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Application of membrane bioreactor in the industrial wastewater treatment systemHuang, Ming-Ho 23 August 2010 (has links)
Wastewater recycling and reuse is an important issue in the coming years due to the increasing water demand and the decreasing water supply. MBR (membrane bioreactor) technology has become an important pretreatment technology for reclaiming treated effluent from, for example, domestic, dyestuff, and pharmaceutical wastewater plants. However, variations in wastewater flow rate and polluted materials can be a great influence to the performance of MBR. The applications of MBR to the treatment of various industrial wastewaters are worthy of further investigation.
The present study investigated performances of MBR for treating wastewaters from a tannery plant and an industrial park. In addition, a pilot-scale UASB (upflow anaerobic sludge blanket) reactor was used for the pretreatment of the tannery plant wastewater for COD (chemical oxygen demand) removal.
Results from tannery wastewater treatment indicate that using effluent from the activated sludge ponds of plant A as an influent to the pilot MBR, COD and SS (suspended solids) of the MBR filtrates could always be kept at <100 and <30 mg/L, respectively. Both COD and SS of the filtrates meet effluent regulations of <160 and <30 mg/L, respectively. The operation conditions were HRT (hydraulic retention time) = 12.2-20.4 hr, flux = 4.92-8.17 L/m2.hr, and MLSS (mixed liquor suspended solids) = 5,060-37,800 mg/L. Because the effluent had high TDS (total dissolved solids) contents of 8,700-9,700 mg/L resulted from chloride and sulfate ions, the permissible operational fluxes (4.92-8.17 L/m2.hr) were far below the normal ones (20-30 L/m2.hr). Experiments from the UASB test indicate that on an average 70% of the influent COD (2,200 mg/L) could be removed.
Wastewater plant for the industrial park had influent and effluent COD of 93-144 and 11-65 mg/L, respectively. By the MBR with EBRT of 2.16-12.2 hr, flux of 5.0-28 L/m2.hr, and MLSS of 1,550 mg/L, the filtrates had COD of 11-81 mg/L. In addition, COD of the MBR filtrates could be decreased from 77 to 20-40 mg/L after supplementation of PAC (powdered activated carbon) at a concentration of 500 mg/L, and a clearer filtrate was obtained. After 30 days of operation, COD of the filtrates could be maintained at 30-48 mg/L. Regular addition of PAC to the MBR reactor is necessary for keeping the effluent quality to meet the reuse requirements.
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Anaerobic treatment of wastewater in a UASB reactorKorsak, Larisa January 2008 (has links)
<p>The anaerobic treatment of waste water has been studied with an emphasis on the Up- flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor. A model to describe the processes occurring in a UASB reactor was developed and an experimental study of the anaerobic wastewater treatment systems in Nicaragua was also performed.</p><p>Experimental work was carried out in order to link the study to the wastewater treatment situation in Nicaragua, a developing country. In order to assess the performance of the treatment plants, the methanogenic activity of sludge from seven anaerobic wastewater treatment plants was first addressed. Due to a lack of Standards for the measurement of methanogenic activity, a laboratory method was developed based on the methods found in the literature. An additional aim of this study was to find adequate inoculum for the wastewater treatment plant in a brewery using an anaerobic reactor. Physic-chemical characteristics of the sludge were also determined to provide a basis for decisions regarding the agricultural employment of the sludge from the treatment plants.</p><p>A one-dimensional model describing the physical and biological processes occurring in an Up-flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket reactor has been developed. These processes are advection, dispersion and reaction in the granule, including mass transport at the interface and diffusion within the particle. The advection-dispersion equation is used to describe these phenomena in the reactor. Dispersion is mainly caused by the gas bubbles rising up through the reactor and the granules in the ascending flow. The extent of the dispersion is expressed by the dimensionless Peclet (Pe) number. It is assumed that the biological degradation takes place at the surface and within the granules. The processes occurring in the granules formed by the microorganisms are described in detail; they include diffusion in the stagnant film around the granule, diffusion within the particle, and a degradation reaction. From these processes, the reaction term is analytically determined. The granules were modelled as spherical porous biocatalysts of different sizes. The biochemical degradation reactions were assumed to follow Monod type kinetics of the first order. For the numerical solution of the model, a standard program was used (Within MATLAB). The model was applied to some experimental data taken from the literature.</p><p>An important characteristic of the model is that it can simultaneously take into account reactions in granules of different sizes. At present, the parameters of the model are calculated using data from the literature; but experimental measurements of the main parameters are planned. The impact of the different parameters was studied by numerical simulation and its validity was tested using experimental data reported in the literature. The model could be a useful tool in the performance optimization of UASB reactors by predicting the influences of different operational parameters.</p>
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UV pretreatment of Alkaline Bleaching Wastewater from a Kraft Pulp and Paper Mill prior to Anaerobic Digestion in a Lab scale UASB ReactorKarlsson, Marielle January 2013 (has links)
The effects of UV pretreatment on alkaline bleaching (EOP) wastewater from a kraft pulp and paper mill were investigated prior to anaerobic digestion (AD) in an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor. The aim was to enhance the methane production, increase the reduction of total organic carbon (TOC) and determine the best UV exposure time. The exposure time of 2.6 minutes partially degraded the organic material in the EOP wastewater since it generated higher biogas and methane production than the reference period, while it also increased the reductions of solved chemical oxygen demand (CODsol) and TOCsol. The exposure time of 16 minutes, on the other hand, did not show any significant improvement regarding increased biogas and methane production nor did it increase the reduction of CODsol. However, it did increase the reduction of TOCsol, but not to the same extent as the exposure time of 2.6 minutes. The presence of unwanted microbial growth in the system during the experiment might have affected the effectiveness of the UV pretreatment more during the exposure time of 16 minutes as the amount of growth was more substantial during this period of time. Furthermore, no optimal exposure time could be determined due to lack of time.
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Avaliação do desempenho de sistema de lodo ativado com pré-desnitrificação como pós-tratamento de reator UASB em região de clima quente / Performance evaluation of UASB–AS system (A/O) in hot climate regionsPaula, Carolina Tavares 22 June 2018 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2018-06-22 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A associação de reatores anaeróbios de alta taxa (UASB) a sistemas de lodo ativado tem sido
muito empregada atualmente, especialmente em regiões de clima quente, por proporcionar a
redução da carga orgânica afluente ao sistema de lodo ativado. Isso implica na diminuição da
demanda de oxigênio e da massa de lodo produzida no sistema aeróbio. Nessas regiões tornase
imprescindível a consideração, no projeto do reator aeróbio do sistema, do processo de
nitrificação, para evitar a competição pelo oxigênio dissolvido (OD) entre microrganismos
autotróficos e heterotróficos. Ademais, também surge a necessidade da inclusão de etapa
anóxica para a remoção de nitrato, de modo a reduzir a concentração deste no decantador
secundário. Isso porque a ocorrência de desnitrificação no decantador provoca problemas
operacionais no sistema, como a perda de sólidos com o efluente final. Alguns estudos
indicam que a contribuição do reator UASB na remoção de matéria orgânica do esgoto bruto
interfere tanto no processos de nitrificação quanto no de desnitrificação. A menor carga
orgânica afluente ao lodo ativado pode reduzir o desenvolvimento dos microrganismos
heterotróficos, de modo a possibilitar a redução da concentração mínima de OD necessária no
reator aeróbio. Ademais, o UASB reduz a disponibilidade de DQO para a desnitrificação,
podendo inviabilizar o processo e trazer instabilidade ao sistema. Dessa forma, o objetivo
deste trabalho é avaliar o desempenho de sistema de lodo ativado com pré-desnitrificação
empregado como pós-tratamento de reator UASB em região de clima quente. Para isso, foi
realizado um experimento em uma ETE em escala piloto, constituída por reator UASB
seguido de sistema de lodo ativado com reatores anóxico e aeróbio e decantador secundário.
Recirculações de lodo do decantador e do tanque de aeração (para disponibilizar nitrato para
desnitrificação) para o reator anóxico foram promovidas, bem como o desvio de uma parcela
de esgoto bruto diretamente para esse reator (para disponibilizar carbono para a
desnitrificação). O estudo foi dividido em quatro etapas, nas quais foram variados os
parâmetros: tempo de detenção hidráulica dos reatores, concentração de OD no tanque de
aeração e vazão de by-pass de esgoto bruto. Análises físico-químicas semanais (DQO, P,
NH4
+
, NO3ˉ, NO2ˉ, SST) foram realizadas para monitoramento e avaliação do desempenho da
ETE piloto. Foi observada, durante todo o experimento, a flotação de lodo no decantador em
consequência da desnitrificação ineficiente no reator anóxico, a qual ocorria de forma
descontrolada no decantador secundário. Ademais, a baixa carga orgânica afluente ao sistema
de lodo ativado limitou o crescimento da biomassa heterotrófica, favorecendo as bactérias
nitrificantes no tanque de aeração. Os resultados mostram que ainda existem limitações para a
aplicação de lodo ativado como pós-tratamento de reator UASB com relação à remoção de
nitrogênio, em regiões de clima quente. / The association of high rate anaerobic reactors (UASB) to activated sludge systems has been
widely employed nowadays, especially in hot climate regions, as it provides the reduction of
the organic load affluent to the activated sludge system. This results in a decrease of the
oxygen demand and the sludge mass produced in the aerobic system. In these regions it
becomes essential to consider the nitrification process in the aerobic reactor design to avoid
competition for dissolved oxygen (DO) between autotrophic and heterotrophic
microorganisms. Moreover, the need to include an anoxic stage for nitrate removal arises, in
order to reduce its concentration in the secondary settler. It must be considered because the
occurrence of denitrification in the sedimentation tank causes operational problems in the
system, such as solids loss with the final effluent. Some studies indicate that the contribution
of the UASB reactor in organic matter removal from the raw sewage interferes in both
nitrification and denitrification processes. The lower organic load affluent to the activated
sludge can reduce the development of heterotrophic microorganisms, which can decrease the
minimum required DO concentration in the aerobic reactor. In addition, the UASB reduces
the COD availability for denitrification, which can make the process unfeasible and bring
instability to the system. Thus, the objective of this work is to evaluate the performance of
activated sludge system with pre-denitrification used as post-treatment of UASB reactor in
hot climate region. Thereunto, an experiment was carried out in a pilot scale WWTP,
composed by UASB reactor followed by activated sludge system with anoxic and aerobic
reactors and secondary settler. Sludge recycle from the settler and the aeration tank (to
provide nitrate for denitrification) to the anoxic reactor were promoted, as well as the
deviation of a portion of raw sewage directly to the anoxic reactor (to provide carbon for
denitrification). The study was conducted in four stages, in which the following parameters
were varied: reactors hydraulic retention time, DO concentration in the aeration tank and bypass
flow of raw sewage. Physical-chemical analyzes (COD, P, NH4
+
, NO3ˉ, NO2ˉ, TSS) were
weekly performed to monitor and evaluate the pilot WWTP performance. During the whole
experiment, sludge flotation in the secondary settler was observed as a consequence of
inefficient denitrification in the anoxic reactor, which occurred uncontrollably in the
sedimentation tank. Furthermore, the low organic load affluent to the activated sludge system
limited the heterotrophic biomass growth, favoring nitrifying bacteria in the aeration tank.
The results show that there are still limitations to the application of activated sludge system as
post-treatment of UASB reactor in relation to the removal of nitrogen, in hot climate regions
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Tratamento de efluente de reator anaeróbio de manto de lodos de fluxo ascendente (UASB) por flotação não convencional e desinfecção ultra-violetaTessele, Fabiana da Silva January 2011 (has links)
Esta tese apresenta o estudo e aplicação de uma alternativa para o tratamento de águas residuárias municipais mediante integração de técnicas compactas de tratamento, visando adequar a qualidade do esgoto tratado às exigências ambientais, prevenir a eutrofização dos recursos hídricos e produzir água de boa qualidade para reúso em diversos fins, propiciando uma fonte alternativa de água. Para isso, foi projetada e construída uma estação de tratamento de esgotos domésticos, em escala piloto, que inclui um reator biológico anaeróbio (tipo UASB), seguido des flotação em dois estágios, para remoção adicional de matéria orgânica residual e nutrientes com obtenção de lodos separados (orgânico e inorgânico) e polimento final oxidativo (radiação ultravioleta). A qualidade da água obtida pelo sistema UASB e flotação em dois estágios foi comparada com a obtida pelo tratamento do efluente anaeróbio em uma lagoa de polimento, sistema largamente difundido no Brasil e outros países de clima ameno. A qualidade da água obtida em ambos os sistemas foi comparada com a requerida para reúso em diversos fins. O processo empregado potencializa o reaproveitamento dos resíduos sólidos, dentro do conceito de recuperação da matéria orgânica e nutrientes. Os resultados são discutidos em termos dos parâmetros biológicos, físico-químicos e operacionais envolvidos. / This thesis presents the study and application of an alternative for the treatment of municipal wastewater through the integration of compact treatment techniques, aiming at improving the quality of treated sewage to meet environmental requirements, prevent eutrophication of water resources and produce good quality water for reuse in various purposes, providing an alternative source of water. It was designed and built a wastewater treatment of domestic sewage in a pilot scale, which includes an anaerobic biological reactor (UASB type), followed by flotation in two stages to obtain separated sludges (organic and inorganic) and final disinfection (ultraviolet radiation). The quality of water obtained by UASB system and two stages flotation followed by UV was compared with that obtained by treatment of anaerobic effluent polishing pond system, widespread in Brazil and other countries with mild climatic conditions. The quality of water obtained in both systems is compared to that required for reuse in different purposes. The process employed enhances the recycling of solid waste within the concept of recovery of organic matter and nutrients. The results are discussed in terms of biological, physical, chemical and operational involved.
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Uso de reator aeróbio de leito fluidizado com circulação como dispositivo de pós-tratamento do efluente de um reator uasb compartimentado tratando esgotos sanitáriosTetila, Moacir Feba [UNESP] 08 June 2015 (has links) (PDF)
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000857634.pdf: 2687649 bytes, checksum: 921ce0c3510bd4902e13ea9e219c970f (MD5) / A pesquisa utilizou um Reator Aeróbio de Leito Fluidizado com Circulação (RALFC) como dispositivo de pós-tratamento do efluente de um Reator UASB Compartimentado (RUC) o qual tratou esgoto sanitário. O RUC foi constituído de 4 tubos de PVC, de diferentes diâmetros, dispostos de forma concêntrica e o RALFC por dois tubos de PVC, de diâmetros diferentes e concêntricos, e uma unidade de sedimentação na parte superior. A pesquisa foi dividida em partida e quatro fases distintas, denominadas fase 1A, 1B, 2A e 2B, nas quais foram variados os parâmetros de operação, como vazão de ar, vazão de efluentes, tempo de detenção hidráulica (TDH) e carga orgânica volumétrica (COV). De modo que durante a pesquisa foi constatado que a melhor fase de tratamento foi quando o RALFC operou com TDH de 4,7 horas e vazão de ar de 300 L/h. O sistema, nessa fase, apresentou um valor médio de DQO efluente de 55 mg/L, a partir de um valor bruto de 607 mg/L em média, gerando uma remoção total de 90%. Os parâmetros de controle como alcalinidade, pH, temperatura e ácidos orgânicos voláteis sempre estivaram dentro das recomendações da literatura, demonstrando uma baixa oscilação. Mesmo assim o sistema não apresentou bom desempenho na remoção de nutrientes, tendo em sua melhor fase de tratamento um efluente com 31 mg/L em média de nitrogênio total, a partir de um valor de entrada de 50 mg/L sendo que a maior parte desse nitrogênio foi removido durante a passagem pelo RUC. Por outro lado para o fósforo, os valores foram de 25 mg/L na entrada e no efluente 14 mg/L, do mesmo modo como ocorreu ao nitrogênio, a maior parte da remoção de fósforo foi realizada pelo RUC / The study used an aerobic fluidized bed reactor with circulation (RALFC) as the effluent post-treatment device of a UASB reactor Compartmented (RUC) which treated wastewater. The RUC was consisted of 4 PVC tubes of different diameters arranged concentrically and RALFC two PVC tubes of different diameters and concentric, and a sedimentation unit in the upper part. The research was divided into four distinct phases and starting, called Phase 1A, 1B, 2A and 2B, in which were various operating parameters such as air flow, flow of wastewater, hydraulic retention time (HRT) and volumetric organic load (VOC). So that during the research it was found that the best treatment phase was when the RALFC operated with HRT of 4.7 hours and air flow of 300 L / h. The system, at this stage, had an average effluent COD value of 55 mg/L, from the affluent valor of 607 mg/L on average, there by generating a complete removal of 90%. The control parameters as alkalinity, pH, temperature and volatile organic acids have always been within the recommended by the literature, demonstrating a low oscillation. Even so, the system hasn't showed good performance in the removal of nutrients, in their best treatment stage an effluent with 31 mg/L on average total nitrogen from an input value of 50 mg/L. The most part of nitrogen removal was during passage through the RUC. As for the phosphorus values were 25 mg/L in the effluent input and 14 mg/L, in the same as was the nitrogen, the majority of phosphorus removal was performed by RUC
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Avaliação da eficiência do reator UASB compartimentado (RUC) tratando esgoto sanitário de Ilha Solteira com diferentes carregamentos orgânicosLeal, Bruno Quirino [UNESP] 27 February 2015 (has links) (PDF)
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000859543.pdf: 3148559 bytes, checksum: b931ea00b941fe221750b66d00797d66 (MD5) / A aplicação de reatores anaeróbios, como é o caso dos reatores UASB (Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket), passou a ocupar uma posição de destaque, principalmente no Brasil, face às condições ambientais de temperatura favoráveis, baixo custo, simplicidade operacional e baixa produção de sólidos. Dentre os sistemas anaeróbios, tem-se também o Reator Anaeróbio Compartimentado (RAC), um tipo de reator com configuração simples, com divisões internas que buscam separar os tipos de microrganismos da digestão anaeróbia. No presente trabalho estudou-se o comportamento do sistema Reator UASB Compartimentado (RUC), operando com carregamento orgânico volumétrico (COV) em diferentes variações. A melhor condição operacional, relativa à remoção de carga orgânica, foi conseguida quando o RUC foi operado com uma COV de 1,30kgDQO/m3.d (Fase IV), quando apresentou uma média e desvio padrão da eficiência de remoção de DQO de 82,7±7,7% e de DBO de 78,3±3,5%. Quando operando com a maior COV de todas as fases (fase III - 2,17kgDQO/m3.d) apresentou a segunda melhor eficiência de remoção de carga orgânica, com uma média e desvio padrão da eficiência de remoção da DQO de 74,2±8,8% e da DBO de 76,9±8,2%. Com a COV de 1,70kgDQO/m3.d a média e desvio padrão da eficiência de remoção da DQO e DBO foram de 74,2±8,8% e 69,1±6,8%, respectivamente. E com a COV de 0,78kgDQO/m3.d, a média e o desvio padrão da eficiência de remoção de DQO e de DBO foram de 68,9±11% e 69,7±15,7%, respectivamente. Uma desvantagem verificada no RUC foi o arraste de lodo ocasionado pelo aumento da COV, que afetou as características finais do efluente, mas não alteraram significativamente a sua eficiência de remoção da carga orgânica / The application of anaerobic reactors, such as the UASB (Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket), has come to occupy a prominent position, especially in Brazil, given the favorable environmental conditions such as temperature, low cost, operational simplicity and low production of sludge. Among the anaerobic systems, there is also the Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (ABR), a type of reactor with simple configuration, with internal divisions that seek to separate the types of microorganisms in anaerobic digestion. Thus, the present work studied the behavior of Compartmented UASB Reactor (CUR), operating with variable volumetric organic loading (VOL). The best operating condition on the removal of organic load was achieved when the CUR was operated with a VOL 1.30kgCOD/m3.day (Phase IV), the CUR had 82.7±7.7% of COD removal efficiency (average and standard deviation) and BOD were 78.3±3.5%. When operating at higher VOL (Phase III - 2.17kgCOD/m3.day) showed the second best organic load removal efficiency with average and standard deviation of the COD removal efficiency of 74.2±8.8% and 76.9±8.2 BOD%. With the VOL 1.70kgCOD/m3d average and standard deviation da the removal efficiency of COD and BOD were 74.2±8.8% and 69.1±6.8%, respectively. And the VOL 0.78kgDQO/m3.day, the average and standard deviation of the COD removal efficiency of BOD and were 68.9±11% and 69.7±15.7%, respectively. A disadvantage found in the CUR was drag sludge resulting from increased VOL, which affected the final characteristics of the effluent, but not significantly modified its removal efficiency of organic load
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Tratamento anaeróbio-aeróbio de águas residuárias do processamento de cafeeiro em reatores biológicosVilla Montoya, Alejandra Carolina [UNESP] 27 February 2014 (has links) (PDF)
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000845444.pdf: 1930038 bytes, checksum: 33ab1fc5fda13422de089873713aca91 (MD5) / As águas residuárias do processamento de frutos de cafeeiro por via úmida (ARC) constituem-se num importante resíduo orgânico com grande potencial poluente. A digestão anaeróbia em dois estágios combinado com o pós-tratamento aeróbio, possibilita a produção de subprodutos com valor agregado. Neste trabalho foi avaliada a combinação de dois reatores UASB em série (R1 e R2) seguidos de um reator em batelada sequencial (RBS), para a produção de metano e efluente estabilizado com e sem suplementação de fósforo. Foi aplicado o aumento gradual de cargas orgânicas volumétricas (COV) de 0,5 a 6 g DQOtotal (L d)-1, com tempos de detenção hidráulica de 60, 30 e 24 h no R1, R2 e RBS, respectivamente. A demanda química de oxigênio (DQO) dos afluentes aumentou de 6974 para 14939 mg L-1 O2, com isto, as remoções diminuíram de 87% para 80%, e a suplementação de fósforo não teve um efeito significativo sobre a remoção da matéria orgânica. A correção nutricional permitiu melhorar a qualidade dos efluentes, aumentando as eficiências de remoção de fenóis de 70% para 94% com fósforo, porém não houve aumento da produção de biogás com a correção nutricional. As maiores produções de metano ocorreram no R1, e foram de 0,29 e 0,74 L CH4 (L d)-1 nos diferentes ensaios. Adicionalmente, o sistema anaeróbio - aeróbio removeu de 40% a 71% de nitrogênio total Kjeldahl (NTK) e fósforo total (PT) sem correção nutricional do afluente, e 41% e 81% de NTK e PT quando o afluente foi corrigido. Houve remoções de elementos inorgânicos como Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Mg, Ca e K, principalmente durante a digestão anaeróbia. Observou-se baixo desempenho para a produção de biogás e qualidade do efluente no R2, embora permitisse estabilizar os choques de carga e compostos tóxicos, como fenóis, durante as mudanças nas características físico-químicas das ARC. No RBS ocorreram fenômenos de nitrificação e remoção... / Coffee processing wastewater (CPWW) is an important organic waste with high pollution potential. Anaerobic digestion in two-stages combined with post-treatment with aerobic phase, can enable the production of by-products with added value. In this study we evaluated the combination of two-stage UASB reactors (R1 and R2) followed by Sequencial Batch Reactor (SBR), for the stabilized effluent and methane production, with and without phosphorus supplementation. We applied gradual increase of organic loading rate (OLR) from 0,5 to 6 g CODtotal (L d)-1, with hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 60, 30 and 24 h in R1, R2 and SBR, respectively. The affluent COD was increased from 6974 to 14939 mg L-1 O2, thus decreased of removals from 87% to 80%, while phosphorus supplementation had no significant effect on the organic matter removal. Although, the nutritional correction improved effluent quality, increasing the phenol removal efficiencies from 70% to 94% with phosphorus addition, however did not induce differences in the biogas production. The highest methane production occurred in R1 and were 0,29 and 0,74 L CH4 (L d)-1 in the different tests. Additionally, the anaerobic - aerobic system removed from 40% to 71% of the total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) and total phosphorus (TP) without affluent nutritional correction, and from 41 to 81% of TKN and TP when the affluent was corrected. Similarly, obtained inorganic elements removal such as Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Mg, Ca and K, especially during anaerobic digestion. The R2 showed low performance both for the production of bioenergy as to improve the quality of the effluent, although helped to stabilize the load shocks and toxic compounds such as phenols before changes in physical and chemical characteristics of CPWW. In the RBS were observed nitrification and biological phosphorus removal phenomena, although it decreased the aerobic reaction time and will add one anoxic reaction cycle. UASB system showed an ...
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Biodessulfurização do biogás gerado no processo de digestão anaeróbia da estação de tratamento de efluentes de uma indústria cervejeira /Guerrero, Renata de Bello Solcia. January 2015 (has links)
Orientador: Denise Bevilaqua / Banca: Arnaldo Sarti / Banca: Renata Piacentini Rodriguez / Banca: Claudio Augusto Oller do Nascimento / Banca: Mônica Cristina Teixeira / Resumo: Atualmente a utilização de gases ricos energeticamente, como o biogás gerado em estações de tratamento de águas residuárias, está se tornando cada vez mais interessante devido ao aumento das restrições ambientais e econômicas associadas aos combustíveis fósseis. No entanto, o aproveitamento desses gases está claramente limitado pela presença de compostos reduzidos de enxofre e principalmente pelo sulfeto de hidrogênio (H2S), presente em concentrações relativamente altas (500 - 20.000 ppmv). Neste trabalho foram realizados ensaios para o estudo da remoção do H2S contido no biogás produzido no reator anaeróbio da estação de tratamento de efluentes de uma indústria cervejeira (Araraquara, SP) utilizando um biofiltro percolador em escala de laboratório em condições anóxicas. Para isto, um consórcio de micro-organismos nitrato-redutores e sulfeto-oxidantes obtido a partir do lodo anaeróbio do mesmo reator anaeróbio foi imobilizado sobre espuma de poro aberto de poliuretano. Foram estudadas algumas variáveis operacionais, tais como, o efeito da temperatura, da concentração de nitrato (receptor final de elétrons) no meio líquido, do tempo de residência (EBRT) e da velocidade superficial do meio líquido (TLV). A inoculação do biofiltro percolador com o consórcio de micro-organismos obtidos a partir do lodo anaeróbio do reator UASB da indústria cervejeira demonstrou ser altamente eficiente para o desenvolvimento de uma comunidade de microbiana oxidante de enxofre. O esgotamento do nitrato e do nitrito (receptores finais de elétrons) do meio líquido resultou numa notável desestabilização do sistema, com consequente diminuição da eficiência de remoção (RE), que chegou a cair para 0%. O biofiltro percolador apresentou melhor desempenho em temperaturas no intervalo de 31 a 42 °C (RE = 91,8 ± 5,5%), sendo que a 22 °C, a RE caiu para 39% (carga de alimentação... / Abstract: Currently, the use of energy-rich gases such as biogas generated in wastewater treatment plants is becoming more attractive due environmental and economic constraints associated with fossil fuels. However, the use of such gases is clearly limited by the presence of reduced sulfur compound, such as, hydrogen sulfide (H2S), present in relatively high concentrations (500-20,000 ppmv). In this work, experiments were carried out in order to study H2S removal from biogas produced from an anaerobic reactor of the wastewater treatment plant of a Brewery Industry (Araraquara, SP) using a lab-scale biotrickling filter, in anoxic conditions. A consortium of nitrate-reducing, sulfide-oxidizing microorganisms, obtained from the anaerobic sludge of the same anaerobic reactor was immobilized on open-pore polyurethane foam. Some operational parameters were investigated, such as, the effect of temperature, nitrate concentration (final electron acceptor) in the trickling medium, the empty bed residence time (EBRT), and the trickling liquid velocity (TLV). The development of biofilm utilizing microorganisms from UASB reactor showed a high performance. The results showed that nitrate and nitrite (final electron acceptors) depletion on the trickling medium resulted in remarkable instability of the system, with consequent decrease on the removal efficiency (RE), which came to drop to 0%. The biotrickling filter showed better performance in the temperature range between 31 - 42 °C (RE) = 91.8 ± 5.5%), wherein at 22 °C, RE dropped to 39% (inlet load (L) = 5.3 g S-H2S m-3 h-1, EBRT = 2.9 min). The TLV effect (4.4, 7.4 and 11 m h-1) was significant only for EBRT of 1.6 min, in which RE decreased from 50.9% (4.4 m h-1) to 33.7% (7.3 m h-1). It was also observed that it is possible to increase the RE fragmenting the gas stream into two parts and feeding at different points of the biofilter. For a biogas/H2S gas stream of... / Doutor
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Aplicação de modelagem multifásica para estudo de biorreatores anaeróbiosD' Bastiani, Camila 20 April 2017 (has links)
Buscando compreender o comportamento hidrodinâmico de um reator anaeróbio de fluxo ascendente (UASB), o presente trabalho teve por objetivo desenvolver um modelo numérico utilizando ferramentas de Fluidodinâmica Computacional (CFD) para a simulação do comportamento do escoamento trifásico (líquido, gás e sólido) em um reator UASB utilizado na produção de biogás a partir da vinhaça, e validar este modelo utilizando técnicas de Velocimetria de Partículas por Imagem (PIV). Para tanto, inicialmente foi projetado o reator UASB e em seguida foram desenvolvidas a geometria e a malha. As simulações foram executadas no software Fluent, utilizando uma malha com 528.000 volumes de controle. Foram inicialmente realizadas simulações do escoamento monofásico do líquido e em seguida simulações bifásicas gás/líquido e sólido/líquido foram realizadas adotando-se uma abordagem Euleriana-Euleriana, isotérmica, transiente e tridimensional. Por fim, os modelos bifásicos já validados foram associados em um modelo trifásicos. Técnicas de PIV foram utilizadas na validação dos modelos bifásicos e do trifásico. Na etapa de validação dos modelos numéricos, foi verificada uma diferença máxima entre resultados experimentais e computacionais menor de 4% para todos os casos. Foi verificado que a força de arraste é a que exerce a maior influência no perfil do escoamento gás/líquido. Com relação ao escoamento sólido/líquido, o modelo de Gidaspow foi escolhido para o cálculo do coeficiente de arraste, após comparação com resultados experimentais. Nas simulações trifásicas, verificou-se o gás foi o principal responsável pela qualidade da mistura dentro do reator, reduzindo de 44% o percentual de zonas mortas no reator no caso sólido/líquido para 0,02% no caso trifásico e aumentando em cerca de oito vezes a magnitude da velocidade das fases sólida e líquida. O sistema de distribuição de gás exerceu forte influência no perfil do escoamento, tendo induzido recirculação interna no reator. A compreensão do escoamento permitirá otimizações no processo e no reator de forma a buscar o aumento da eficiência de tratamento bem como da geração de biogás. / Submitted by Ana Guimarães Pereira (agpereir@ucs.br) on 2017-06-26T17:27:11Z
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Previous issue date: 2017-06-26 / PETROBRAS, Brasil. / Aiming to understand the hydrodynamics of a Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor, this work aimed to apply multiphase modeling through computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to assess the behavior of the three phase flow (liquid, gas and solid) in a UASB reactor, which is used in the biogas production using vinasse as substrate and the to validate the results using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) techniques. Therefore, the UASB reactor was designed and then the geometry and mesh were developed. The simulations were performed using the software Fluent and a mesh with 528.000 control volumes. Initially, monophasic simulations of the liquid phase were carried out. Next, two phase simulations were performed considering the pairs of phases gas/liquid and solid/liquid. An Eulerian-Eulerian approach was adopted, together with isothermal, transient and tridimensional conditions. After validated, the two-phase models (solid/liquid and gas/liquid) were combined into a three-phase model. PIV was used for the experimental validation of the two and three-phase models. The numerical model validation showed maximum differences lower than 4% between experimental and computational results for the three cases (gas/liquid, solid/liquid and liquid/gas/solid). Numerical results showed that the drag force plays the major role on the gas/liquid flow profile. Regarding the solid/liquid flow, Gidaspow model was chosen to estimate the drag force coefficient after comparisons between numerical and experimental results. Three-phase simulations showed that the gas was the main responsible for the mixing quality within the reactor. Dead zones were reduced from 44% in the solid/liquid simulations to 0,02% in the three-phase simulations and the liquid and solid velocity magnitude increased in about eight times. The configuration of the gas distribution system played a major role on the overall flow profile and drove liquid recirculation along the axial position. Understanding the multiphase flow within this reactor will allow optimizations on the process as well as on the reactor, in order to seek an increase on the efficiency both in the treatment and biogas in the production.
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