A constante preocupação com o aumento do uso de agrotóxicos nas lavouras e os riscos gerados pelos resíduos destes compostos fazem com que os órgãos responsáveis pela fiscalização de alimentos no Brasil controlem a presença dessas substâncias nos produtos que chegam à mesa do consumidor. Atualmente, um dos grandes problemas na produção de alimentos é a utilização de substâncias proibidas em lavouras, muitas das quais não possuem estudos nem limites máximos de resíduos (LMR) estabelecidos, assim como a utilização de substâncias já registradas, mas em quantidades ou métodos de manejo incorretos. Ambos os casos podem resultar em sérios problemas à saúde humana. O objetivo deste estudo foi a avaliação da determinação de morfolina em amostras de manga utilizando técnicas como a Extração em Fase Sólida e a Cromatografia Gasosa acoplada à Espectrometria de Massas (SPE-GC-MS), assim como a Microextração em Sorvente Empacotado e Cromatografia Gasosa acoplada à Espectrometria de Massas (MEPS-GC-MS). Um segundo objetivo deste estudo consistiu em desenvolver, validar e avaliar uma metodologia analítica capaz de identificar quantitativamente a morfolina em amostras de manga por Cromatografia Líquida de Ultra Eficiência acoplada a Espectrometria de Massas em tandem (UHPLC-MS/MS). Para análise por GC-MS fez-se necessária a etapa de derivatização do analito, de forma que o mesmo aumentasse sua volatilidade e diminuísse a polaridade. A comparação entre as técnicas SPE e MEPS não foi possível devido ao efeito de matriz causado pela contaminação do liner e da coluna cromatográfica. Já a metodologia validada por UHPLC-MS/MS seguiu os critérios exigidos pelo Manual de Garantia da Qualidade Analítica, do Ministério da Agricultura Pecuária e Abastecimento (MAPA). O método foi aplicado em mangas de diferentes variedades obtidas no comércio local. Não foram encontrados resíduos de morfolina em nenhuma das amostras investigadas, de acordo com a metodologia proposta. Os resultados apresentados neste trabalho estabelecem metodologias eficientes, rápidas e de baixo custo na determinação de morfolina em amostras de manga. / The recurrent increasing of the use of pesticides on crops and the consequent risks due the exposure to chemical residues have urged the food regulation agencies to control the levels of these substances in products that reach consumer\'s table. A major problem nowadays for the production of food is the use of banned substances in crops and the extrapolation of the limit dosages of substances, which may result in serious problems to human health. Furthermore, many of these substances commonly used in crops still lack substantial information about the maximum residue levels (MRLs). The aim of this study was the evaluation of morpholine levels in mango samples using distinct techniques such as Solid Phase Extraction followed by Gas Chromatography coupled to Mass Spectrometry (SPE-GC-MS) and Microextraction by Packed Sorbent followed by Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (MEPS-GC-MS). Another main goal of this work is the development, validation and evaluation of an analytical methodology to identify and quantitfy the presence of morpholine in mango samples, using Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled to tandem Mass Spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). For the analysis of samples by GC-MS, it was required an initial step of derivatization of the analyte, in order to increase its volatility and reduce polarity. The comparison between SPE and MEPS techniques could not be performed due to matrix effects caused by contamination of the liner and the chromatographic column. On the other hand, the validated methodology for UHPLC-MS/MS presented herein followed all requirements proposed by the Analytical Quality Assurance Manual, accordingly to the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply from Brazil. This method was applied in mango sample belonging to a wide variety of species found in the city of São Carlos, SP. Nevertheless, no significant levels of morpholine residues were found in any of the samples. In this work, we established a methodology efficient, fast and low cost for the determination of morpholine in mangos.

A constante preocupação com o aumento do uso de agrotóxicos nas lavouras e os riscos gerados pelos resíduos destes compostos fazem com que os órgãos responsáveis pela fiscalização de alimentos no Brasil controlem a presença dessas substâncias nos produtos que chegam à mesa do consumidor. Atualmente, um dos grandes problemas na produção de alimentos é a utilização de substâncias proibidas em lavouras, muitas das quais não possuem estudos nem limites máximos de resíduos (LMR) estabelecidos, assim como a utilização de substâncias já registradas, mas em quantidades ou métodos de manejo incorretos. Ambos os casos podem resultar em sérios problemas à saúde humana. O objetivo deste estudo foi a avaliação da determinação de morfolina em amostras de manga utilizando técnicas como a Extração em Fase Sólida e a Cromatografia Gasosa acoplada à Espectrometria de Massas (SPE-GC-MS), assim como a Microextração em Sorvente Empacotado e Cromatografia Gasosa acoplada à Espectrometria de Massas (MEPS-GC-MS). Um segundo objetivo deste estudo consistiu em desenvolver, validar e avaliar uma metodologia analítica capaz de identificar quantitativamente a morfolina em amostras de manga por Cromatografia Líquida de Ultra Eficiência acoplada a Espectrometria de Massas em tandem (UHPLC-MS/MS). Para análise por GC-MS fez-se necessária a etapa de derivatização do analito, de forma que o mesmo aumentasse sua volatilidade e diminuísse a polaridade. A comparação entre as técnicas SPE e MEPS não foi possível devido ao efeito de matriz causado pela contaminação do liner e da coluna cromatográfica. Já a metodologia validada por UHPLC-MS/MS seguiu os critérios exigidos pelo Manual de Garantia da Qualidade Analítica, do Ministério da Agricultura Pecuária e Abastecimento (MAPA). O método foi aplicado em mangas de diferentes variedades obtidas no comércio local. Não foram encontrados resíduos de morfolina em nenhuma das amostras investigadas, de acordo com a metodologia proposta. Os resultados apresentados neste trabalho estabelecem metodologias eficientes, rápidas e de baixo custo na determinação de morfolina em amostras de manga. / The recurrent increasing of the use of pesticides on crops and the consequent risks due the exposure to chemical residues have urged the food regulation agencies to control the levels of these substances in products that reach consumer\'s table. A major problem nowadays for the production of food is the use of banned substances in crops and the extrapolation of the limit dosages of substances, which may result in serious problems to human health. Furthermore, many of these substances commonly used in crops still lack substantial information about the maximum residue levels (MRLs). The aim of this study was the evaluation of morpholine levels in mango samples using distinct techniques such as Solid Phase Extraction followed by Gas Chromatography coupled to Mass Spectrometry (SPE-GC-MS) and Microextraction by Packed Sorbent followed by Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (MEPS-GC-MS). Another main goal of this work is the development, validation and evaluation of an analytical methodology to identify and quantitfy the presence of morpholine in mango samples, using Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled to tandem Mass Spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). For the analysis of samples by GC-MS, it was required an initial step of derivatization of the analyte, in order to increase its volatility and reduce polarity. The comparison between SPE and MEPS techniques could not be performed due to matrix effects caused by contamination of the liner and the chromatographic column. On the other hand, the validated methodology for UHPLC-MS/MS presented herein followed all requirements proposed by the Analytical Quality Assurance Manual, accordingly to the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply from Brazil. This method was applied in mango sample belonging to a wide variety of species found in the city of São Carlos, SP. Nevertheless, no significant levels of morpholine residues were found in any of the samples. In this work, we established a methodology efficient, fast and low cost for the determination of morpholine in mangos.

Potatoes are an important and irreplaceable crop. This kind of crop is very important not only for it is use but also for a nutrition composition. There are also a prominent source of vitamins, minerals and antioxidants. Outside substances beneficial to health and potatoes contain harmful substances. These substances are foreign or naturally occurring, which include toxic glycoalkaloids. Glycoalkaloids are secondary metabolites of plants. Glycoalkaloids in potatoes have protective function it can increase the synthesis for example in case of pest infestations, mechanical damage or in case of to much light and heat. The potatoes were found several glycoalkaloides. Main, which constitutes 95 % of their content, are alpha-chaconine and alpha-solanine. Their toxicity is inhibition of acetylcholinesterase and breaking the cell membranes. The potato tuber is their content is distributed unevenly. The quantity of glycoalkaloids is affected by manny factors as for example place, year, kind, the way how the crops are grown and storage. In Czech Republic the maximum allowed limit of glycoalkaloides in potatoes were made by legislation on 200 mg/kg fresh potato matter. In the commonly grown varieties of the amount is far below the hygienic limit. The methods for isolation of glycoalkaloids in potatoes are mainly chromatographic. The most commonly used HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography). In performed experiment was determined the content of majority glycoalkaloid alpha- chaconinu and alpha-solaninu at four different kinds -Milva, Marabel, Laura and Valfi. Drought stress has been studied for their content, assuming their accumulation in comparison with the other two variants - irrigation watering and drip irrigation. The glycoalkaloides content were messured by the UHPLC/MS/MS. The obtained results concluded that the content of glycoalkaloids is the variety dependent. Drought stress can probably increase their content. In our experiment, it positively did not. Important is the choice of kind in case if expectation a hot and dry year of growing. Kinds Milva and Marabel are very good in these conditions. In the case of general principles for cultivation, storage and cooking, the glykoalkaloids does not vision a risk for the consumer.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In recent years, the indiscriminate use of pesticides and non-adoption of good agricultural practices have been evidenced by the results of analysis of pesticide residues in food, such as sweet pepper, one of Brazilian record holders with active ingredients that are banned or above the recommended limits. Thus, the present study aimed to develop and validate a rapid method for the determination of 83 pesticides in sweet pepper using modified QuEChERS method and Ultra-high Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled to tandem Mass Spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). In the sample preparation extraction/partition procedures, and different sorbents for clean-up were tested, such as diatomaceous earth and polymeric sorbent. It was used the 24 factorial design for optimization of the method of extraction, which consisted of the extraction of 10.0 g sweet pepper with 10.0 mL of acetonitrile. In the partition step 1.5 g of NaCl, 4.0 g MgSO4 were added, carrying out shaking and centrifugation. It was carried out the clean-up step of 1.0 ml of extract with 40.0 mg of PSA and 150.0 mg of MgSO4, followed by shaking and centrifugation. The extract was filtered, diluted and analyzed by UHPLC-MS/MS. Most compounds showed linear range (r2 ≥ 0.99).The matrix effect was compensed by using analytical curves prepared in blank matrix-matched. The accuracy of the method was verified by testing recovery at four concentration levels, yielding values between 70.0 and 120.0% for most compounds evaluated. Values of LODm and LOQm were 3 or 7.5 μg kg-1 and 10 or 25 μg kg-1, respectively. RSD values lower than 20% ensured good precision of the method. The method was performed on 20 samples of sweet pepper, in which residues of acetamiprid, azoxystrobin, boscalid, carbendazim, chlorpyrifos ethyl, clothianidin, difenoconazole, fenpropathrin, pyraclostrobin and pyrimethanil were quantified in concentrations ranging from 10 to 294 μg kg-1. The proposed modified QuEChERS method for the determination of 81 from 83 pesticide residues in sweet pepper using UHPLC-MS/MS shown to be effective and can be applied in routine analysis. / Nos últimos anos, o uso indiscriminado de agrotóxicos e a não adoção das boas práticas agrícolas têm sido evidenciados pelos resultados de análises de resíduos de agrotóxicos em alimentos, como o pimentão, um dos recordistas brasileiros com princípios ativos proibidos ou acima dos limites recomendados. Assim, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo desenvolver e validar um método rápido para a determinação de 83 agrotóxicos em pimentão, utilizando método QuEChERS modificado e Cromatografia Líquida de Ultra Eficiência acoplada à Espectrometria de Massas em série (UHPLC-MS/MS). Na etapa de preparo de amostra testou-se procedimentos de extração/partição, além de diferentes sorventes para a etapa de limpeza, como terra diatomácea e sorvente polimérico. Utilizou-se o planejamento fatorial 24 para otimização do método de extração, o qual foi constituído da extração de 10,0 g de pimentão com 10,0 mL de acetonitrila. Na etapa de partição adicionou-se 1,5 g de NaCl e 4,0 g de MgSO4, seguindo-se agitação e centrifugação. Realizou-se a etapa de limpeza de 1,0 mL do extrato com 40,0 mg de PSA e 150,0 mg de MgSO4, seguido de agitação e centrifugação. O extrato foi filtrado, diluído e analisado por UHPLC-MS/MS. A maioria dos compostos apresentou faixa linear (r2≥ 0,99). O efeito matriz foi compensado utilizando-se curvas analíticas preparadas no extrato branco da matriz. A exatidão do método foi verificada com ensaios de recuperação em quatro níveis de concentração, obtendose valores entre 70,0 e 120,0% para a maioria dos compostos avaliados. Valores de LODm e LOQm foram de 3 ou 7,5 μg kg-1 e 10 ou 25 μg kg-1, respetivamente.Valores de RSD inferiores a 20% garantiram a boa precisão do método. A aplicação do método foi realizada em 20 amostras de pimentão, nas quais resíduos de acetamiprido, azoxistrobina, boscalida, carbendazim, clorpirifós etílico, clotianidina, difenoconazol, fempropatrina, piraclostrobina e pirimetanil foram quantificados, em concentrações que variaram de 10 a 294 μg kg-1. O método QuEChERS modificado proposto para a determinação de resíduos de 81 dos 83 agrotóxicos em pimentão utilizando UHPLC-MS/MS mostrou ser eficaz, podendo ser aplicado em análises de rotina.

The use of pesticides in agriculture and urban areas has always been associated with advantages and disadvantages. As benefits, the increase of the productivity of crops and the control of vectors that cause diseases can be highlighted. However, excessive use of these substances has been causing human health damage as well as environmental degradation, especially regarding to water resources. In the present work, a method for the determination of 62 pesticides residues in surface water using rotating disk sorptive extraction (RDSE) as sample preparation and determination by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) was optimized and validated. Several parameters were evaluated during the development of the extraction method: time and rotational disk velocity in the extraction step, types and amounts of sorbents, sample pH, ionic strength, time and velocity of the rotating disk in the desorption step of the analytes and different desorption solvents. The best results were obtained using 50 mL of acidified sample at pH 2.0 and 2.5 g of NaCl. The velocity of rotation disk in the extraction stage was 1600 rpm in a time of 80 min. Inside the disk cavity the polymeric sorbent Oasis® HLB (20 mg) used. The desorption step of the analytes was performed with 3 mL of methanol for 60 min using a rotation velocity of 1600 rpm. The analytical curves showed linearity between 0.05 or 0.1 to 2 μg L-1, with r2 values greater than 0.99 for all compounds. The method LOQ values ranged from 0.05 to 0.1 μg L-1. The method showed suitable accuracy and precision, with recoveries between 70.1 and 119.9% and RSD ≤20% for the spiked levels at 0.05; 0.1; 0.5 and 2 μg L-1. The validated method was applied to 11 surface water samples from different river basins of the Rio Grande do Sul state. Only one sample presented no pesticide residues. The other samples presented residues of at least one of the following pesticides: atrazine, azoxystrobin, clomazone, difenoconazole, epoxiconazole, propoxur, simazine and tebuconazole. From the six hydrographic basins, all presented pesticides residues and the concentrations ranged between 0.06 and 0.35 μg L-1. Therefore, the results indicate that the proposed method is suitable for the analysis of pesticide residues in surface waters, allowing the preparation of several samples simultaneously with low material consumption. / O uso de agrotóxicos tanto na agricultura quanto na área urbana, sempre esteve associado a vantagens e desvantagens. Pode-se destacar como benefícios o aumento da produtividade das lavouras e o controle de vetores causadores de doenças. No entanto, a utilização excessiva destas substâncias vem causando malefícios à saúde humana e ao meio ambiente, principalmente no que diz respeito aos recursos hídricos. No presente trabalho, um método para a determinação de resíduos de 62 agrotóxicos em águas superficiais, utilizando extração sortiva em disco rotatório (RDSE) para o preparo de amostra e determinação por cromatografia líquida de ultra-alta eficiência acoplada à espectrometria de massas em série (UHPLC-MS/MS) foi otimizado e validado. Na otimização do método de extração foram avaliados diversos parâmetros como: diferentes tempos e velocidades de rotação do disco na etapa de extração, tipos e quantidades de sorventes, pH da amostra, força iônica, tempo e velocidade de rotação do disco na etapa de dessorção dos analitos e diferentes solventes de dessorção. Os melhores resultados foram obtidos utilizando 50 mL de amostra acidificada em pH 2 e adicionando 2,5 g de NaCl. A velocidade de rotação do disco na etapa de extração foi de 1600 rpm por um tempo de 80 min. Na cavidade do disco foi utilizado o sorvente polimérico Oasis® HLB (20 mg). A dessorção dos analitos foi realizada com 3 mL de metanol por 60 min usando uma velocidade de rotação de 1600 rpm. As curvas analíticas apresentaram linearidade entre 0,05 ou 0,1 a 2 μg L-1, com valores de r2 maiores que 0,99 para todos os compostos. O limite de quantificação do método variou entre 0,05 e 0,1 μg L-1. O método apresentou exatidão e precisão adequadas, com recuperações entre 70,1 e 119,9% e RSD ≤20% para níveis de fortificação 0,05; 0,1; 0,5 e 2,0 μg L-1. O método validado foi aplicado em 11 amostras de água superficiais de diferentes bacias hidrográficas do estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Apenas uma amostra não apresentou resíduos de agrotóxicos. As demais apresentaram resíduos de pelo menos um dos seguintes agrotóxicos: atrazina, azoxistrobina, clomazona, difenoconazol, epoxziconazol, propoxur, simazina e tebuconazol. Das seis bacias hidrográficas amostradas todas apresentaram resíduos de agrotóxicos e as concentrações variaram entre 0,06 e 0,35 μg L-1. Os resultados indicam que o método proposto é adequado para análise de resíduos de agrotóxicos em águas superficiais, permitindo o preparo de várias amostras simultaneamente com baixo consumo de material.

Les acides docosahexaénoïque (DHA) et arachidonique (ArA), qui appartiennent respectivement aux familles n-3 et n-6, sont présents en grande quantité dans les tissus cérébraux, en particulier dans les phospholipides membranaires. Ces deux acides gras polyinsaturés (AGPI) jouent des rôles essentiels dans le fonctionnement cérébral, notamment dans le neurodéveloppement et la neuroinflammation. De plus, ces AGPI sont des précurseurs de plusieurs médiateurs lipidiques oxygénés impliqués dans divers processus physiologiques et pathologiques.Dans ce contexte, l'objectif de cette thèse était de caractériser les métabolites oxygénés dérivés du DHA et de l'ArA dans le cerveau, étape cruciale pour une meilleure compréhension de leurs rôles biologiques dans cet organe. Ainsi, une technique d'analyse à haute performance a été utilisée, la chromatographie liquide couplée à de la spectrométrie de masse en tandem (UHPLC-MS/MS), pour identifier les différents métabolites oxygénés dérivés du DHA et de l'ArA présents dans les cerveaux de rats exsanguinés et non exsanguinés, que ce soit en conditions basales ou inflammatoires. Ainsi, plusieurs produits oxygénés dérivés du DHA et de l'ArA ont été identifiés et quantifiés dans les cerveaux exsanguinés et non-exsanguinés, à la fois à l'état libre dans le cerveau mais également estérifiés dans les phospholipides. Les métabolites mono-hydroxylés sont les principaux dérivés oxygénés du DHA et de l'ArA, cependant, des quantités mesurables de produits di-hydroxylés, tels que le 8,15-diHETE et la protectine DX, ont également été détectées. L'exsanguination permet de différencier les métabolites oxygénés du tissu cérébral de ceux présents dans le sang. De plus, le métabolisme oxygéné du DHA et de l'ArA est impacté lors d'une inflammation cérébrale. En effet, dans ces conditions, la synthèse de certains métabolites est augmentée, notamment celle de la protectine D1, molécule connue pour ces fortes propriétés anti-inflammatoires. Ces résultats méritent de plus amples recherches dans des conditions pathophysiologiques, notamment lors de maladies neurodégénératives, afin d'observer leur impact sur le métabolisme oxygéné de ces AGPI / Docosahexaenoic (DHA) and arachidonic (ArA) acids, two PUFA which belong to n-3 and n-6 families respectively, are both present at high amount in brain tissues, and especially in membrane phospholipids. These two polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) play important roles in brain functioning, notably in neurodevelopment and neuroinflammation. Moreover, these PUFA are precursors of various oxygenated lipid mediators involved in diverse physiological and pathological processes. In this context, the aim of this work was to characterize oxygenated metabolites derived from DHA and ArA in brain, crucial step for better understanding their biological roles in this organ. For this purpose, a high performance analytical approach was usd, the liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS), in order to identify the different oxygenated metabolites derived from DHA and ArA in exsanguinated and non-exsanguinated brains, both in basal and inflammatory conditions. Several oxygenated products from DHA and ArA were identified and measured in exsanguinated and non-exsanguinated brain, both in the free form and esterified in phospholipids. Mono-hydroxylated metabolites were the main oxygenated derivatives from DHA and ArA, however, measurable amounts of di-hydroxylated products such as 8,15-diHETE and protectin DX, were also detected. Exsanguination allowed discriminating oxygenated metabolites from brain tissue against those in blood brain. Moreover, DHA and ArA oxygenated metabolism was impacted during brain inflammation. Indeed, in these conditions, the synthesis of some metabolites was increased, including that of protectin D1, molecule known for its strong anti-inflammatory properties. These results deserve further research in pathophysiological conditions, especially in neurodegenerative diseases, in order to observe their impact on the oxygenated metabolism of these PUFA

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Typically, soil is the final destination of pesticides applied in agriculture and of veterinary drugs employed in animal production. The global concern about the possible consequences of the increased use of these compounds is reflected in increasingly stringent regulations on the levels of residues in agricultural products, animal products and in the environment. This results in intensifying the demand for environmental certification, reduction of Maximum Residue Levels in food and the introduction of procedures for traceability in production processes. In this study, we compared different extraction methods: mechanical agitation, ultrasound and QuEChERS for the determination of 76 pesticides and 9 veterinary drugs in soil using Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled to tandem Mass Spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). The extraction method that showed the best results consisted of weighing 10 g of soil followed by the addition of 10 mL of water and kept at rest for 10 min. Then added 10 mL of acetonitrile containing 1% (v/v) acetic acid and proceeded with mechanical shaking for 15 min. Then, it was added 4 g of anhydrous magnesium sulfate and 1.7 g of anhydrous sodium acetate and shaked manually and vigorously for 1 min. Subsequently, the tube was centrifuged for 8 min (3400 rpm) and the extract was filtered and diluted (1:4, v/v) in water before analysis by UHPLC-MS/MS. The method was validated by evaluating several parameters, such as linearity of analytical curves, limits of detection and quantification (LOD and LOQ), matrix effect, as well as accuracy an precision in terms of percentage of recovery and RSD. The analytical curves prepared in solvent and in the blank matrix extract showed linearity for most compounds, with coefficients of determination greater than 0.99, and the standard curves prepared in "blank" matrix extract were used to evaluate the matrix effect. To verify the accuracy and precision of the method, fortification in four concentration levels (10, 25, 50 and 100 μg kg-1) we performed, and extracted in replicate (n = 6), resulting in recovery values between 70 to 120%, with RSD lower than 20% for most of the compounds. Values of method LOQ and LOD were from 3.0 to 7.5 μg kg-1 and from 10 to 25 μg kg-1, respectively. After validation, the method was applied to the determination of pesticides and veterinary drugs in real samples, it showed to be very efficient to be applied in routine analysis. / Normalmente, o solo é o destino final dos agrotóxicos utilizados na agricultura e dos medicamentos veterinários utilizados na criação de animais. A preocupação mundial com as possíveis consequências do aumento do uso destes compostos se reflete em regulamentações cada vez mais exigentes sobre os níveis de resíduos nos produtos agrícolas, produtos de origem animal e no ambiente. Isso resulta na intensificação da demanda por certificação ambiental, redução dos limites máximos de resíduos em alimentos e a introdução de procedimentos que permitam a rastreabilidade nos processos produtivos. Neste estudo, comparou-se diferentes métodos de extração, sendo eles, agitação mecânica, ultrassom e QuEChERS para a determinação de 76 agrotóxicos e 9 medicamentos veterinários em solo utilizando Cromatografia Líquida de Ultra Eficiência acoplada à Espectrometria de Massas em Série (UHPLC-MS/MS). O método de extração que apresentou os melhores resultados consistiu na pesagem de 10 g de solo, seguido da adição de 10 mL de água e mantido em repouso por 10 min. Em seguida adicionou-se 10 mL de acetonitrila contendo 1% (v/v) de ácido acético e procedeu-se a agitação mecânica por 15 min. Logo após, acrescentou-se 4 g de sulfato de magnésio anidro e 1,7 g de acetato de sódio anidro e agitou-se manual e vigorosamente por 1 min. Posteriormente, o tubo foi centrifugado por 8 min (3400 rpm) e o extrato foi filtrado e diluído (1:4, v/v) em água antes da análise por UHPLC-MS/MS. O método foi validado avaliando-se vários parâmetros, como linearidade das curvas analíticas, limites de detecção e quantificação (LOD e LOQ), efeito matriz, assim como exatidão e precisão, em termos de percentual de recuperação e RSD. As curvas analíticas preparadas no solvente e no extrato branco da matriz apresentaram linearidade adequada para a maioria dos compostos, com valores de coeficiente de determinação maiores que 0,99, sendo que as curvas analíticas preparadas no extrato branco da matriz foram utilizadas para compensar o efeito matriz. Para verificar a exatidão e precisão do método, efetuou-se a fortificação em quatro níveis de concentração (10, 25, 50 e 100 μg kg-1), e extração em replicata (n = 6), obtendo-se valores de recuperação entre 70 e 120%, com RSD menores que 20% para a grande maioria dos compostos. Os valores de LOD e LOQ do método variaram entre 3,0 e 7,5 μg kg-1 e 10 e 25 μg kg-1, respectivamente. Após a validação, o método foi aplicado para a determinação de agrotóxicos e medicamentos veterinários em amostras reais, mostrando-se bastante eficiente para ser aplicado em análises de rotina.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Soy beverages are aqueous extracts of soybeans which are a source of high quality protein and no contains cholesterol or lactose, can be considered functional foods. These beverages have a large acceptance among consumers and due to they are extracted from the grain, the beneficial components are preserved, but may also contain residues of pesticides used to control pest infestation during the growing of the grains. This study aimed to develop and validate a multiresidue method based on QuEChERS extraction for the simultaneous determination of 41 pesticides in soy-based beverages using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). In the sample preparation step, it was used 10 mL of sample and 10 mL of acetonitrile and addition of salts. The clean-up procedure was optimized by experimental design, evaluating different quantities of the sorbents primary secondary amine (PSA) and octadecylsilane (C18).The clean-up step was performed with magnesium sulfate anhydrous and C18. To assess the accuracy of the method, blank samples were spiked at 10, 25 and 50 μg L-1 with n = 6. To evaluate the matrix effect, inclinations of curves in acetonitrile and blank extract of the matrix were compared. The results of the validation are satisfactory, since the method presented optimized recoveries between 70 and 112% with RSD less than 19%. Curves were prepared in the matrix extract, due to some compounds presented pronounced matrix effect. The curves showed r² ≥ 0,99 for all compounds in the range between the respective limit of quantification and 50 μg L-1. The method proved to be suitable for the determination of the compounds and may be used for routine analysis. / Bebidas à base de soja são extratos aquosos do grão de soja, que representam uma fonte de proteínas de alta qualidade e não contém colesterol ou lactose, podendo ser consideradas alimentos funcionais. Essas bebidas têm grande aceitabilidade entre consumidores e por serem extraídas do grão, os componentes benéficos são preservados, mas também podem conter resíduos de agrotóxicos empregados para controlar a infestação de pragas durante o cultivo dos grãos. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo desenvolver e validar um método multirresíduo baseado na extração por QuEChERS para a determinação simultânea de 41 agrotóxicos em bebidas à base de soja por meio de cromatografia líquida de ultra alta eficiência acoplada à espectrometria de massas em série (UHPLC-MS/MS). Na etapa de preparo de amostra, utilizou-se 10 mL de amostra e 10 mL de acetonitrila e adição de sais. O procedimento de limpeza dos extratos foi otimizado a partir de planejamento experimental, avaliando diferentes quantidades dos sorventes amina primária secundária (PSA) e octadecilsilano (C18). A etapa de limpeza dos extratos foi realizada com sulfato de magnésio anidro e C18. Para avaliar a exatidão do método, amostras branco foram fortificadas nos níveis de 10, 25 e 50 μg L-1, com n = 6. Para avaliação do efeito matriz foram comparadas as inclinações de curvas em acetonitrila e no extrato branco da matriz. Os resultados da validação foram satisfatórios, já que o método otimizado apresentou recuperações entre 70 e 112%, com RSD menor que 19%. As curvas foram preparadas no extrato da matriz, devido a alguns compostos apresentarem efeito matriz acentuado. Foi obtido r² ≥ 0,99 para todos os compostos, na faixa entre os respectivos limites de quantificação e 50 μg L-1. O método provou ser adequado para a determinação dos compostos e pode ser utilizado para análises de rotina.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The emerging pollutants are substances that enter continuously in the environment and are being more recognize due to the advancement of instrumental and sample preparation techniques. These contaminants include several chemical classes, such as pharmaceuticals, hormones, personal care products, flame retardants and others. Water is one of the most susceptible matrix since the sewage discharge is one of the main routes of environmental pollution. Bar adsorptive microextration (BAμE) has shown great analytical capacity for the analysis of organic compounds in residual level and has become a well-established analytical tool in sample preparation. In this work, a simple and low cost method was validated for the analysis of 13 emerging contaminants in water using BAμE with polymeric sorbent followed by ultra high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). The preparation, stability tests and development of BAμE devices are also discussed. Eleven different coating phases were evaluated. In order to select the best combination of experimental conditions for extraction and back extraction, central composite design (CCD) with four variables was applied. Validation results were satisfactory, since the method presented recoveries between 74% and 118% with relative standard deviations (RSD) < 19%. The analytical performance presented detection and quantification limits of 0.012 to 0.6 and 0.04 to 2 μg L-1, respectively. The proposed method combines a simple and effective sample preparation for the determination of emerging contaminants in water using a microextraction technique (BAμE) followed by UHPLC-MS/MS analysis. The method applicability was evaluated using real samples of surface, drinking and tap water and 6 positive samples were found indicating the presence of bisphenol A (0.08-0.665 μg L-1) and paracetamol (0.104-4.2 μg L-1). / Os contaminantes emergentes são substâncias que entram continuamente no meio ambiente e que estão sendo reconhecidas com maior profundidade devido ao avanço de técnicas instrumentais e de preparo de amostra. Estes compostos englobam diversas classes químicas, como por exemplo, fármacos, hormônios, produtos de higiene e cuidado pessoal, retardantes de chama, dentre outros. Uma das matrizes mais suscetíveis à contaminação é a água tendo em vista que a descarga de esgoto é uma das principais vias de poluição ambiental. A microextração adsortiva em barra (BAμE) tem demonstrado grande capacidade analítica para a análise de compostos orgânicos em nível residual e vem se tornando uma ferramenta analítica bem estabelecida no âmbito de preparo de amostras. Neste estudo foi desenvolvido e validado um método simples e de baixo custo para a determinação de 13 contaminantes emergentes em água utilizando BAμE e empregando sorvente polimérico com posterior análise por cromatografia liquida de ultra eficiência acoplada à espectrometria de massas em série (UHPLC-MS/MS). O preparo das barras bem como os testes de estabilidade foram avaliados. Onze sorventes foram testados para revestir os dispositivos. A fim de avaliar a melhor combinação de parâmetros para a extração e dessorção dos analitos, utilizou-se um planejamento do composto central (CCD) com 4 variáveis. Os resultados da validação foram satisfatórios uma vez que as recuperações obtidas ficaram entre 74% e 118% com desvio padrão relativo RSD < 19%. Os limites de detecção e quantificação foram de 0,012 a 0,6 e 0,04 a 2,0 μg L-1, respectivamente. O método proposto combina uma etapa de preparo de amostra simples e eficaz para a determinação de contaminantes emergentes em água. A aplicabilidade do método foi avaliada utilizando amostras reais de água de superfície, de torneira e mineral e destas, 6 amostras apresentaram bisfenol A (0,08-0,665 μg L-1) e paracetamol (0,104-4,2 μg L-1).

Chez l’homme, les erreurs innées du métabolisme des lipides sont dues à des déficits enzymatiques, entraînant une accumulation intracellulaire de substrats lipidiques. Il en résulte un large éventail de symptômes tels que des atteintes viscérales, osseuses et dans certains cas neurologiques. En outre, de nombreux patients atteints de ce type de maladie présentent des anomalies hématologiques et vasculaires attribuées à des anomalies rhéologiques du globule rouge (GR). Ces observations ont conduit à l’hypothèse de l’existence d’un lien entre les propriétés anormales du GR et sa composition lipidique. Or actuellement, le profil lipidique du GR normal reste méconnu. Cependant, le diagnostic précoce de ces troubles est d’une importance capitale pour la prise en charge des patients, notamment dans les cas où un traitement correctif est disponible. La maladie de Gaucher (MG) de type 1, qui est une maladie lysosomale caractérisée par un déficit en β-glucocérébrosidase et pour laquelle un traitement enzymatique substitutif (ERT) est proposé, en est le meilleur exemple. D’où l’intérêt de disposer d’un outil simple et rapide de diagnostic de ce type de maladie.Dans le cas de la MG, le diagnostic repose encore sur la mise en évidence, laborieuse, du déficit enzymatique. Néanmoins, des travaux récents suggèrent que les anomalies rhéologiques du GR pourraient être dues à l’accumulation de quatre sphingolipides, le glucosylcéramide, la glucosylsphingosine, la sphingosine et la sphingosine-1-phosphate, qui seraient de bons candidats biomarqueurs. Or, les méthodes actuelles de dosage de ces sphingolipides nécessitent au moins deux étapes chromatographiques, avec pour chacune une étape longue et fastidieuse de préparation de l’échantillon, ce qui ne facilite guère une approche lipidomique de ce sujet. En outre, seul le glucosylcéramide a été dosé dans le GR tandis que les trois autres sphingolipides n’ont été dosés que dans le plasma. Ces candidats biomarqueurs restent donc à valider.Dans cette thèse, nous avons développé et validé une méthode simple et rapide, par UHPLC-MS/MS, de dosage simultané des 4 sphingolipides impliqués dans la MG. L’application de cette méthode à des GR provenant de patients atteints de la MG, en collaboration avec l’Institut National de Transfusion Sanguine et la société Shire, nous a permis de : 1- valider un biomarqueur parmi les quatre proposés et de montrer que les trois autres n’étaient pas suffisamment spécifiques ; 2- vérifier l’efficacité du traitement ERT actuellement proposé et 3- confirmer l’hypothèse de départ reliant les anomalies rhéologiques du GR à sa composition lipidique.De même, une étude systématique des conditions opératoires nous a permis de généraliser la méthode proposée à l’identification et au dosage de l’ensemble des sphingolipides présents dans un GR ainsi que des phospholipides, constituants majoritaires de sa membrane. Appliquée à la quantification simultanée d’une trentaine de sphingolipides et de phospholipides dans le GR normal et celui de la MG, cette méthode nous a permis de mettre en évidence l’implication d’autres lipides polaires dans la maladie de Gaucher, outre les 4 sphingolipides jusqu’alors proposés. De même, il est prévu de l’adapter à moyen terme pour le profilage total, par classe, de tous les lipides présents dans le GR.Enfin, nous avons évalué d’autres techniques de SM telles que la haute résolution et la mobilité ionique (TWIMS et DIMS) dans le but d’affiner la recherche de nouveaux biomarqueurs, notamment par l’identification des lipides isomères non discriminables par les techniques de MS conventionnelles. Grâce à une collaboration avec le Laboratoire de Chimie Physique (LCP, CNRS UMR 8000) nous avons montré la faisabilité de cette approche en séparant en DIMS deux isomères : la galactosylsphingosine 18:1 et la glucosylsphingosine 18:1 et nous poursuivons actuellement cette étude pour séparer d’autres couples d’isomères. / In humans, hereditary disorders of lipid metabolism are due to enzyme deficiencies, resulting in intracellular accumulation of lipid substrates. This results in a wide range of symptoms such as visceral, bone and in some cases neurological disorders. Furthermore, many patients suffering such diseases have hematologic and vascular symptoms attributed to red blood cell (RBC) rheological abnormalities. These observations led to a hypothesis linking RBC abnormal properties to its lipid composition. However, the lipid profile of normal RBC remains unknown to date. Early diagnosis of these conditions is of importance notably when a therapy is available. This is the case for Gaucher disease (GD) type 1, a lysosomal disorder characterized by β-glucocerebrosidase deficiency, where an enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) is proposed. Hence, the availability of a simple and rapid tool of diagnosis of such a disorder is of great importance, notably for a better patient care and monitoring.To the best of our knowledge, standard diagnosis procedures and monitoring of GD patients are still based on the tedious evaluation of enzyme deficiency. Nevertheless, recent works suggest that these rheological disorders may be due to the accumulation of four sphingolipids, glucosylceramide, glucosylsphingosine, sphingosine and sphingosine-1-phosphate, which could be considered as relevant biomarkers. However, most of current determination methods of these sphingolipids require at least two liquid chromatographic runs, each with a time-consuming sample preparation step that does not facilitate a lipidomic approach. In addition, only glucosylceramide was quantified in RBC while the other three sphingolipids were quantified only in plasma. Thus, these biomarker candidates remain to be validated.In this PhD, we describe a simple and rapid UHPLC-MS/MS method of simultaneous determination of the 4 sphingolipids involved in GD in both plasma and RBC. The application of this method to RBC from GD patients, in collaboration with the Institut National de Transfusion Sanguine and Shire (USA), allowed us: 1- to validate one biomarker among the four proposed candidates and to show that the other three candidates are not specific; 2- to check the efficiency of the proposed ERT and 3- to confirm the initial hypothesis linking the RBC rheological abnormalities to its lipid composition.Also, a systematic study of the operating conditions allowed us to generalize the proposed method to the determination of not only all the sphingolipids present in RBC but also all phospholipids, which are the major constituents of its membrane. The application of the later method to the simultaneous quantification of thirty sphingolipids and phospholipids in normal and GD RBCs, allowed us to validate it and to unravel the involvement of other candidate biomarkers of GD, different from the 4 previous sphingolipids. Providing appropriate modifications, this method is intended to be used for the profiling of all lipid classes in plasma and RBC. This is our main objective in the medium-term.Finally, we evaluated other modern MS techniques such as high resolution (HRMS) and ion mobility (TWIMS and DIMS) in order to refine the investigation of new biomarker candidates, including the separation of lipid isomers that cannot be discriminated by conventional MS techniques. Indeed, in collaboration with the Laboratoire de Chimie Physique (LCP, CNRS UMR 8000), we here show the feasibility of this approach by achieving the separation of two isomers, by the DIMS technique: galactosylsphingosine 18:1 and glucosylsphingosine 18:1, which cannot be separated by conventional methods. We are currently pursuing these investigations in order to separate other isomers.