The widespread use of pesticides in agriculture has brought many benefits such as, increasing quantity and quality of crops grown. However, there is a concern regarding to the presence of pesticide residues in the consumed manufactured food products. Due to this, it is necessary to monitor pesticides in these products in order to verify compliance with maximum residue limits. Wine is a beverage obtained from grape must, but the grapes grown for this purpose are susceptible to pest attack and the occurrence of fungal diseases. Since the wine quality is related to the grapes quality, its production is dependent on the use of pesticides. Currently, the most useful way to determine the pesticides residues in food is the application of multiresidue methods that allow the determination of several compounds from different classes in a single analytical process. Based on that, the aim of this work was to evaluate two multiresidue methods for the extraction of pesticides in wine, one of them being based on the QuEChERS method and the dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction with the use of demulsifying solvent (SD-DLLME). Parameters that affect the extraction efficiency of both methods were studied and after established the best extraction conditions the methods were validated. The use of ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) allowed to perform the determination with high selectivity and sensitivity. For the QuEChERS method, 97 compounds were validated and the limit of quantification of the method (LOQ) ranged from 10 to 20 μg L-1. For SD-DLLME, 74 compounds were validated and LOQ were between 0.1 and 0.2 μg L-1. Among the compounds not validated by SD-DLLME are compounds with polar characteristics, not suitable for this technique. Pesticides residues of different classes were found in the samples the concentrations of 0.8 to 55.3 μg L-1. In view of the results obtained, the use of SD-DLLME proved to be a viable alternative to the QuEChERS method for the multiresidue determination of pesticides in wine. / O uso generalizado de agrotóxicos na agricultura trouxe muitos benefícios em relação ao aumento da quantidade e qualidade das culturas produzidas. Entretanto, existe uma preocupação com relação à presença de resíduos de agrotóxicos nos alimentos e produtos comerciais consumidos. Devido a isso, torna-se necessário o monitoramento de agrotóxicos nesses produtos a fim de verificar a observância dos limites máximos de resíduos. O vinho é uma bebida obtida a partir do mosto da uva, porém as uvas cultivadas para esse fim são suscetíveis ao ataque de pragas e a ocorrência de doenças fúngicas. Uma vez que a qualidade do vinho depende fortemente da qualidade das uvas, a sua produção é dependente do uso de agrotóxicos. Atualmente, a maneira mais útil para determinação de resíduos de agrotóxicos em alimentos é a aplicação de métodos multirresíduo que permitam a determinação de inúmeros compostos, de diversas classes, em um único processo analítico. Pensando nisso, esse trabalho teve como objetivo a avalição de dois métodos de extração multirresíduo de agrotóxicos em vinho, sendo um deles baseado no método QuEChERS e outro na técnica de extração denominada microextração líquido-líquido dispersiva com uso de solvente demulsificante (SD-DLLME). Os parâmetros que afetam a eficiência de extração foram estudados para ambos e depois de encontradas as melhores condições de extração os mesmos foram validados. A determinação por cromatografia líquida de ultra-alta eficiência acoplada à espectrometria de massas em série (UHPLC-MS/MS) permitiu a realização das análises com alta seletividade e sensibilidade. Para o método QuEChERS foram validados 97 compostos sendo que o limite de quantificação do método (LOQm) variou de 10 a 20 μg L-1. Para a SD-DLLME, 74 compostos foram validados e o LOQm entre 0,1 e 0,2 μg L-1. Dentre os compostos que não foram validados pela SD-DLLME estão compostos com características polares, não adequados para essa técnica. Os métodos validados foram utilizados para a determinação de agrotóxicos em amostras de vinho. Foram encontrados resíduos de agrotóxicos de diferentes classes nas concentrações de 0,8 a 55,3 μg L-1. Tendo em vista os resultados obtidos, a utilização da SD-DLLME demonstrou ser uma alternativa viável ao método QuEChERS para determinação multirresíduo de agrotóxicos em vinho.

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) encompass a large group of manufactured compounds that have been used in various production processes such as food packaging, commercial products, workplaces, homes, water supplies, and food. PFAS are persistent, resistant to degradation, and can bioaccumulate. Although an exposure limit that predicts adverse health effects has yet to be determined, the Center for Disease Control and Prevention’s 2015-16 health survey found average blood levels of 4.72 ng/ml for PFOS and 1.56 ng/ml for PFOA. The objective of this research was to evaluate the use of laminar flow tandem mass spectrometry following solid phase extraction (SPE) using weak anion exchange (WAX) properties on the detection and quantitation of PFAS compounds. Seven-point calibration standards applied to this research were prepared using certified reference materials (Wellington Laboratories, Ontario, CA), and calibrators were run without sample extraction. The concentrations varied slightly based on the PFAS analyte of interest. All samples and quality controls were prepared by spiking certified reference material (Wellington Laboratories) into pooled human serum (BioIVT, Westbury, NY, USA). A laminar flow QSight®220 ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometer (LC-MS/MS, PerkinElmer, Waltham, MA, USA) was equipped with a Selectra C18 100 x 2.1mm x 3μm (UCT, Bristol, PA, USA) column with a Brownlee C18 delay column (PerkinElmer) and followed the LC-MS/MS parameters developed for the method. Extraction was accomplished using a WAX SPE column (UCT, ECWAX053) by first conditioning the columns with 1 mL of methanol (Fisher Scientific, Fair Lawn, NJ, USA) followed by 1 mL of 100 mM pH 7 phosphate buffer (Acros Organics, Geel, Belgium, EU). Samples were loaded onto the column at a rate of 1-2 mL/min. The SPE cartridges were washed with 1 mL of 100 mM pH 7 phosphate buffer and 1 mL of millipore water (Millipore Milli- Q Ultrapure Type 1 water system, Millipore Sigma, Burlington, MA, USA), then dried under full flow for 5 minutes. Elution was carried out with 2.5mL of a 98:2 methanol: OptimaTM grade ammonium hydroxide (Fisher Scientific) solution. The eluted samples were then evaporated to dryness using a MULTIVAP® Nitrogen Evaporator (Organomation,Berlin,MA,USA) at 55°C and 5psi. All samples were reconstituted in 100 μL of a 96:4 methanol:water solution. The parameters assessed followed Academy Standards Board Standard 036: Standard Practices for Method Validation in Forensic Toxicology, including matrix interferences, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantitation (LOQ), a recovery study, and a calibration model. The results of the study were gathered from the following eleven analytes: PFBA, PFBS, PFHxA, PFHpA, PFHxS, PFOA, PFOS, PFNA, PFDA, PFUnA, and PFDoA. Depending on the analyte, a lower LOQ was established at 0.16 – 1.75ng/mL and an upper LOQ at 43.75 – 51.41 ng/mL. Based on the established linear calibration model an LOD in the range of 0.11 - 0.51 ng/mL was achieved. All eleven PFAS analytes showed an acceptable bias of ±20%. All analytes showed a between-run precision (%CV) in an acceptable range of ±20%. No matrix interferences were detected. The average recovery for SPE ranges from 77.64- 104.73% with recovery of 77.64% for PFBS, 83.89% for PFBA, and 95.64-104.73% for PFHxA, PFHpA, PFHxS, PFOA, PFOS, PFNA, PFDA, PFUnA, and PFDoA. Utilizing the UCT WAX SPE column, good recovery for the PFAS compounds was demonstrated. Further, the extraction technique was efficient for high throughput analysis with the extraction time comparable to other traditional SPE methods. The total analytical run time of 11 minutes using the QSight®220 coupled with the UCT Selectra C18 100 x 2.1mm x 3μm column allowed for adequate re-equilibration and system washes to prevent carryover and contamination of these persistent pollutants with excellent chromatography. Having the ability to efficiently and accurately quantify PFAS compounds in biological matrices will allow for better understanding of prevalence, bioaccumulation in biological matrices, and will aid in understanding how these concentrations relate to various health outcomes.

An acetonitrile based protein extraction method was developed that demonstrated high efficient and effective removal of high abundant proteins from both human and murine serum. The protein content of the extract was characterised using gel electrophoresis, the Bradford assay and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) with database searching. Selected reaction monitoring (SRM) analysis was used to quantify the levels of high abundant serum proteins to further validate the extraction methodology. The ACN depletion method, in combination with artificial neural networks (ANNs) data mining software, was applied to a murine growth hormone (GH) gene doping study with the aim of identifying biomarker ions capable of detecting gene doping. The LC-MS and ANNs analysis approach failed to conclusively identify a biomarker to gene doping in the mouse model. However, the application of the same technique to serum from a rhGH administration study in humans, returned models capable of discriminating between rhGH treated placebo states. The ion identified as being the most discriminatory was characterised using mass spectrometry, and was derived from the protein leucine-rich a-2-glycoprotein (LRG). Multiple LRG related tryptic peptides were identified as being up-regulated upon dosing with recombinant human GH (rhGH). A high throughput LC-MS/MS and SRM approach was developed to quantify proteins in human serum. The approach was validated by comparison of LC-MS/MS derived APO A1 concentrations with those obtained using established clinical analyser technologies. The LC-MS/MS methodology was applied to a large cohort of 257 serum samples from two rhGH administration studies performed at Royal Free Hospital . The two administrations included serum samples from 15 individuals who had been dosed daily with rhGH. Serum concentrations of the established rhGH biomarker insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) were quantified by LC-MS/MS and compared well with those determined using two different immunoassay-based methodologies. Serum concentrations of the LRG protein were measured simultaneously with IGF-I and appeared to increase in 14 of the 15 rhGH dosed individuals. Combining the LRG and IGF-I data further increased the separation of rhGH treated and placebo states within each individual, and the application of ANNs analysis showed that the combination of the two proteins increased the discrimination characteristics over using IGF-I alone. The murine equivalent of the LRG protein was identified and SRM transitions for a tryptically derived peptide were developed, along with transitions for monitoring a peptide from the murine IGF-I protein. These transitions were used to quantify the two proteins in the remaining aliquots from a murine GH gene doping experiment, however neither protein appeared to increase in the GH +ve plasmid samples that were analysed.

In recent years, the indiscriminate use of pesticides and a lack of adoption of good agricultural practices have been evidenced by the results of analyzes of residues of pesticides in food. Thus, the goal of this work was to develop and validate two methods for determination of pesticide residues in plum, apple, pear and peach, with analysis by ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). In the development of the QuEChERS method, different conditions of the extract clean-up were tested. In the validation results, the linear range of the method was 5 to 200 μg kg-1 with recoveries were between 70 and 120% and RSD ≤20%. The practical limit of quantification (LOQ) for 161 compounds was 10 μg kg-1. In MSPD optimization, different sorbents (C18, florisil®, PSA, alumina, amino, silica, chitosan, Oasis® HLB, StrataTM-X and fluoridated) were tested as solid support in different proportions with the sample. The homogenization was carried out with metallic spheres and extraction with acetonitrile and ultrasound. Accuracy and precision results obtained by MSPD were adequate for 131 pesticides residues studied, with recovery results ranging between 70 and 120%, with RSD ≤ 20%. The studied compounds presented practical LOQ of 10 μg kg-1. In the analysis of 100 samples of the studied fruits, different pesticides residues were found in concentrations ranging from <LOQ to 2.334,6 μg kg-1. / Nos últimos anos, o uso indiscriminado de agrotóxicos e a não adoção das boas práticas agrícolas têm sido evidenciados pelos resultados de análises de resíduos de agrotóxicos em alimentos. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo desenvolver e validar dois métodos para determinação de resíduos de agrotóxicos em ameixa, maçã, pera e pêssego, com análise por cromatografia líquida de ultra eficiência acoplada à espectrometria de massas em série (UHPLC-MS/MS). No desenvolvimento do método QuEChERS, diferentes condições da limpeza do extrato foram testadas. Nos resultados de validação, o intervalo linear do método foi de 5 a 200 μg kg-1, com recuperações entre 70 e 120% e RSD ≤ 20%. O limite de quantificação prático (LOQ) para 161 compostos foi de 10 μg kg-1. No desenvolvimento da técnica MSPD foram testados diferentes sorventes (C18, florisil®, PSA, alumina, amino, sílica, quitosana, Oasis® HLB, StrataTM-X e fase fluorada) como suporte sólido em diferentes proporções com a amostra. A homogeneização foi realizada com auxílio de esferas metálicas e a extração com acetonitrila e ultrassom. Os resultados de exatidão e precisão obtidos por MSPD foram adequados para resíduos de 131 agrotóxicos, com resultados de recuperação entre 70 e 120%, with RSD ≤ 20%. Os compostos estudados apresentaram LOQ prático de 10 μg kg-1. Na análise de 100 amostras das frutas estudadas, foram quantificados resíduos de diferentes agrotóxicos em concentrações entre <LOQ e 2.334,6 μg kg-1.

O maracujá, nome popular atribuído ao fruto das diversas espécies do gênero Passiflora, da família Passifloraceae, é amplamente comercializado e consumido no mundo, sendo o Brasil um dos maiores produtores do fruto. Alguns estudos apontam possível toxicidade relacionada às espécies de Passiflora, principalmente P. incarnata. No entanto, há pouco conhecimento acerca das espécies P. edulis e P. alata, sobretudo em relação à polpa e sementes. Os extratos da polpa e das sementes dos frutos dessas duas espécies de \"maracujá\", Passiflora alata e Passiflora edulis, foram estudados com o objetivo de identificar alcaloides harmânicos, pelo preparo das amostras por extração por sorção em barra magnética recoberta com polidimetilsiloxano (SBSE-PDMS) e SBSE recoberta com polietilenoglicol silicone (SBSE-EG Silicone) e análise por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência com detector por fluorescência (CLAE-Flu) e cromatografia líquida de ultra eficiência acoplada à espectrometria de massas sequencial (CLUE-EM/EM). A análise dos alcaloides harmana e harmina nos extratos da polpa de P. alata foi feita por meio do método de adição de padrão e mostrou menor quantidade destes alcaloides, em comparação com os resultados da análise dos extratos da polpa dos frutos de P. edulis, no trabalho de Pereira e colaboradores. As análises CLUE-EM e CLUE-EM/EM possibilitaram a identificação dos alcaloides nos extratos: nas sementes de P. alata, os alcaloides harmana, harmina, harmol, harmalol e harmalina foram identificados, enquanto que na polpa, harmana e harmina tiveram a confirmação da sua presença. Nos extratos da polpa dos frutos de P. edulis observou-se os alcaloides harmana, harmina e harmalina. E nas sementes de P. edulis harmina foi encontrada, porém há indícios da presença de harmana. A literatura sobre as barras de SBSE-EG Silicone Twister&®; não relata nenhum estudo relacionado ao seu uso para extração e concentração de alcaloides harmânicos nos extratos de P. alata e P. edulis. Por isso foi proposto inicialmente a aplicação do planejamento fatorial fracionário para otimização do método de extração, utilizando os padrões comerciais dos alcaloides harmana e harmina. O planejamento experimental revelou as variáveis principais e seus níveis de importância, e a partir destes resultados foi realizado o estudo cinético dos tempos de extração e de dessorção das barras de SBSE-EG Silicone. Porém, os resultados mostraram que as barras de SBSE-EG Silicone não são adequadas para a extração dos alcaloides harmana e harmina, uma vez que a recuperação obtida foi baixa, na ordem de 30%. / \"Maracujá\" is the popular name given to the fruit of several species of Passiflora genus, from Passifloraceae family, it is widely commercialized and consumed around the world, and Brazil is one of the largest producers of this fruit. Some studies pointed out the possible toxicity related to Passiflora species, mainly P. incarnata. Although, there is a lack of knowledge about the P. edulis and P. alata species, especially with regards to the pulp and seeds. The extracts of pulp and seeds from the \"maracujá\" species Passiflora alata and Passiflora edulis, were studied in order to identify harman alkaloids. The samples were prepared by extraction with sorptive stir bar coated with polydimethylsiloxane (SBSE-PDMS) and SBSE coated with polyethylene glycol silicon (SBSE-EG Silicone). The samples were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detector (HPLC-Flu), and ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Harmane and harmine alkaloids in P. alata pulp extracts were analyzed using the standard addition method and the results showed a lower amount of these alkaloids, compared with the test results for the extracts from the P. edulis pulp in the work of Pereira et al. UHPLC-MS and UHPLC-MS/MS analysis enabled to identify the alkaloids amount present in the extracts. In the P. alata seeds extract the following alkaloids were identified harmane, harmine, harmol, harmalol and harmaline, while in the pulp extract, harmane and harmine were confirmed. In the extracts of P. edulis pulp the alkaloids identified were harmane, harmine and harmaline. And in the P. edulis seeds extract the harmine alkaloid was found, some indications of the presence of harmana were observed. The literature about SBSE-EG Silicone Twister® bars reports no study related to their use for extraction and concentration of harman alkaloids in P. alata and P. edulis. Thus, it was initially proposed the application of fractional factorial design to optimize the extraction method using commercial standards of harmane and harmine alkaloids. The experimental design revealed the main variables and their importance levels, and from these results kinetic studies were performed for the extraction and desorption times of SBSE-EG Silicone bars. However, the results showed SBSE-EG Silicone bars are not suitable for the extraction of harmane and harmine alkaloids, since the recovery obtained was low, on the order of 30%.

O maracujá, nome popular atribuído ao fruto das diversas espécies do gênero Passiflora, da família Passifloraceae, é amplamente comercializado e consumido no mundo, sendo o Brasil um dos maiores produtores do fruto. Alguns estudos apontam possível toxicidade relacionada às espécies de Passiflora, principalmente P. incarnata. No entanto, há pouco conhecimento acerca das espécies P. edulis e P. alata, sobretudo em relação à polpa e sementes. Os extratos da polpa e das sementes dos frutos dessas duas espécies de \"maracujá\", Passiflora alata e Passiflora edulis, foram estudados com o objetivo de identificar alcaloides harmânicos, pelo preparo das amostras por extração por sorção em barra magnética recoberta com polidimetilsiloxano (SBSE-PDMS) e SBSE recoberta com polietilenoglicol silicone (SBSE-EG Silicone) e análise por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência com detector por fluorescência (CLAE-Flu) e cromatografia líquida de ultra eficiência acoplada à espectrometria de massas sequencial (CLUE-EM/EM). A análise dos alcaloides harmana e harmina nos extratos da polpa de P. alata foi feita por meio do método de adição de padrão e mostrou menor quantidade destes alcaloides, em comparação com os resultados da análise dos extratos da polpa dos frutos de P. edulis, no trabalho de Pereira e colaboradores. As análises CLUE-EM e CLUE-EM/EM possibilitaram a identificação dos alcaloides nos extratos: nas sementes de P. alata, os alcaloides harmana, harmina, harmol, harmalol e harmalina foram identificados, enquanto que na polpa, harmana e harmina tiveram a confirmação da sua presença. Nos extratos da polpa dos frutos de P. edulis observou-se os alcaloides harmana, harmina e harmalina. E nas sementes de P. edulis harmina foi encontrada, porém há indícios da presença de harmana. A literatura sobre as barras de SBSE-EG Silicone Twister&®; não relata nenhum estudo relacionado ao seu uso para extração e concentração de alcaloides harmânicos nos extratos de P. alata e P. edulis. Por isso foi proposto inicialmente a aplicação do planejamento fatorial fracionário para otimização do método de extração, utilizando os padrões comerciais dos alcaloides harmana e harmina. O planejamento experimental revelou as variáveis principais e seus níveis de importância, e a partir destes resultados foi realizado o estudo cinético dos tempos de extração e de dessorção das barras de SBSE-EG Silicone. Porém, os resultados mostraram que as barras de SBSE-EG Silicone não são adequadas para a extração dos alcaloides harmana e harmina, uma vez que a recuperação obtida foi baixa, na ordem de 30%. / \"Maracujá\" is the popular name given to the fruit of several species of Passiflora genus, from Passifloraceae family, it is widely commercialized and consumed around the world, and Brazil is one of the largest producers of this fruit. Some studies pointed out the possible toxicity related to Passiflora species, mainly P. incarnata. Although, there is a lack of knowledge about the P. edulis and P. alata species, especially with regards to the pulp and seeds. The extracts of pulp and seeds from the \"maracujá\" species Passiflora alata and Passiflora edulis, were studied in order to identify harman alkaloids. The samples were prepared by extraction with sorptive stir bar coated with polydimethylsiloxane (SBSE-PDMS) and SBSE coated with polyethylene glycol silicon (SBSE-EG Silicone). The samples were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detector (HPLC-Flu), and ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Harmane and harmine alkaloids in P. alata pulp extracts were analyzed using the standard addition method and the results showed a lower amount of these alkaloids, compared with the test results for the extracts from the P. edulis pulp in the work of Pereira et al. UHPLC-MS and UHPLC-MS/MS analysis enabled to identify the alkaloids amount present in the extracts. In the P. alata seeds extract the following alkaloids were identified harmane, harmine, harmol, harmalol and harmaline, while in the pulp extract, harmane and harmine were confirmed. In the extracts of P. edulis pulp the alkaloids identified were harmane, harmine and harmaline. And in the P. edulis seeds extract the harmine alkaloid was found, some indications of the presence of harmana were observed. The literature about SBSE-EG Silicone Twister® bars reports no study related to their use for extraction and concentration of harman alkaloids in P. alata and P. edulis. Thus, it was initially proposed the application of fractional factorial design to optimize the extraction method using commercial standards of harmane and harmine alkaloids. The experimental design revealed the main variables and their importance levels, and from these results kinetic studies were performed for the extraction and desorption times of SBSE-EG Silicone bars. However, the results showed SBSE-EG Silicone bars are not suitable for the extraction of harmane and harmine alkaloids, since the recovery obtained was low, on the order of 30%.

In food security area, the application of good agricultural practices is a growing concern for public health in the Brazilian domestic market and for the competitiveness countries in the external market. To ensure safety of food from animal origin, monitoring is required and Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs) must be evaluated. Therefore, the development of appropriate analytical methods for residues determination is necessary. In this work a simple, fast and efficient multiclass method of sample preparation was developed for the determination of veterinary drugs residues in bovine kidney, liver and muscle. Determination step was performed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatographic–tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). UHPLC-MS/MS and sample preparation conditions were optimized using experimental designs. Extraction and clean up were performed by solid-liquid extraction and dispersive solid-phase extraction (d-SPE). Central composite designs were used in order to optimize the clean up step. The proposed method was validated using acetonitrile as solvent extraction followed by clean up with EMR-Lipid® sorbent and aqueous solution of 5% trichloroacetic acid (m/v). The proposed method was validated according to the criteria of the European Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. Linearity presented r2 ≥ 0.99 for most the evaluated compounds and recoveries values and RSD in the range recommended by EU. Decision limit (CCα) and detection capability (CCβ) presented values around the maximum residue limits (MRL) of each compound. Monensin was the only compound that did not present satisfactory results for bovine kidney and muscle. The developed sample preparation followed by UHPLC-MS/MS analysis was efficient for the determination of veterinary drug residues in bovine liver, kidney and muscle. The proposed methodology has been successfully applied in real samples and also in proficiency test and proved to be a great option for routine analysis. / No âmbito da segurança dos alimentos a aplicação das boas práticas agropecuárias é uma preocupação crescente tanto para a saúde pública no mercado interno brasileiro quanto para à competitividade do país no mercado externo. Para garantir a inocuidade dos alimentos de origem animal são realizados monitoramentos em diferentes tipos de amostras e adotados Limites Máximos de Resíduo (LMR). Diante disso, se faz necessário o desenvolvimento de métodos analíticos adequados para determinação de resíduos. Neste trabalho desenvolveu-se um método multiclasse de preparo de amostras simples, rápido e eficaz para a determinação de resíduos de medicamentos veterinários em rim, fígado e músculo bovino. A etapa de determinação foi realizada por cromatografia líquida de ultra eficiência acoplada à espectrometria de massas em série (UHPLC-MS/MS). O sistema UHPLC-MS/MS e a etapa de preparo de amostra foram otimizados com auxílio de planejamento experimental. As etapas de extração e limpeza do extrato foram realizadas por extração sólido-líquido e extração em fase sólida dispersiva (d-SPE). Planejamentos composto central foram utilizados para otimização da etapa de limpeza do extrato. O procedimento otimizado consistiu de extração por acetonitrila, seguido de limpeza com o sorvente EMR-Lipid® e solução aquosa de 5% (m/v) ácido tricloroacético. O método proposto foi validado de acordo com os critérios de referência da Decisão 2002/657/CE da Comunidade Europeia. A linearidade apresentou r2 ≥ 0,99 para maioria dos compostos avaliados e os valores de recuperação e RSD estão na faixa recomendada pela Comunidade Europeia. O limite de decisão (CCα) e a capacidade de detecção (CCβ) apresentaram valores em torno dos LMR de cada composto. Apenas a monensina não obteve resultados satisfatórios para rim e músculo bovino. O preparo de amostra desenvolvido seguida de análise por UHPLC-MS/MS foi eficiente para a determinação de resíduos de medicamentos veterinários em rim, fígado e músculo bovino. A metodologia proposta foi aplicada com sucesso em amostras reais e também em ensaio de proficiência e provou ser uma ótima opção para análise de rotina.

En raison de la diffusion incontrôlée sur le e-commerce, la sécurité et l’alternative légale aux stupéfiants habituels, les nouvelles substances psychoactives (NPS), d’apparition récente (2008), sont au cœur des phénomènes récents d’addiction et de décès mal expliqués. Au-delà des différents défis dans nos sociétés (prévention, législation), la capacité d’identifier les NPS dans des échantillons biologiques pour caractériser leur utilisation, présente de nombreux challenges analytiques. L’objectif principal de cette thèse a été de collecter des échantillons biologiques (sang, urine, cheveux) provenant de cas d’exposition à des NPS et d’y caractériser les substances présentes à l’aide de méthodes analytiques originales, dans le but d’enrichir les librairies de spectres de masse et d’améliorer, en conséquence, la détection de la consommation de NPS. En particulier, il s’agissait d’augmenter la fenêtre de détection de la prise de NPS en se focalisant sur les métabolites qui sont, le plus souvent, les produits majeurs d’élimination. Le développement analytique, par chromatographie liquide ultra haute performance couplée à la spectrométrie de masse en tandem (UHPLC-MS/MS), a demandé plusieurs mois d’optimisation afin d’obtenir une méthode robuste, exhaustive et sensible. Actuellement, la librairie de spectres MS comporte 114 NPS et est mise à jour régulièrement. A la suite de ce développement, ma thèse a porté sur l’étude de cas d’intoxication vus au service des urgences du CHU de Strasbourg, mais aussi en médecine légale, avec des situations de décès et d’identification de produits inconnus provenant de saisies (poudres et cristaux). Il a également été nécessaire de développer des outils analytiques complémentaires, tels que la caractérisation de métabolite(s) par étude sur microsomes hépatiques humains (HLMs), et l’utilisation de la spectroscopie par résonance magnétique nucléaire (RMN) afin d’identifier avec certitude certains composés et de déterminer leur degré de pureté. Les outils analytiques développés et la stratégie mise en place ont permis la rédaction de 18 publications, ainsi que l’agencement de nombreuses collaborations. / Due to the uncontrolled spread on the Internet and their legal alternative to usual drugs, the new psychoactive substances (NPS), recently appeared (2008), are at the center of recent phenomena of addiction and badly explained deaths. Beyond different challenges in our societies (prevention, legislation), the ability to identify NPS in biological samples, in order to characterize their use, presents many analytical challenges. The main objective of this thesis was to collect biological samples (blood, urine, hair) from cases of exposure to NPS and to characterize the substances present using original analytical methods, in order to enlarge the libraries of mass spectra and improve, as a result, the detection of NPS consumption. In particular, it was intended to increase the detection sensitivity of NPS intake by focusing on the metabolites that are often the major products of elimination. This analytical development, by ultra-high liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS), required several months of optimization in order to obtain a robust, exhaustive and sensitive method. At present, the mass spectra database has 114 NPS and is regularly updated. Thereafter, ma thesis focused on the study of cases of intoxication observed in the emergency department of Strasbourg, but also in legal medicine with situations of deaths and identification of unknown products collected from seizures (powders and crystals). It has also been necessary to implement complementary analytical tools, such as the characterization of metabolites by human liver microsomes (HLMs), and the use of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to accurately identify the compounds and establish their purity degrees. The analytical tools developed, and the strategy adopted, allowed the writing of 18 publications, as well as the setting up of numerous collaborations.

Résumé confidentiel / Résumé confidentiel

A venlafaxina (VEN), em razão de sua eficácia e brandos efeitos adversos, tem sido um dos antidepressivos mais prescritos no tratamento da depressão e ansiedade. Neste trabalho, um método analítico empregando as técnicas MISPE miniaturizada e cromatografia líquida acoplada à espectrometria de massas em Tandem, foi utilizado para a determinação de VEN e seus principais metabólitos em amostras de plasma para fins de monitorização terapêutica. A fase MIP foi sintetizada via polimerização radicalar por precipitação, fazendo uso de VEN (molécula molde), ácido metacrílico (monômero funcional), etileno glicol dimetacrilato, (reagente reticulante) e 2,2 azobisisobutironitrila (iniciador radicalar) em tolueno (solvente). Para controle utilizou-se o polímero não impresso (NIP), sintetizado por procedimento análogo ao do MIP, porém sem o uso da molécula molde. A caracterização química e estrutural dos polímeros foi realizada por espectroscopia no infravermelho com transformada de fourier e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. A otimização das variáveis de MISPE miniaturizada favoreceu a detectabilidade analítica e diminuiu o efeito de memória. As extrações realizadas com MIP apresentaram taxa de recuperação de 84% para VEN e de 2-28% para os antidepressivos (clorpromazina, fluoxetina, clomipramina, imipramina e sertralina). O polímero não impresso apresentou baixa recuperação para a VEN (taxa de recuperação: 49%) e para os demais antidepressivos (taxas de recuperação menores que 40%). Estes experimentos comprovam a seletividade da fase MIP desenvolvida. O método padronizado apresentou linearidade na faixa de 3 a 700 ng mL-1 para VEN, 5 a 700 ng mL-1 para O-desmetilvenlafaxina (ODV) e de 3 a 500 ng mL-1 para N-desmetilvenlafaxina (NDV), precisão com coeficientes de variação menores que 15% e exatidão com valores de erro padrão relativo na faixa de -11,8 a 16,01 %. As concentrações correspondentes aos limites inferiores de quantificação para VEN (3 ng mL-1) e ODV ( 5 ng mL-1) foram inferiores aos intervalos terapêuticos preconizados. O método desenvolvido, quando comparado a aos métodos da literatura para determinação de VEN e metabolitos, apresentou maior seletividade, menor consumo de amostra e de solventes orgânicos e permitiu a reutilização da fase extratora. Segundo os parâmetros de validação analítica avaliados e amostras de pacientes em terapia com VEN analisadas, o método proposto é adequado para determinação de VEN, ODV e NDV em amostras de plasma para fins de monitorização terapêutica. / Venlafaxine elicits a small number of adverse effects, so it is one of the most frequently prescribed drugs to treat major depression, generalized anxiety, and social anxiety disorders in adults. In this study, venlafaxine (VEN), O-desmethylvenlafaxine (ODV), and N-desmethylvenlafaxine (NDV) were pre-concentrated with the aid of miniaturized SPE based on MIPs as extraction phase. MIPs are synthetic polymers with cavities specifically designed to hold a target molecule or structurally similar compounds. The molecularly imprinted polymers were prepared by addition of VEN, metacrylic acid (MAA, monomer), ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA, cross-linker), and 2,2-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN, initiator) to toluene (solvent). The non-imprinted polymer (NIP), used for comparison, was also synthesized by following exactly the same procedure, but excluding the template VEN from the formulation. The polymer was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Optimization of the MIP phase extraction variables favored miniaturized analytical detectability and reduced the memory effect. The extractions performed with the synthesized MIP showed recovery rate of 84% for VEN and 2-28% for other antidepressants (chlorpromazine, fluoxetine, clomipramine, imipramine, and sertraline). The non-imprinted polymer provided low recovery of VEN (recovery rate: 49%) and other antidepressants (recovery rates lower than 40%). These experiments demonstrated the selectivity of the developed MIP phase. The standardized method was linear in the range of 300 - 700 ng mL-1 for VEN, 5-700 ng mL-1 for ODV, and 3 to 500 ng mL-1 for NDV. Precision had coefficients of variation smaller than 15%; the accuracy standard error values ranged from -11.8 to 16.01%. Compared with literature methods, the developed method was more selective for determination of VEN and metabolites, required lower consumption of sample and organic solvents, and enabled reuse of the extraction phase. According to the assessed analytical validation parameters and to the analysis of samples obtained from patients undergoing therapy with VEN, the proposed method is suitable to determine VEN, NDV, and ODV in plasma samples for therapeutic drug monitoring.