %o. In this time period, continentalderived rocks are the main source of sediments; no mantle δ18O values are observed. Therefore, our data provides an insight into the progressive evolution of the SGA from an intra-oceanic subduction zone at ca. 840-750 Ma to a continental arc setting (ages < 690 Ma), which preceded ocean closure and continental collision at the end of the Neoproterozoic.

During the last decade there has been a rapid increase in the use of television in tertiary institutions and there are few, if any, who do not have a significant financial commitment to television equipment either in a large audio visual centre or in unco-ordinated departmental units. In a series of five experiments the field study seeks to assess the possible effects on the learning process of two aspects of present television usage:- - the technical limitations of existing U-matic equipment. - the conditions under which the material will be viewed. Results show that when used for first-generation recording and convenient replay access,U-matic equipment has proved reliable and useful but when used for multigeneration recording, editing and dubbing, technical problems can affect the attitudes of the viewers. Similarly the difficulty experienced in trying to control viewing conditions in many existing teaching areas appears to be a major limitation in the effective use of media.

Many research have shown that reflection is one of the important factors in the learning process. It is then recommended that teacher should adopt various prompt techniques to promote learners¡¦ reflection ability in traditional classrooms. However, there are still very few studies on how to apply this kind of teaching strategy in outdoor learning environments. Therefore, this study designed an adaptive prompts strategy by matching prompt types with learning styles to improve learners¡¦ reflection levels in an outdoor u-learning environment. We conducted an experiment using the designed and developed learning system in a butterfly ecology garden. Two classes of thirty-nine 5th grade primary school students were involved in the experiment. The result shows that the reflection levels of the learners whose learning styles matched with the appropriate prompt types were higher than that the non-matched group of learners. Therefore, it is evidenced that the designed adaptive reflection prompt system is useful in an outdoor u-learning environment.

This research will use a vibrating U-tube which will cause the water around the tube sway in but will manage the helix leaf blade water turbine which (1998) will develop using Gorlov (Gorlov Helical Turbine). It will also study and discuss electricity generating technology. The vertical motion created external force under the U-tube and about the water will cause the fluid to vibrate and lead the tube cause the domestic water turbine to rotate thus generating electricity. In this article discovers the best size for a generating system and the power rate using the Taguchi method and manufactures the U-tube generating system model and the predecessor gauges the data to make the confirmation, the experimental result discovered the Taguchi method and the actual gauging data best tallies the size. The test results show that in the tube, the fluid oscillation frequency and the blade area rate can affect the structure of the system as well as the true power rate while the external force cycle resonance frequency scope generates electricity.

From the end of the Second World War historians have sought to answer one of its most intriguing questions: to what - and to whom - did the Wehrmacht owe its shocking initial operational successes? What was the nature of German strategic and operational perceptions, and were they new — or even, as some researchers have suggested, 'revolutionary'? Was German post-1918 military culture conducive to a thorough investigation of past mistakes, a re-evaluation of traditional notions, and the pursuit of new ideas? In reality the Reichswehr officer corps jealously defended its inherited conceptual boundaries, retreated ever-deeper into a one-dimensional self-perception and strategic outlook, and offered conceptually ossified solutions to the Republic's pressing security problems. German officers, convinced that their doctrine and military world-view were flawless, never challenged the axioms and values that had brought army and nation to catastrophe in 1918: extreme warfare, culminating in the most destructive and eventually self-destructive actions; extremes of risk-taking; the endless pursuit of annihilational battles that dictated the reduction of strategy to meticulous operational and tactical planning; the trust in 'spiritual superiority' to overcome enemy advantages in material and manpower; ruthlessness; and an exaggerated drive for action at all costs. Idiosyncratic operational planning that was at times completely detached from strategic reality completed the picture of a military organisation unable to renew itself. No comprehensive analysis has yet convincingly explained this astonishing continuity, or linked it to the allegedly innovative operational theory and doctrine that evolved in the second half of the 1930s. The concept of military and organisational culture can however provide the necessary theoretical foundations for understanding both that continuity and the doctrinal shape that it assumed in the imminence of the Second World War. It can explain - as this thesis demonstrates - the disastrous and seemingly inexplicable wrong-headedness of a group of otherwise highly intelligent men.

This is a study of the importance and significance of community identity to a fighting unit in the First World War. It is an analysis of the relevance of the local communities to the unit and its combat effectiveness; the role played by the unit in the local communities’ involvement in the War; and the post-War ramifications of this relationship. In focusing on 1/7th Battalion Kings Liverpool Regiment, a Territorial battalion based in Bootle, Southport and the surrounding area of south west Lancashire, the thesis follows a typical Territorial unit and its home towns from recruitment and establishment to demobilisation and beyond. A wide range of primary sources have been examined including local newspapers, local Council records, official War Diaries of the various units, battle reports and private papers of several of the combatants. In developing existing historiography the study is also believed to present new perspectives on several aspects of the War including the Lusitania riots; the battles of Festubert, 1915, and Givenchy, 1918; and the role of charities in post-War reconstruction work. It also raises general issues about the role of the Territorial Force and draws attention to several gaps in the social and military historiography of the War. The thesis concludes that local and community identity contributed significantly towards the 1/7th Kings’ morale, organisation and hence battle effectiveness. This contribution initially stemmed from the local recruits themselves but was actively nurtured and encouraged by commanders at Battalion, Brigade and Divisional level throughout the War. It also establishes that by putting the local Battalion at the centre of its concerns, the rather disparate communities were able to organise, coalesce and maximise their War effort and support. Finally, it demonstrates in the post-War years, that, despite the fluctuations in this mutually important relationship, the local identification with the Battalion was maintained in memorialisation, remembrance and reconstruction.

One of three core arguments presented in this thesis suggests that many people accepted the view that Trident was a necessary contributor to national security. The promise of sustained employment in Scotland was a second reason to accept Trident. Finally, the Scottish people did not actively oppose Trident because they had become familiar with Polaris. Chapter One discusses the experiences of Strathclyde communities and those local governments near Faslane and Coulport. Chapter Two is concerned with the experiences of Fife communities and those local governments in proximity to Rosyth Royal Dockyard. The third chapter will discuss the Scottish political dimensions of Trident and evaluates the pressures that the disarmament issue implied for the various parties. Chapter Four reveals the various reactions of seven components within Scottish civil society to Trident's procurement. Chapter Five investigates the disarmament movement's experience with Trident in Scotland. Chapter Six presents the conclusions of this study. Official printed sources employed in this thesis include Defence Committee reports, Notices of Proposed Development and case-studies from the National Audit Office. Other documents included Strathclyde Region Council's 1983 Coulport Inquiry, and literature from the SCND, the Nuclear Free Local Authorities and the Scottish Trades Union Congress. This research also uses council minutes, environmental impact assessments and several hundred clippings from local newspapers. Furthermore, oral and written testimony served to fill numerous historical gaps. Numerous interviews and correspondences involved government officials, British MPs and MSPs, members of the Scottish media and the STUC, Faslane shop stewards, along with members of Scotland's religious community, the disarmament movement and everyday citizens.

Uranium-series isotopes are an emerging tool to characterize weathering and soil forming processes in the Critical Zone, the dynamic region of earth's surface where bedrock, water, soil, and life chemically and physically interact to support ecosystems. Understanding controls on the U-series composition of soils across a range of lithologies and climate is critical to applying existing mass balance models of U-series isotopes to calculate soil formation rates in these systems. This study seeks to understand the behavior of U-series isotopes in soil profiles in the semi-arid complex volcanic terrain of the Valles Caldera, NM. (²³⁴U/²³⁸U) measured in soils ranged from 0.90 to 1.56 and (²³⁰Th/²³⁸U) values ranged from 0.48 to 1.39. Significant ²³⁰Th enrichment in upper soil profiles was interpreted as evidence of mixing with ²³⁰Th-enriched volcanic ash and significant ²³⁴U enrichment in one soil profile was interpreted as evidence of addition of U to soils from ²³⁴U-enriched soil solutions. A simple U isotope mass balance model was applied to estimate soil residence time based on U addition, which yielded a minimum residence time of ~10ka. Evidence of past episodic mixing of volcanic ash in these soils suggests modeling soil formation using a mass balance approach is problematic, and future applications of existing models in other heterogeneous volcanic soils should be applied cautiously. U-series isotopes have also shown promise as a tracer of residence time in shallow groundwater and streams. In this study, (²³⁴U/²³⁸U) in dissolved U is used to trace seasonal variation in source water contributions to streamflow in a small (3.29km²), headwater catchment in the Jemez River Basin Critical Zone Observatory within the Valles Caldera. Systematically lower (²³⁴U/²³⁸U) values in dissolved U were observed in spring and stream waters in conjunction with greater contributions of longer residence time waters during snowmelt ((²³⁴U/²³⁸U) ranged 1.7 to 2.8) vs. dry seasons ((²³⁴U/²³⁸U) ranged 1.9 to 3.1). The lower (²³⁴U/²³⁸U) values in longer residence time waters were attributed to progressive depletion of easily-weathered ²³⁴U with increasing duration of water rock interaction. Further studies with more quantitative age tracers, such as ³H, could help to establish (²³⁴U/²³⁸U) values as a powerful tracer of water sources and residence time in streamwaters at the catchment scale.

Precise chronologies of climate events in the tropics are rare yet essential for understanding how tropical climate relates to global climate at millennial to longer time scales. An increasingly important area for understanding these interactions is the southern Bolivian Altiplano (15-22oS) which represents the waning and southeastern end of the South American Monsoon, a system that is, today, modulated by regional upper-air circulation anomalies under the influence of tropical Pacific sea-surface temperature gradients associated with El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Mechanisms of summer rainfall variations on millennial and longer time scales are less well understood, despite well-established evidence for profound changes in hydrologic budgets on the southern Bolivian Altiplano. Large shifts in effective moisture on the southern Bolivian Altiplano produced deep lakes in the Poopo, Coipasa, and Uyuni basins, basins that are currently occupied by salt pans or very shallow lakes. We mapped shoreline stratigraphy and sampled carbonates for over 170 uranium-thorium (U-Th) and radiocarbon (14C) dates to refine paleolake history of the Southern Bolivian Altiplano. As part of this dissertation work, I helped assemble a U-Th dating facility at the University of Arizona and obtained over 90 uranium-thorium (U-Th) dates from paleolake carbonates. Carbonate textures were evaluated for potential diagenetic effects, but the principal consideration in dating such carbonates is the isotopic composition and quantity of initial Th incorporated into the carbonate. We establish criteria for statigraphically meaningful dates and strategies for successful U-Th dating of paleolake carbonates. The stable isotope, 87-strontium/86-strontium (87Sr/86Sr), and 234U/238U ratios of modern surface waters and of paleolake carbonates can be used as tracers of the region's various lake cycles and provides a test hydrologic models of these lake cycles.Volcanic tuffs provide important stratigraphic markers for paleolimnologic, geomorphic, and archeological studies. Despite the widespread occurrence of late Quaternary tuffs on the Bolivian Altiplano, few of these deposits have been previously recognized either from natural exposures or in paleolake sediment cores. We document the presence of 38 distal tuffs in Quaternary lacustrine and alluvial deposits, and determine the composition of glass and phenocrysts by electron microprobe analyses.

No description available.