L'exposition aux rayons ultraviolets (UV) est essentielle à la vie et bénéfique pour la santé humaine. Cependant, la surexposition aux UV solaires, en particulier aux UVB, rayons les plus énergétiques atteignant la surface terrestre, peut entrainer des cancers de la peau chez l'être-humain comme les cancers de la peau de type non-mélanome (NMSC). La capacité des UVB à initier des NMSC provient principalement de leurs habilités à causer des dommages directs à l'ADN, tels que les dimères cyclobutyliques de pyrimidine (CPD) et les produits pyrimidine-pyrimidone (6-4PP), qui sont pris en charge par le mécanisme de réparation par excision de nucléotide (NER). L'incidence croissante de NMSC chez les patients déficients pour l'une des protéines de la NER souligne l'importance d'un processus fonctionnel. Par conséquent, une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes moléculaires de la NER permettrait de mettre en évidence de nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques pour la prévention ou le traitement des cancers de la peau. L'une des premières réponses cellulaires aux dommages CPD/6-4PP induits par UVB dans la peau des mammifères est l'activation de l'enzyme nucléaire poly(ADP-ribose) polymérase-1 (PARP1) qui catalyse la formation de polymères d'ADP-ribose. Les précédents travaux de notre laboratoire et d'autres équipes ont démontré que PARP1 et son activité enzymatique facilitent la NER en collaboration avec la protéine UV-damaged DNA binding protein 2 (DDB2), qui va aussi s'accumuler rapidement aux sites CPD/6-4PP pendant la phase de reconnaissance des dommages à l'ADN de la NER. Cependant, plusieurs aspects des interactions de PARP1 avec DDB2 et avec les dommages directs à l'ADN sont inconnus. Ainsi, le premier objectif de mon projet de doctorat a été de caractériser précisément la nature de la liaison de PARP1 aux dommages CPD/6-4PP induits par UV vis-à-vis la protéine DDB2. Mes recherches ont mis en évidence l'empreinte asymétrique formée par PARP1 de -12 à +9 nucléotides de chaque côté des dommages CPD/6-4PP en présence ou en absence de DDB2. Nous avons également démontré que PARP1 augmente l'affinité de DDB2 pour les dommages CPD/6-4PP. De plus, les résultats de notre étude indiquent un rôle de PARP1 indépendant de DDB2 pendant la phase de reconnaissance des dommages à l'ADN. Cibler PARP1 et son rôle dans les voies de réparation des dommages à l'ADN est l'une des stratégies les plus efficaces développées ces dernières années pour le traitement des cancers des ovaires et du sein. L'application translationnelle de mon projet de doctorat a alors été de comprendre le rôle de PARP1 dans la NER dans le contexte des NMSC. À cet égard, nous avons développé un modèle PARP1-KO dans la lignée de souris SKH-1, qui est un modèle largement adopté pour étudier les NMSC induits par UVB. Puisque les souris SKH-1 développent principalement des carcinomes spinocellulaires (CSC) cutanés après une exposition chronique aux UVB, notre étude rapporte le rôle de PARP1 dans le développement des CSC. En utilisant les souris nouvellement créées SKH-1 PARP1-KO et les souris SKH-1 PARP1-WT avec ou sans application topique d'inhibiteurs de PARP, nous avons mis en évidence que l'absence de PARP1 ou de son activité dans la peau des souris SKH-1 mâles et femelles réduit significativement le fardeau tumoral des CSC et prolonge la période de latence du développement tumoral. L'étude hebdomadaire de l'apparition et de la croissance de tumeurs tout au long du protocole révèlent aussi que cibler PARP1 est très efficace pour ralentir, à l'étape pré-maligne, le développement de CSC. Nos résultats sont surprenants à la lumière des propriétés onco-suppressives rapportées de PARP1 et de son activité catalytique dans des cas de cancérogenèse induits par des dommages à l'ADN causés par des agents alkylants, ainsi que de la susceptibilité croissante des souris knock-out pour d'autres protéines de la NER à développer des CSC induits par UVB. Le rôle de PARP1 dans les mécanismes cellulaires induits par UVB autres que la NER, comme la mort cellulaire et les modulations immunes, pourrait expliquer nos observations. Alors que d'autres analyses sont nécessaires pour comprendre le rôle de PARP1 dans ces mécanismes, notre étude met en avant l'utilisation potentielle d'inhibiteurs de PARP comme nouvel agent chimiopréventif contre les CSC induits par UVB. / The exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation (UV) is essential to life and beneficial to human health. However, an overexposure to terrestrial solar UV, especially its most energetic component UVB, can cause skin cancers including the non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSC) in humans. The NMSC initiating properties of UVB arise predominantly from their ability to cause direct DNA damage such as cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD) and 6-4photoproducts (6-4PP), which are repaired via nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway. The increased incidence of NMSC in patients with hereditary defects in NER pathway proteins underscores the importance of efficient NER in humans. Therefore, detailed understanding of the molecular operation of NER pathway can provide novel therapeutic targets for the prevention or treatment of skin cancers. One of the earliest responses of the mammalian skin cells to UVB-induced CPD or 6-4PP is the activation of the nuclear enzyme poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP1), which catalyzes the formation of polymers of ADP-ribose (PAR). The previous work from other teams and our laboratory have shown that PARP1 and its enzymatic activity facilitate NER in collaboration with UV-damaged DNA binding protein 2 (DDB2), which also rapidly accumulates at the CPD/6-4PP site during the DNA damage recognition stage of NER. However, many aspects of interaction of PARP1 with DDB2 and direct DNA damage are not understood. Therefore, the first aim of my doctoral project was to characterize the precise nature of binding of PARP1 vis-à-vis DDB2 at UV-induced CPD/6-4PP. My doctoral research demonstrates that PARP1 casts asymmetric footprint from −12 to +9 nucleotides on either side of the CPD/6-4PP in presence or absence of DDB2. We also demonstrated that PARP1 facilitates the binding of DDB2 to CPD/6-4PP. Moreover, our study reports DDB2-independent role of PARP1 during the DNA damage recognition phase in NER. Targeting the role of PARP1 in DNA strand break repair pathways has emerged as one of the successful strategies for the treatment of ovarian and breast cancers in last decade. Consequently, the ultimate translational goal of my doctoral project was to understand the implication of NER facilitating role of PARP1 in NMSC. In this regard, we first developed a PARP1-KO model in the albino hairless SKH-1 mouse strain, which is a widely adopted mouse model to study UVB-induced NMSC. Since SKH-1 mice mainly develop cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) upon chronic UVB-exposure, our present study reports the role of PARP1 in development of SCC. Using the newly developed PARP1-KO and PARP1-WT SKH-1 mice with or without topical application of PARP inhibitor, we report that the absence of PARP1 or its activity in skin of both male and female SKH-1 mice significantly reduces the SCC tumor burden and prolongs the tumor latency period. The analyses of appearance and growth of individual tumors on a weekly basis during this protocol also revealed that targeting of PARP1 was most effective in suppressing the premalignant stage of the SCC development. Our results are surprising in light of the reported onco-suppressive property of PARP1 and its catalytic activity in alkylating DNA damage-induced tumorigenesis and the increased susceptibility of other NER protein knock-out mice to UVB-induced SCC. We reason that the roles of PARP1 in UVB-induced cellular processes other than NER, such as cell death and immune modulations, can account for our observation. While further studies are required to understand these roles of PARP1 in UVB-induced cellular processes, our study underscores the potential for use of PARP inhibitors as a novel chemopreventive agents against UVB-induced SCC.

Thèse ou mémoire avec insertion d'articles / L'utilisation des revêtements photopolymérisables cent pourcent solides est l'une des méthodes les plus couramment utilisées pour protéger les produits finaux du bois des rayures, de l'abrasion et des attaques chimiques, tout en créant également l'apparence souhaitée en matière de brillance. L'une des façons de contrôler la brillance de la surface du revêtement est de créer une rugosité de surface en ajoutant des particules solides à la composition du revêtement. En raison de l'absence de composés organiques volatils (COV) dans la composition du revêtement à durcissement UV 100% solides, la présence d'agents de matage à la surface du revêtement est réduite et, par conséquent, leur effet sur la création de la rugosité diminue. Il est donc essentiel de trouver un type d'agents de matage approprié ainsi qu'une méthode efficace de création de rugosité. Cette étude a examiné les particules magnétiques en tant que nouveau type d'agent de matage dans la formulation du revêtement à durcissement UV et par exposition à un champ magnétique externe. Les particules ont été soumises à des modifications afin de garantir leur bonne dispersion au sein de la formulation. Par conséquent, les particules d'oxyde de fer (Fe₃O₄) enrobées de polymère et les particules de pentacarbonyle de fer (Fe(CO)₅) ont été modifiées avec un l'aminosilane (APTES) avant d'être ajoutées à la formulation du revêtement. Cette recherche a étudié l'effet combiné de l'ajout de particules magnétiques et de l'application d'un champ magnétique pendant la polymérisation UV sur la brillance de la surface du revêtement, en raison de la création de particules magnétiques assemblées sous l'effet du champ magnétique. La brillance de la surface a été caractérisée à l'aide d'un brillancemètre, et la rugosité de la surface a été mesurée à l'aide d'images 3D prises par le microscope numérique Keyence. De plus, dans cette étude, l'impact de la nature des particules, de leur concentration et de leur méthode de modification, ainsi que l'effet des paramètres du champ magnétique, y compris son type et sa puissance, sur la brillance finale de la surface et l'uniformité de la surface finale ont été évalués. / One hundred percent solids ultraviolet-curable coating is one of the most used methods to protect final wood products from scratches, abrasion, and chemical attacks and also to create a desired appearance in terms of gloss. One of the ways to control the coating's surface gloss is to create surface roughness by adding solid particles to the coating composition. Due to the absence of volatile organic compounds (VOC) in 100% solids UV-curable coating composition, the presence of matting agent at the coating surface is reduced and hence, their effect on the creation of roughness diminishes. Therefore, finding a suitable matting agent type and efficient roughness creation method is essential. This study investigated magnetic particles as a new matting agent type in the UV-curable coating formulation to be photo-polymerized under an external magnetic field. The particles required modification to ensure their proper dispersion within the formulation. Therefore, the polymer-coated iron oxide (Fe₃O₄) particles and iron pentacarbonyl (Fe(CO)₅) particles were modified with aminosilane (APTES) before being added to the coating formulation. This research investigated the combined effect of adding magnetic particles and applying magnetic field during UV-curing on the coating's surface gloss due creating self-assembled magnetic particles under magnetic field. The surface gloss was characterized through glossmeter, and the surface roughness was measured by 3D images taken using a Keyence digital microscope. Moreover, in this study, the impact of particles' nature, concentration, modification method, and the effect of magnetic field parameters, including its type and strength, on the final surface gloss and the uniformity of the final surface have been assessed.

The main objective of this study was to determine the applicability of advanced water treatment processes namely granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorption, ultraviolet (UV) light disinfectant and ozone in the management of deteriorating water quality in the Mid-Vaal River system for drinking purposes. Both the scarcity and the deteriorating quality of water in South Africa can be addressed by investigating advanced water treatment processes such as GAC adsorption, UV light disinfectant and ozone. Previously disregarded water resources have the potential to be purified and advanced treatments can improve water quality where conventional water treatments have failed. In addition, advanced treatment processes can be applied to treat used water. The two sampling sites selected for the study, Rand Water Barrage (RWB) and Midvaal Water Company (MWC), are both located in the Middle Vaal Water Management Area with RWB upstream of MWC. RWB uses GAC adsorption and UV light disinfection and MWC uses ozone as pre- and intermediate treatment process steps for water purification. The quality of the source water at both sampling sites was determined by analysing the physical and chemical characteristics as well as the algal and invertebrate compositions of the source water. The physical and chemical water quality variables measured included pH, conductivity, turbidity, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), total organic carbon (TOC), total photosynthetic pigments (TPP), microcystin and geosmin. The source water of both sites was characterised as hypertrophic on account of high chlorophyll concentrations. The water quality of the two sites was distinctly different and a downstream change was observed. The source water of RWB was characterised by high microcystin, geosmin, DOC, TOC and conductivity measurements and dominated by Bacillariophyceae (diatoms) and Cyanophyceae (blue-green bacteria). Problematic species that were present in the source water of RWB included Aulacoseira sp., other unidentified centric diatoms, Pandorina sp., Anabaena sp., Microcystis sp., Oscillatoria sp., Cryptomonas sp., Ceratium sp. and Trachelomonas sp. The source water of MWC was characterised by high pH, turbidity and TPP measurements and was dominated by Chlorophyceae (green algae) and Bacillariophyceae (diatom) species. Problematic algal species that were present in the source water of MWC included Cyclotella sp., Coelastrum sp., Pediastrum sp. and Scenedesmus sp. The source water of MWC was deemed to be of a better quality due to the lower Cyanophyceae concentrations and lower microcystin levels. The invertebrate composition of both sites was similar with Rotatoria as the dominant invertebrate group. The efficacy of GAC adsorption/UV light disinfection/ozonation on restoring the physical and chemical characteristics of the source water at both sampling sites as well as the algal and invertebrate compositions was determined by ascertaining the nature of the change in or the percentage removal of a water quality variable. The potable water of both sites complied with the standards of water intended for domestic use except for the conductivity at RWB that was slightly elevated. The phytoplankton was removed effectively from the source water of both sites but the removal of invertebrates was unsatisfactory. GAC adsorption and filtration proved to be more effective in the removal of TPP, turbidity, DOC, microcystin and geosmin than ozone. Ozone effected an increase in DOC. UV light disinfection had no or little effect on restoring the water quality variables investigated in this study. / M (Environmental Sciences), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

The main objective of this study was to determine the applicability of advanced water treatment processes namely granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorption, ultraviolet (UV) light disinfectant and ozone in the management of deteriorating water quality in the Mid-Vaal River system for drinking purposes. Both the scarcity and the deteriorating quality of water in South Africa can be addressed by investigating advanced water treatment processes such as GAC adsorption, UV light disinfectant and ozone. Previously disregarded water resources have the potential to be purified and advanced treatments can improve water quality where conventional water treatments have failed. In addition, advanced treatment processes can be applied to treat used water. The two sampling sites selected for the study, Rand Water Barrage (RWB) and Midvaal Water Company (MWC), are both located in the Middle Vaal Water Management Area with RWB upstream of MWC. RWB uses GAC adsorption and UV light disinfection and MWC uses ozone as pre- and intermediate treatment process steps for water purification. The quality of the source water at both sampling sites was determined by analysing the physical and chemical characteristics as well as the algal and invertebrate compositions of the source water. The physical and chemical water quality variables measured included pH, conductivity, turbidity, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), total organic carbon (TOC), total photosynthetic pigments (TPP), microcystin and geosmin. The source water of both sites was characterised as hypertrophic on account of high chlorophyll concentrations. The water quality of the two sites was distinctly different and a downstream change was observed. The source water of RWB was characterised by high microcystin, geosmin, DOC, TOC and conductivity measurements and dominated by Bacillariophyceae (diatoms) and Cyanophyceae (blue-green bacteria). Problematic species that were present in the source water of RWB included Aulacoseira sp., other unidentified centric diatoms, Pandorina sp., Anabaena sp., Microcystis sp., Oscillatoria sp., Cryptomonas sp., Ceratium sp. and Trachelomonas sp. The source water of MWC was characterised by high pH, turbidity and TPP measurements and was dominated by Chlorophyceae (green algae) and Bacillariophyceae (diatom) species. Problematic algal species that were present in the source water of MWC included Cyclotella sp., Coelastrum sp., Pediastrum sp. and Scenedesmus sp. The source water of MWC was deemed to be of a better quality due to the lower Cyanophyceae concentrations and lower microcystin levels. The invertebrate composition of both sites was similar with Rotatoria as the dominant invertebrate group. The efficacy of GAC adsorption/UV light disinfection/ozonation on restoring the physical and chemical characteristics of the source water at both sampling sites as well as the algal and invertebrate compositions was determined by ascertaining the nature of the change in or the percentage removal of a water quality variable. The potable water of both sites complied with the standards of water intended for domestic use except for the conductivity at RWB that was slightly elevated. The phytoplankton was removed effectively from the source water of both sites but the removal of invertebrates was unsatisfactory. GAC adsorption and filtration proved to be more effective in the removal of TPP, turbidity, DOC, microcystin and geosmin than ozone. Ozone effected an increase in DOC. UV light disinfection had no or little effect on restoring the water quality variables investigated in this study. / M (Environmental Sciences), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited / The Lineate Image Near Ultraviolet Spectrometer (LINUS) is a spectral imager developed to operate in the 0.3-0.4 micron spectral region. The 2-D imager operates with a scan mirror, forming image scenes over time intervals of 10-20 minutes. Sensor calibration was conducted in the laboratory, and the system response to Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) gas was determined. The absorption profile for SO2 was measured, and curves of growth were constructed as a function of gas concentration. Test measurements were performed at the Naval Postgraduate School (NPS), from the roof of Spanagel Hall. Field observations were conducted at a coal-burning factory site at Concord, CA with the purpose of quantifying the presence of SO2. The Concord field measurement showed traces of SO2, with further analysis still required. / Civilian, DSO National Laboratories, Singapore

Nous présentons un modèle pour l’irradiance solaire spectrale entre 200 et 400 nm. Celui-ci est une extension d’un modèle d’irradiance solaire totale basé sur la simulation de la fragmentation et l’érosion des taches qui utilise, en entrée, les positions et aires des taches observées pour chaque pas de temps d’une journée. L’émergence des taches sur la face du Soleil opposée à la Terre est simulée par une injection stochastique. Le modèle simule ensuite leur désintégration, qui produit des taches plus petites et des facules. Par la suite, l’irradiance est calculée en sommant la contribution des taches, des facules et du Soleil inactif. Les paramètres libres du modèle sont ajustés en comparant les séquences temporelles produites avec les données provenant de divers satellites s’étalant sur trois cycles d’activité. Le modèle d’irradiance spectrale, quant à lui, a été obtenu en modifiant le calcul de la contribution des taches et des facules, ainsi que celle du Soleil inactif, afin de tenir compte de leur dépendance spectrale. Le flux de la photosphère inactive est interpolé sur un spectre synthétique non magnétisé, alors que le contraste des taches est obtenu en calculant le rapport du flux provenant d’un spectre synthétique représentatif des taches et de celui provenant du spectre représentatif du Soleil inactif. Le contraste des facules est quand à lui calculé avec une procédure simple d’inversion de corps noir. Cette dernière nécessite l’utilisation d’un profil de température des facules obtenu à l’aide de modèles d’atmosphère. Les données produites avec le modèle d’irradiance spectrale sont comparées aux observations de SOLSTICE sur UARS. L’accord étant peu satisfaisant, particulièrement concernant le niveau d’irradiance minimal ainsi que l’amplitude des variations, des corrections sont appliquées sur le flux du Soleil inactif, sur le profil de température des facules, ainsi qu’à la dépendance centre-bord du contraste des facules. Enfin, un profil de température des facules est reconstruit empiriquement en maximisant l’accord avec les observations grâce à un algorithme génétique. Il est utilisé afin de reconstruire les séquences temporelles d’irradiance jusqu’en 1874 à des longueurs d’ondes d’intérêt pour la chimie et la dynamique stratosphérique. / We present a model for spectral solar irradiance between 200 and 400 nm. It is an extension of a model for total solar irradiance based on sunspots fragmentation and erosion. This model takes the observed sunspot position and area as input for every oneday time step whereas emergences on the far side of the Sun are injected stochastically. The model simulates the spot’s disintegration and fragmentation into smaller structures such as spots and faculae and produces a magnetic structures area distribution evolving with time. The model contains many free parameters controlling the spots fragmentation, the quiet Sun irradiance, etc. They are adjusted by comparing the model outputs with observations from satellites spanning approximately three activity cycles. The model for spectral irradiance is a modified version of the model for total irradiance. More precisely, the spots and faculae contrast calculation and the quiet Sun contribution are adjusted to account for their spectral dependance. First, the quiet Sun flux is interpolated on a non magnetic synthetic spectrum, while the spots contrast is calculated with the ratio of the flux from a synthetic spectrum colder than the non magnetic photosphere, and the flux from a quiet Sun spectrum. The facular brightening is calculated with a simple procedure using the black body theory. This procedure interpolates a temperature associated with the formation height of photons from faculae on a temperature profile resulting from model atmosphere calculations. The spectral irradiance time series calculated with the model are compared to data from SOLSTICE on UARS. The two data sets do not agree very well, especially when we consider the minimum irradiance level and the amplitude variations over a complete cycle. Therefore, we apply a correction on the quiet Sun level and on the facular temperature profile. Finally, using a genetic algorithm, we reconstruct an empirical facular temperature profile by maximizing the fitness with observations. We use it to reconstruct spectral irradiance time series starting in 1874 at wavelengths of interest for stratospheric chemistry and dynamics.

La première partie de cette thèse présente une modélisation des émissions aurorales de Jupiter dans l'ultraviolet. Le but de ce travail est de quantifier comment ces émissions permettent de contraindre l'énergie des électrons qui précipitent dans la haute atmosphère polaire de la planète. Deux types d'émissions sont étudiés : celle de la raie Lyman alpha de l'hydrogène atomique ainsi que celles de H2. Les précipitations d'électrons aurorales sont modélisées à l'aide d'un code de transport cinétique. Le profil et l'intensité de la raie H Lyman alpha sont obtenus avec un code de transfert radiatif. Des spectres synthétiques des émissions de H2 sont calculés. En étudiant la variabilité des raies en fonction de l'énergie des électrons nous montrons que seules des observations à très haute résolution permettront de contraindre fortement les précipitations d'électrons. La deuxième partie de cette thèse présente la première modélisation de l'émission H Lyman alpha d'un Jupiter chaud jamais réalisée. Si elle était détectée, cette raie permettrait de caractériser l'environnement des planètes extrasolaires. L'émission de l'étoile est beaucoup plus intense que celle de la planète, ce qui rend la détection de la raie planétaire très difficile. Les seules estimations de contraste qui avaient été réalisées jusqu'à présent découlaient d'extrapolations basées sur l'émission de Jupiter. Nous introduisons ici des outils appropriés au calcul des émissions des Jupiter chauds, en tenant compte des spécificités de leur haute atmosphère, et notamment leur forte ionisation et leurs températures qui dépassent les 10 000 K. Nous évaluons l'émission Lyman alpha de deux Jupiter chauds, en tenant compte de plusieurs sources d'excitation des particules : les émissions aurorales et thermiques sont calculées, ainsi que l'émission excitée par le rayonnement de l'étoile. Nous montrons que, dans le cas du Jupiter chaud HD 209458b, la détection de l'émission planétaire n'est pas possible avec les instruments actuels. En revanche la raie Lyman alpha du Jupiter chaud HD 189733b semble pouvoir être détectée avec l'instrument STIS du télescope spatial Hubble. / The first part of this thesis describes a modeling of the auroral emission of Jupiter in the ultraviolet. The aim of this work is to quantify how these emissions allow to constrain the energy of the electrons that precipitate in the upper atmosphere of the planet at polar latitudes. Two kinds of emissions are studied : the one of the Lyman alpha line of atomic hydrogen and those of H2. The auroral electron precipitation is modeled with a kinetic transport code. The H Lyman alpha line profile and intensity are obtained with a radiative transfer code. Synthetic spectra of H2 emissions are calculated. By studying the variability of the lines as a function of the energy of the precipitating electrons, we show that only high resolution observations will allow to put strong constraints on the electron precipitation. The second part of this thesis presents the first calculation of the H Lyman alpha emission of a hot Jupiter ever realized. If it were detected, this line would allow to constrain the environment of the extrasolar planets. The stars' emission is much more intense than that of the planet, which transforms the detection of the planetary line in a very difficult challenge. Up to now, the only estimations of contrast that have been realized are based on extrapolations of Jupiter's emission. Here we present tools that are adequate to calculate the emission of hot Jupiters. They take into account the particularities of their atmosphere, like their high ionization degree and their temperatures that exceed 10,000 K. We calculate the Lyman alpha emission of two hot Jupiters, by taking into account the auroral, thermal and dayglow contributions. In the case of the hot Jupiter HD 209458b, we show that current facilities do not allow to detect the planetary emission. On the other hand, the detection of the Lyman alpha line of the planet HD 189733b seems to be within reach of the Hubble Space Telescope.

Background: Exposure of skin to UVB radiation (290-320 nm) modulates the immune system, with most studies showing a suppression of Th1-driven immune responses. Investigations into the effects of UVB exposure on allergic respiratory responses have been limited. This study investigated the systemic effects of UVB on Th2-associated immune responses using two different murine models of allergic respiratory inflammation. The mechanism of immune regulation was also examined. Methods and Results: Two murine models of asthma were used: the papain model and the ovalbumin (OVA) model using papain and OVA, respectively, as the allergens. In the papain model, C57BL/6, histamine receptor-1 knockout (H1RKO) and histamine receptor-2 knockout (H2RKO) mice were exposed to a single 4 kJ/m2 dose of UVB (twice a minimal oedemal dose) on shaved dorsal skin three days prior to intranasal sensitisation with papain, a cysteine protease homologue of the house dust mite (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus) allergen Der p 1. Sensitisation and boost each consisted of five daily intranasal doses of 1 µg papain whilst the challenge consisted of three daily intranasal doses of 100 µg papain. Asthmatic symptoms were assessed 24 h after the final challenge dose. H1RKO mice demonstrated enhanced papain-specific inflammatory responses in the lung-draining lymph nodes (LDLNs) whilst the responses of H2RKO mice closely mimicked those of C57BL/6 mice. UVB irradiation three days before sensitisation reduced in vitro papain-specific proliferation of LDLN cells from C57BL/6 and H1RKO mice but not H2RKO mice 24 h after challenge. The regulatory effect of UVB was transferred by adoptive transfer of 5 x 106 unfractionated LDLN cells from UVB-irradiated, papain-sensitised and -challenged C57BL/6 and H1RKO donor mice into naïve recipients of the corresponding strain that were ii subsequently sensitised and challenged with papain. Additionally, UVB exposure suppressed papain-induced IL-5 and IL-10 production in vitro by LDLN cells from H1RKO mice but not from C57BL/6 mice or H2RKO mice. The results of this study demonstrate systemic immunomodulation of responses to intranasally delivered antigen by UVB irradiation and the induction of regulatory cells in the LDLN following UVB exposure. Furthermore, these results implicate a role for the H2R in UVB-induced suppression of antigen-specific responses in the draining lymph nodes.

Nous présentons un modèle pour l’irradiance solaire spectrale entre 200 et 400 nm. Celui-ci est une extension d’un modèle d’irradiance solaire totale basé sur la simulation de la fragmentation et l’érosion des taches qui utilise, en entrée, les positions et aires des taches observées pour chaque pas de temps d’une journée. L’émergence des taches sur la face du Soleil opposée à la Terre est simulée par une injection stochastique. Le modèle simule ensuite leur désintégration, qui produit des taches plus petites et des facules. Par la suite, l’irradiance est calculée en sommant la contribution des taches, des facules et du Soleil inactif. Les paramètres libres du modèle sont ajustés en comparant les séquences temporelles produites avec les données provenant de divers satellites s’étalant sur trois cycles d’activité. Le modèle d’irradiance spectrale, quant à lui, a été obtenu en modifiant le calcul de la contribution des taches et des facules, ainsi que celle du Soleil inactif, afin de tenir compte de leur dépendance spectrale. Le flux de la photosphère inactive est interpolé sur un spectre synthétique non magnétisé, alors que le contraste des taches est obtenu en calculant le rapport du flux provenant d’un spectre synthétique représentatif des taches et de celui provenant du spectre représentatif du Soleil inactif. Le contraste des facules est quand à lui calculé avec une procédure simple d’inversion de corps noir. Cette dernière nécessite l’utilisation d’un profil de température des facules obtenu à l’aide de modèles d’atmosphère. Les données produites avec le modèle d’irradiance spectrale sont comparées aux observations de SOLSTICE sur UARS. L’accord étant peu satisfaisant, particulièrement concernant le niveau d’irradiance minimal ainsi que l’amplitude des variations, des corrections sont appliquées sur le flux du Soleil inactif, sur le profil de température des facules, ainsi qu’à la dépendance centre-bord du contraste des facules. Enfin, un profil de température des facules est reconstruit empiriquement en maximisant l’accord avec les observations grâce à un algorithme génétique. Il est utilisé afin de reconstruire les séquences temporelles d’irradiance jusqu’en 1874 à des longueurs d’ondes d’intérêt pour la chimie et la dynamique stratosphérique. / We present a model for spectral solar irradiance between 200 and 400 nm. It is an extension of a model for total solar irradiance based on sunspots fragmentation and erosion. This model takes the observed sunspot position and area as input for every oneday time step whereas emergences on the far side of the Sun are injected stochastically. The model simulates the spot’s disintegration and fragmentation into smaller structures such as spots and faculae and produces a magnetic structures area distribution evolving with time. The model contains many free parameters controlling the spots fragmentation, the quiet Sun irradiance, etc. They are adjusted by comparing the model outputs with observations from satellites spanning approximately three activity cycles. The model for spectral irradiance is a modified version of the model for total irradiance. More precisely, the spots and faculae contrast calculation and the quiet Sun contribution are adjusted to account for their spectral dependance. First, the quiet Sun flux is interpolated on a non magnetic synthetic spectrum, while the spots contrast is calculated with the ratio of the flux from a synthetic spectrum colder than the non magnetic photosphere, and the flux from a quiet Sun spectrum. The facular brightening is calculated with a simple procedure using the black body theory. This procedure interpolates a temperature associated with the formation height of photons from faculae on a temperature profile resulting from model atmosphere calculations. The spectral irradiance time series calculated with the model are compared to data from SOLSTICE on UARS. The two data sets do not agree very well, especially when we consider the minimum irradiance level and the amplitude variations over a complete cycle. Therefore, we apply a correction on the quiet Sun level and on the facular temperature profile. Finally, using a genetic algorithm, we reconstruct an empirical facular temperature profile by maximizing the fitness with observations. We use it to reconstruct spectral irradiance time series starting in 1874 at wavelengths of interest for stratospheric chemistry and dynamics.

This thesis presents the development of III-nitride materials for deep-ultraviolet (DUV) light emitting devices. The goal of this research is to develop a DUV laser diode (LD) operating at room temperature. Epitaxial structures for these devices are grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) and several material analysis techniques were employed to characterize these structures such as atomic force microscopy, electroluminescence, Hall-effect measurement, photoluminescence, secondary ion mass spectrometry, transmission electron microscopy, transmission line measurement, and X-ray diffraction. Each of these will be discussed in detail. The active regions of III-nitride based UV emitters are composed of AlxGa1-xN alloys, the bandgap of which can be tuned from 3.4 eV to 6.2 eV, which allows us to attain the desired wavelength in the DUV by engineering the molar fraction of aluminum and gallium. In order to emit photons in the DUV wavelength range (> 4.1 eV), high aluminum molar fraction AlxGa1-xN alloys are required. Since aluminum has very low ad-atom mobility on the growth surface, a very low group V to group III precursor ratio (known as V/III ratio), high growth temperature, and low growth pressure is required to form a smooth surface and subsequently abrupt heterointerfaces. The first part of this work focuses on developing high-quality multi-quantum well structures using high aluminum molar fraction ([Al] > 60%) AlxGa1-xN alloys. Optically pumped DUV lasers were demonstrated with threshold power density as low as 250 kW/cm² for the emission wavelength as short as 248.3 nm. Transverse electric (TE) -like emission dominates when the lasers were operating above threshold power density, which suggests the diode design requires the active region to be fully strained to promote better confinement of the optical mode in transverse direction. The second phase of this project is to achieve an electrically driven injection diode laser. Owing to their large bandgap, low intrinsic carrier concentration, and relatively high dopant activation energy, the nature of these high aluminum molar fraction materials are highly insulating; therefore, efficiently transport carriers into active region is one of the main challenges. Highly conducting p-type material is especially difficult to achieve because the activation energy for magnesium, a typical dopant, is relatively large and some of the acceptors are compensated by the hydrogen during the growth. Furthermore, due to the lack of a large work function material to form a p-type ohmic contact, the p-contact layer design is limited to low aluminum molar fraction material or gallium nitride. Besides the fabrication challenges, these low aluminum molar fraction materials are not transparent to the laser wavelength causing relatively high internal loss (αi). In this work, an inverse tapered p-waveguide design is employed to transport holes to active region efficiently while the graded-index separate-confinement heterostructure (GRINSCH) is employed for the active region design. Together, a multi-quantum well (MQW) ultraviolet emitter was demonstrated.