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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
171

Testing the statistical isotropy of the universe using radio survey data

Baloyi, Mathobela Albert January 2019 (has links)
>Magister Scientiae - MSc / The Cosmological Principle forms part of one of the most fundamental hypotheses of modern Cosmology. So it is very important to assess whether it holds true using observational data, or whether it consists of a mathematical simplification. We probe the statistical isotropy of the Universe using the existing radio continuum data, by means of a local variance estimator. In order to investigate this, we analyse the number count variance of the radio catalog by looking at patches of approximately 10, 15, 20 & 25 degrees in radii, and thus comparing it to mock catalogs which reproduce the matter density power spectrum, as well as the same sky coverage of the real data. We establish criteria for accepting patches that have more than 90%, 70% & 50% of their pixels not masked. We make use of the NRAO VLA Sky Survey (NVSS), whose operational frequency is 1.4 GHz. We perform statistical tests for detecting possible departures from statistical isotropy using galaxy number counts with flux limits of 20 < SNVSS < 1000 mJy. We also compare the real data to the mock catalogs of the radio data in order to assess the statistical significance of our results. We use the local variance estimator for testing the statistical isotropy of our data sample. We find that the statistical properties of our sample are in reasonable agreement with the standard cosmological model. The mean of the distribution for the data falls well within the 95% confidence interval of the average of the simulated mocks. For all the radii and acceptance criteria for the patches, we found no significant deviations beyond those allowed by the standard model. As expected there were no large discrepancies between our mocks and the data. The results are consistent with statistical isotropy.
172

Second-order cosmological perturbations in two-field inflation and predictions for non-Gaussianity / Perturbations cosmologiques de deuxième ordre dans le contexte des modèles d'inflation à deux champs et leurs conséquences pour la non-gaussiannité

Tzavara, Eleftheria 30 September 2013 (has links)
Les prédictions d'inflation du spectre de puissance de la perturbation de la courbure ont déjà fait l’objet de vérification d’un excellent niveau, permettant à de nombreux modèles de rester compatibles avec les observations. Dans la présente thèse, nous avons étudié les corrélations de troisième ordre qui pourraient permettre de mieux distinguer les différents modèles d'inflation les uns des autres. Parmi toutes les extensions possibles du modèle standard d'inflation, nous avons choisi d'étudier des modèles de deux champs scalaires à termes cinétiques standards et à métrique des champs plat. La nouveauté introduite par ces modèles est la présence de la perturbation d'isocourbure. Son interaction avec la perturbation adiabatique hors de l'horizon produit des non-linéarités caractéristiques des modèles à plusieurs champs scalaires. Dans, ce contexte, nous avons établi la forme de la perturbation adiabatique et de la perturbation d'isocourbure invariant sous transformations de jauge en deuxième ordre. De plus, nous avons trouvé l'action de troisième ordre qui décrit leurs interactions. En outre, nous avons élaboré le formalisme des grandes longueurs d'onde afin d'obtenir une expression pour le paramètre de non-gaussiannité fNL en fonction du potentiel des champs. Nous avons ensuite, utilisé cette formule pour traiter analytiquement - avec l'hypothèse de slow-roll - des classes générales de potentiels et vérifier nos résultats numériquement par la théorie exacte. De là, nous avons pu tirer des conclusions générales concernant les propriétés de fNL, comme par exemple la dépendance de sa magnitude des caractéristiques du trajet des champs et de la perturbation d'isocourbure, ainsi que sa dépendance de la magnitude et de la taille relative des trois impulsions dont le corrélateur à trois points est fonction. / Inflationary predictions for the power spectrum of the curvature perturbation have been verified to an excellent degree, leaving many models compatible with observations. In this thesis we studied third-order correlations, that might allow one to further distinguish between inflationary models. From all the possible extensions of the standard inflationary model, we chose to study two-field models with canonical kinetic terms and flat field space. The new feature is the presence of the so-called isocurvature perturbation. Its interplay with the adiabatic perturbation outside the horizon gives birth to non-linearities characteristic of multiple-field models. In this context, we established the second-order gauge-invariant form of the adiabatic and isocurvature perturbation and found the third-order action that describes their interactions. Furthermore, we built on and elaborated the long-wavelength formalism in order to acquire an expression for the parameter of non-Gaussianity fNL as a function of the potential of the fields. We next used this formula to study analytically, within the slow-roll hypothesis, general classes of potentials and verified our results numerically for the exact theory. From this study, we deduced general conclusions about the properties of fNL, its magnitude depending on the characteristics of the field trajectory and the isocurvature component, as well as its dependence on the magnitude and relative size of the three momenta of which the three-point correlator is a function.
173

Energia escura e aceleração do Universo: Aspectos conceituais e testes observacionais / Dark Energy and The Accelerating Universe: Conceptual Aspects and Observational Tests

Jesus, José Fernando de 23 June 2010 (has links)
Na última década, o extraordinário progresso nas observações astronômicas (distâncias com supernovas (SNe Ia), espectros de potência da matéria e da radiação cósmica de fundo (RCF), determinação do brilho de aglomerados de galáxias, etc.) aliado com importantes desenvolvimentos teóricos, transformaram a Cosmologia numa das fronteiras mais excitantes da ciência contemporânea. Nesta tese, diferentes testes observacionais são utilizados para vincular alguns cenários cosmológicos acelerados (com e sem energia escura), todos eles definidos no contexto teórico da Relatividade Geral. Inicialmente, para uma grande classe de modelos com decaimento do vácuo, investigamos os vínculos provenientes da existência de objetos velhos em altos redshifts. No modelo de Chen e Wu generalizado, encontramos que o limite para o parâmetro livre descrevendo a taxa do decaimento do vácuo é 0,21 < n < 0,81. Este resultado descarta o modelo de Chen e Wu original (n=2) e também o modelo de concordância cósmica, LCDM (n=0). Além disso, quando incluímos o fluido bariônico em nossa análise do modelo de Wang e Meng, obtemos para seu parâmetro livre um limite inferior, epsilon > 0,231, um valor em desacordo com estimativas independentes baseadas em SNe Ia, RCF e o brilho de Raios-X de aglomerados. Propusemos também um teste estatístico com base nas idades estimadas para uma amostra de 13 galáxias velhas em altos redshifts. Através de uma análise conjunta envolvendo as idades das galáxias e as oscilações acústicas dos bárions (BAO), vinculamos o valor da constante de Hubble no contexto do modelo LCDM plano. Considerando um tempo de incubação adotado por diferentes autores, obtemos h=0,71±0,04 (1 sigma), um resultado de acordo com observações independentes baseadas em Cefeidas (obtidas com o Hubble Space Telescope) e outras estimativas mais recentes. Outro resultado interessante foi obtido através de uma análise termodinâmica para uma classe de modelos com interação no setor escuro (matéria escura-energia escura). Contrariamente ao que se pensava até então, encontramos que a termodinâmica permite que a matéria escura decaia em energia escura, contanto que ao menos uma das componentes possua um potencial químico não-nulo. Como complemento, mostramos que, para um termo de interação específico, dados de SNe Ia, BAO e RCF favorecem o decaimento da matéria escura com ~ 93% de confiança estatística. Investigamos também o comportamento do redshift de transição em diferentes cosmologias, com e sem energia escura, e mostramos que essa quantidade pode ter uma variação extrema dependendo do modelo cosmológico subjacente. Finalmente, discutimos também um novo modelo cosmológico cuja aceleração em baixos redshifts é determinada pela criação de partículas da matéria escura fria. O modelo representa uma redução do setor escuro, isto é, não tem energia escura, contém apenas um parâmetro livre e satisfaz os vínculos de Supernovas do tipo Ia tão bem quanto o modelo LCDM padrão. / In the last decade, the extraordinary progress of the astronomical observations (distances with supernovas, matter and cosmic background radiation (CBR) power spectrum, X-ray surface brightness of galaxy clusters, etc) associated with important theoretical developments turned Cosmology one of the most exciting frontiers of contemporary science. In this thesis, different observational tests are used to constrain several cosmological accelerating scenarios (with and without dark energy), all of them defined in the theoretical framework of General Relativity. Initially, for a large class of decaying vacuum models, we investigate the constraints provided by the existence of old high redshift objects. In the model proposed by Chen and Wu, we find that the limit for the free parameter describing the decay rate of the vacuum fluid is 0.21 < n < 0.81. This result ruled out the original Chen and Wu model (n = 2) and also the cosmic concordance model, LCDM (n = 0). Further, when we include the baryonic fluid in our analysis of the Wang and Meng model, we find for its free parameter a lower bound, epsilon > 0.231, a value in disagreement with independent estimates based on SNe Ia, CMB (shift parameter) and the X-ray surface brightness of galaxy clusters. We also propose a new cosmological statistical test based on the estimated ages of 13 old high redshift galaxies. By performing a joint analysis involving the ages of the galaxies and the baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO) probe, we constrain the value of the Hubble parameter in the context of the flat LCDM model. For an incubation time adopted by different authors, we find h = 0.71 ± 0.04 (1 sigma), a result in agreement with independent observations based on Cepheids (obtained with the Hubble Space Telescope) and other recent estimations. Another interesting result has been derived from a thermodynamic analysis for a class of models endowed with interaction in the dark sector (dark matter and dark energy). In contrast with some results appearing in the literature, we show that the decaying of cold dark matter into dark energy is not forbidden by thermodynamics, provided that the chemical potential of one component is different from zero. As a complement, we also show (for a specific term describing the interaction) that this kind of decaying is favored by SNe Ia, BAO and CMB data with ~ 93% of statistical confidence. We also investigate in detail the behavior of the transition redshift for different cosmologies (with and without dark energy). It is found that such a quantity may have an extreme variation that depends on the underlying cosmological model. Finally, we also discuss a new cosmological model whose acceleration at low redshifts is determined by the creation of cold dark matter particles. The model represents a reduction of the dark sector, that is, it has no dark energy, contains only one free parameter and satisfies the Supernovae type Ia constraints with the same precision of the standard LCDM model.
174

As corajosas: etnografando experiências travestis na prostituição / The Brave: etnographing transvestites experiences in prostitution

Patriarca, Letizia 13 November 2015 (has links)
Esta dissertação parte de experiências de travestis que são também profissionais do sexo para focar nas relações que estabelecem com donas de casas de prostituição. Há uma atenção para o fazer antropológico, percorrendo as construções das vivências das travestis que se prostituem, perpassando marcadores sociais da diferença a saber, gênero, sexualidade, classe, raça e geração. Em um primeiro momento, surgem as diversas construções identitárias das que circulam pelo bairro Jardim Itatinga (Campinas SP), para depois percorrer a especificidade deste. Estruturado por uma variedade de casas de prostituição, sua dinâmica engendra determinadas vivências do trabalho sexual ali realizado, que permite repensar relações com as donas de casas de prostituição, especificamente das experiências de travestis em casas de prostituição. A hipótese percorrida é a de que donas e suas casas de prostituição podem ser um suporte econômico-afetivo para construções identitárias do universo trans, assim como representam um apoio seguro diante de violências policiais e de clientes que acometem suas vivências na prostituição. / This dissertation is based on the experiences of transvestites who are also sex workers in order to focus on the relationships they establish with madams, brothels owners. Attention is paid to the anthropological doing, covering the experiences buildings of transvestite prostitutes, passing through social markers of difference - namely, gender, sexuality, class, race and generation. In a first moment, the various identity constructions of those who circulate around Jardim Itatinga (Campinas SP) are brought to discussion, and then the specificity of this neighborhood is handled. Structured by a variety of brothels, its dynamic engenders certain experiences of the sexual work performed there, allowing the rethinking of the relations with the brothels owners, specifically the experiences of transvestites in such establishments. The hypothesis sustained is that madams and their brothels can be an economic and emotional support for the identity constructions of the trans universe, at the same time that they represent a secure support in the face of police and customers violence that affect their experiences in prostitution.
175

Estruturas em larga escala e o Dark Energy Survey / Large scale structures and dark energy survey

Chavez, Hugo Orlando Camacho 29 April 2014 (has links)
Experimentos modernos com observações das posições e redshifts de galáxias em grandes áreas do céu representam uma poderosa ferramenta para a investigação de modelos cosmológicos. Entretanto, estas observações trazem consigo novos desafios práticos e teóricos para a extração da informação contida nos dados. Esta dissertação faz uma revisão da interpretação teórica da aglomeração de galáxias e dos efeitos de lenteamento gravitacional fraco por estruturas em largas escalas no Universo, no contexto de modelos cosmológicos FLRW. Esta interpretação e geral, na medida em que os efeitos da curvatura espacial são apropriadamente considerados, sendo portanto verdadeiros para Universos FLRW com conteúdos arbitrários de matéria e energia escura. Neste contexto, consideramos a estatística de dois pontos no espaço de configurações e no espaço harmônico, obtendo formulas gerais para a função de correlação de dois pontos no espaço real e no espaço de redshifts. Incluímos ainda efeitos de grandes ângulos e consideramos a aproximação de observador distante de forma apropriada. Uma característica importante de levantamentos fotométricos de galáxias e a de que eles vão ganhar em área e profundidade, em troca de uma pior determinação das posições radiais. Neste contexto, uma técnica padrão para extração de informação cosmológica dos dados consiste em dividir as galáxias em bins de redshift, de forma a assim usar a função de correlação angular (ACF) w() e o espectro de potencias angular (APS) C. Nesta dissertação também tratamos o problema de vincular parâmetros cosmológicos usando técnicas de inferência estatística Bayesiana a partir das medidas da ACF e do APS em grandes escalas. Diferentes técnicas computacionais são discutidas e um modelo detalhado para a ACF em grandes escalas ´e apresentado, incluindo todos os efeitos relevantes, como não-linearidades gravitacionais, o bias, distorções no espaço de redshift, e incertezas nas estimativas de redshifts (photo-zs). Apresentamos uma analise da ACF em grandes escalas para galáxias do CMASS, um catalogo de redshifts fotométricos baseado no Data Release 8 do Sloan Digital Sky Survey- III, mostrando que a ACF pode ser eficientemente aplicada para vincular cosmologia em levantamentos fotométricos do futuro. Também apresentamos uma analise similar em dados simulados do Dark Energy Survey, mostrando que no futuro próximo tal analise nos permitira vincular modelos cosmológicos com precisão ainda maior. Finalmente, apresentamos um trabalho preliminar sobre correlações angulares de posição e shear no espaço harmônico para as simulações Onion. / Modern wide-area multi-color deep galaxy redshift surveys provide a powerful tool to probe cosmological models. Yet they bring new practical and theoretical challenges in order to exploit the information contained in their data. This dissertation reviews the theoretical interpretation of clustering of galaxies and shear/convergence weak lensing effects by the large scale structure of the Universe in the context of FLRW cosmological models. This interpretation is general in the sense that the effects of the spatial curvature are properly taken into account, thus holding for FLRW Universes with arbitrary content of matter and dark energy. In this context, we consider two-point statistics both in configuration and harmonic spaces, providing general formulae for the two-point correlation function in real and redshift space. We further include wide angle effects and consider the proper distant observer approximation. One main characteristic of photometric galaxy surveys is that they will gain in area and depth, in exchange for a poorer determination of radial positions. In this context splitting the data into redshift bins and using the angular correlation function (ACF) w() and the angular power spectrum (APS) C constitutes a standard approach to extract cosmological information. This dissertation also addresses the problem of constraining cosmological parameters using Bayesian inference techniques from measurements of the ACF and the APS on large scales. Different computational approaches are discussed to accomplish this goal and a detailed model for the ACF at large scales is presented including all relevant effects, namely nonlinear gravitational clustering, bias, redshift-space distortions and photo-z uncertainties. We present an analysis of the large scale ACF of the CMASS luminous galaxies, a photometric-redshift catalogue based on the Data Release 8 (DR8) of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey-III, showing that the ACF can be efficiently applied to constrain cosmology in future photometric galaxy surveys. We also present a similar analysis on simulated data from the Dark Energy Survey (DES), showing that in the near future such analysis will allow us to constrain cosmological models with even high precision. Finally, we also present preliminary work on the position and shear angular correlations in harmonic space for the Onion simulations.
176

Large Scale Structures in photometric and spectroscopic surveys / Estruturas em larga escala em levantamentos fotométricos e espetroscópicos

Chavez, Hugo Orlando Camacho 21 March 2019 (has links)
The dynamics of formation of the observed large-scale structures, along with dark matter, dark energy, the accelerated expansion of the universe and their inter-connections remain as some of the biggest puzzles of modern cosmology and have been extensively investigated over the last years. In particular, understanding the nature of cosmic acceleration foresees important implications for Cosmology, Gravitation and Particle Physics, among others. Complementary cosmological probes from large photometric and spectroscopic galaxy surveys, such as DES and eBOSS, represent a powerful approach to these problems, while simultaneously offering new practical and theoretical challenges for exploiting the information contained in observed data. In this work, we present three analyses of the large scale structure of the universe in the context of two galaxy surveys, the DES and the eBOSS, by measuring clustering signal of tracers for the matter distribution using different approaches to their two-point correlation function and power spectrum. In the context of BOSS-eBOSS, we present contributions to some of the first analyses of the clustering signal in configuration space of ELGs and LRGs with early eBOSS data and their interpretation and comparison with previous data and theoretical models. In the context of DES, we present measurements of the galaxy angular power spectrum of galaxies using data from the first year of observations and use these measurements to search for the BAO feature in harmonic space. This work is part of the DES effort for the analysis of the BAO feature in Y1 data. / A dinâmica da formação de estruturas em larga escala no universo, assim como a matéria escura, a energia escura, a expansão acelerada do universo e suas inter-relações permanecem atualmente como grandes desafios da cosmologia moderna e tem motivado numerosos estudos na última década. Em particular, a compreensão da aceleração cósmica prenuncia implicações importantes que podem revolucionar as teorias da cosmologia, gravitação e física de partículas elementares, entre outras. Testes cosmológicos complementares em grandes levantamentos de galáxias óticos e espectroscópicos, como o DES e o eBOSS representam uma abordagem poderosa para estes problemas e, ao mesmo tempo, oferecem novos desafios práticos e teóricos para extrair a informação contida nos dados. Neste trabalho, apresentamos análises da estrutura de larga escala do universo no contexto de dois levantamentos de galáxias, o DES e o eBOSS, medindo o sinal de aglomeração de traçadores para a distribuição de matéria usando diferentes abordagens para sua função de correlação de dois pontos e espectro de potências. No contexto do BOSS-eBOSS, apresentamos contribuições para algumas das primeiras análises do sinal de clustering no espaço de configuração de ELGs e LRGs com dados tempranos do eBOSS e sua interpretação e comparação com dados anteriores e modelos teóricos. No contexto do DES, apresentamos medições do espectro de potência angular de galáxias usando dados do primeiro ano (Y1) de observações e utilizamos estas medidas para estudar o sinal de BAO no espaço harmônico. Este trabalho faz parte do esforço do DES para a análise do sinal de BAO em dados Y1.
177

Exploring the parameter space of warm inflation

Kronberg, Nico January 2016 (has links)
Warm inflation is an implementation of exponential early-universe expansion that incorporates interactions between the inflaton field and its environment. These interactions allow the inflaton to dissipate some of its energy into other fields, which may then thermalise and form a radiation bath. A radiation bath present throughout inflation changes the inflaton dynamics and introduces thermal fluctuations that enhance the spectrum of primordial density perturbations. In the models we consider, the inflaton decays into the light particles of the radiation bath via heavy mediator particles. Warm inflation is subject to a complicated set of constraints which typically requires a large number of such mediator fields to be included in the model. The motivation for this work was to use the parametric dependence of the full low-temperature dissipation coefficient to uncover regimes where this number can be reduced. Previous studies have examined primarily the low-momentum regime of the dissipation coefficient, where inflaton dissipation occurs via off-shell mediator particles. In the low-temperature regime, the production of on-shell mediators in the so-called pole regime suffers from Boltzmann suppression and was therefore thought to be negligible. It has been found, however, that the exponential suppression can be compensated by a sufficiently small effective coupling between the mediator fields and the light fields. In this thesis, we present a numerical code that scans the parameter space of warm-inflation models including both the low-momentum and the pole contribution to the dissipation coefficient. We generate random values for the parameters of the model and the initial conditions of the field and the radiation density; we then solve the full equations of motion for the radiation density and the inflaton field using the general low-temperature dissipation coefficient. Our search includes chaotic, hybrid, and hilltop models, each of which inhabits different regions of warm-inflation parameter space. Our main finding is that the pole contribution to inflaton dissipation significantly extends the parameter ranges accessible to warm inflation. Specifically, we can achieve 50 e-folds of inflation and a spectral index compatible with Planck data with fewer mediator fields and smaller coupling constants. For instance, while low-momentum-dominated dissipation typically requires O(10⁶) mediator fields, we find pole-dominated solutions with as few as O(10⁴) for the quadratic hilltop potential. It is clear that the inclusion of the pole contribution opens up interesting model-building possibilities and that the parametric dependence of the full dissipation coefficient holds promise for achieving even greater reductions of the field content.
178

Soluções atratoras e isocurvatura em modelos de energia escura / Attractors and isocurvatura solutions in models of dark energy

Batista, Ronaldo Carlotto 30 May 2005 (has links)
Recentes observações astrofísicas, em especial de supernovas tipo Ia e das anisotropias da radiação cósmica de fundo, indicam que recentemente na história do universo um tipo desconhecido de energia passou a dominar sua evolução induzindo uma expansão acelerada. Esta componente misteriosa ficou conhecida como energia escura. Nosso objetivo é o estudo da energia escura, através de modelos com constante cosmológica, campo escalar canônico e com o campo de Born-Infeld. Para os modelos com campo escalar, usando potenciais tipo lei de potência, estudamos soluções atratoras para a evolução homogênea. Também estudamos, na aproximação de largas escalas, soluções atratoras para as perturbações dos campos escalares. Mostramos que, para modelos de energia escura com campo escalar canônico, as soluções atratoras a nível perturbativo não geram modos de isocurvatura. Para o campo de Born-Infeld, fazemos uma análise de estabilidade de suas soluções atratoras a nível perturbativo, determinamos em que circunstâncias elas podem gerar modos de isocurvatura. Para os modelos de energia escura mais realistas, estes modos tendem a ser pequenos. / Recent astrophysical observations, specially supernova type Ia and cosmic microwave back­ ground anisotropies, indicate that recently in the history of the universe, some unknown type of energy is dominating its evolution and inducing an accelerated expansion. This mysterious component has been named dark energy. Our aim is to study dark energy, by using cosmological constant, canonical scalar field and Born-Infeld scalar field models. In the models with scalar field, using power law potentials, we study attractor solutions for the homogeneous evolution. We also study, in the large scale approximation, attractor solutions for the scalar field perturbations. We show that, for models with canonical sca­ lar field , the attractor solutions for its perturbations do not generate isocurvature modes. For the Born-Infeld scalar field, we analyze the stability of its attractor solutions in the perturbative levei, and we determine in which case they can generate isocurvature modes. For the more realistic dark energy models, these modes tend to be small.
179

interface between cosmology and new physics. / 宇宙学和新物理学的交叉领域 / Interface between cosmology & new physics / The interface between cosmology and new physics. / Yu zhou xue he xin wu li xue de jiao cha ling yu

January 2006 (has links)
Li Baojiu = 宇宙学和新物理学的交叉领域 / 李宝九. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 93-99). / Text in English; abstracts in English and Chinese. / Li Baojiu = Yu zhou xue he xin wu li xue de jiao cha ling yu / Li Baojiu. / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Some Basic Conceptions in Cosmology --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- "The Big Bang, Hubble's Law" --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- The Cosmological Principle and Robertson-Walker Metric --- p.3 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- The Cosmological Redshift --- p.4 / Chapter 1.1.4 --- The Friedmann Equations --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2 --- Big Bang Nucleosynthesis --- p.5 / Chapter 1.3 --- Dark Energy --- p.9 / Chapter 2 --- "Branes, Varying Constants and BBN" --- p.16 / Chapter 2.1 --- A Brief Introduction to Theories Involving Extra Dimensions --- p.17 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- The Kaluza-Klein Theory --- p.18 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Large Extra Dimensions --- p.19 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Warped Extra Dimensions --- p.22 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- Universal Extra Dimensions --- p.24 / Chapter 2.1.5 --- Cosmology in a Brane World --- p.27 / Chapter 2.2 --- BBN and Varying Constants in Brane Models --- p.29 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- The Low Energy Effective Action in Brane Models --- p.30 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- BBN with a Varying Higgs VEV --- p.34 / Chapter 2.3 --- Numerical Results --- p.38 / Chapter 2.4 --- Discussion and Conclusions --- p.47 / Chapter 3 --- "Universal Extra Dimensions, Varying Constants and BBN" --- p.49 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.50 / Chapter 3.2 --- The Low Energy 4-Dimensional Effective Actions --- p.50 / Chapter 3.3 --- Radion Dependence of Fundamental Constants --- p.54 / Chapter 3.4 --- Variations of Quantities Relevant For BBN Calculation --- p.57 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Neutron-proton Mass Difference --- p.57 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Weak Interaction Rates --- p.58 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Expansion Rate of the Universe --- p.58 / Chapter 3.4.4 --- Nuclear Reaction Rates --- p.59 / Chapter 3.5 --- Numerical Results --- p.64 / Chapter 3.6 --- Discussion and Conclusions --- p.70 / Chapter 4 --- Dark Energy as a Signature of Extra Dimensions --- p.74 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.75 / Chapter 4.2 --- The Underlying Higher Dimensional Theory --- p.75 / Chapter 4.3 --- The Cosmic Evolution in Different Eras --- p.79 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- The Blazing Era --- p.79 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- The Radiation Dominated Era --- p.83 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- The Matter Dominated Era --- p.84 / Chapter 4.4 --- A Realistic Cosmology --- p.85 / Chapter 4.5 --- Discussions and Conclusions --- p.92 / Bibliography --- p.93
180

Gravitational Waves in Decaying Vacuum Cosmologies / Ondas Gravitacionais em Cosmologias com Decaimento do Vácuo

Ramirez, David Alejandro Tamayo 16 November 2015 (has links)
In the present monograph we study in detail the primordial gravitational waves in cosmologies with a decaying vacuum. The decaying vacuum models are an alternative to solve the cosmological constant problem attributing a dynamic to the vacuum energy. The problem of primordial gravitational waves is discussed in the framework of an expanding, flat, spatially homogeneous and isotropic FLRW Universe described by General Relativity theory with decaying vacuum energy density of the type $\\Lambda \\equiv \\Lambda(H)$. Two particular interesting limits of a class of decaying vacuum models were investigated. A first-order tensor perturbation term was introduced to the FLRW metric, the evolution equation of the perturbations was derived and then expressed in terms of a Fourier expansion, the time-dependent part decouples from the spatial part. The resulting equation has the form of a damped harmonic oscillator which depends on the scale factor, which carries all the cosmological and decaying vacuum characteristics. In the first model studied, the decaying vacuum has the form $\\Lambda \\propto H^2$. The gravitational wave equation is established and its time-dependent part has analytically been solved for different epochs in the case of a flat geometry. The main result is unlike the standard $\\Lambda$CDM cosmology (no interacting vacuum): in this model there is gravitational wave amplification during the radiation era, which in quantum field theory means graviton production. This difference is a clear signature of the decaying vacuum models which a eventual observation could give empirical clues about it. However, high frequency modes are damped out even faster than in the standard cosmology, both in the radiation and matter-vacuum dominated epoch. The physical gravitational wave quantities like the modulus of the mode function, power and gravitational wave energy density spectra generated at different cosmological eras are also explicitly evaluated. The second model studied is a decaying vacuum of the form $\\Lambda \\propto H^3$. This model drives a nonsingular flat cosmology which is termed complete in the sense that the cosmic evolution occurs between two extreme de Sitter stages. The particularity which makes interesting this model is that the transition from the early de Sitter era to the radiation phase is smooth avoiding the graceful exit problem. The gravitational wave equation is derived and its time-dependent part numerically integrated in a relevant period previously delimited. The gravitational wave solutions for the other eras were calculates analytically. Today\'s gravitational wave spectra were calculated and compared with the standard result where an abrupt transition is assumed. It is found that the stochastic background of gravitational waves is very similar to the one predicted by the cosmic concordance model plus inflation except for the higher frequencies. / Na presente monografia foi estudado em detalhe as ondas gravitacionais primordiais em cosmologias com decaimento do vácuo. Os modelos de decaimento do vácuo são uma alternativa para resolver o problema da constante cosmológica atribuindo uma dinâmica à energia do vácuo. O problema de ondas gravitacionais primordiais é discutida no âmbito de um Universo FLRW em expansão, plano, espacialmente homogêneo e isotrópico descrito pela teoria da Relatividade Geral com decaimento da densidade de energia do vácuo do tipo $\\Lambda \\equiv \\Lambda(H)$. Dois limites particularmente interessantes de uma classe de modelos de decaimento do vácuo foram trabalhados. Um termo tensorial perturbativo a primeira ordem foi introduzido na métrica de FLRW, a equação de evolução das perturbações foi derivada e depois expressada em termos de uma expansão de Fourier, a parte dependente do tempo desacopla-se da parte espacial. A equação resultante tem a forma de um oscilador harmônico amortecido que depende do fator de escala que carrega todas as características cosmológicos e do decaimento do vácuo. No primeiro modelo estudado, o decaimento do vácuo tem a forma $\\Lambda \\propto H^2$. A equação da onda gravitacional é estabelecida e a sua parte dependente do tempo foi resolvida analiticamente para diferentes épocas no caso de uma geometria plana. O resultado principal é que a diferença da cosmologia $\\Lambda$CDM padrão (sem decaimento do vácuo), neste modelo ocorre amplificação de ondas gravitacionais durante a era de radiação, que em mecânica quântica significa produção gráviton. Esta diferença é uma assinatura clara dos modelos de decaimento do vácuo que uma eventual observação poderia dar pistas empíricas sobre o assunto. No entanto, os modos de alta frequência são amortecidos ainda mais rápido do que na cosmologia padrão, tanto na era da radiação e da matéria-vácuo. As quantidades físicas das ondas gravitacionais, como o módulo da função de modos, espectros de potência e de densidade de energia de onda gravitacional geradas em diferentes eras cosmológicas também foram avaliadas explicitamente. O segundo modelo estudado é um decaimento do vácuo da forma $\\Lambda \\propto H^3$. Este modelo leva uma cosmologia plana não singular que é denominado completo no sentido de que a evolução cósmica ocorre entre duas eras de Sitter extremas. A particularidade que torna interessante este modelo é que a transição do início da era de Sitter era para a fase da radiação é suave evitando o graceful exit problem. A equação gravitacional é derivada e sua parte dependente do tempo foi integrada numericamente num período relevante previamente delimitado, as soluções das ondas gravitacionais para as outras eras foram calculadas analiticamente. Os espectros de hoje das ondas gravitacionais foram calculados e comparados com os cálculos padrão onde é assumida uma transição abrupta. Verificou-se que o fundo estocástico de ondas gravitacionais é muito semelhante ao previsto pelo modelo de concordância cósmica mais a inflação, exceto para as frequências mais altas.

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