Zugl.: Göteborg, University, Diss. 2007.

This thesis considers the nature of pottery and its wider roles in the Highlands and Northern Isles of Scotland from 2500-1800 BC. The period under study represents a key moment in British prehistory with the introduction of metallurgy and wide-ranging changes in society. Since the inception of early Bronze Age studies pottery has played an important role in examinations of identity and chronology. As identified by several scholars there has been a recurrent emphasis on a select number of interpretive themes and regions such as Wessex and Aberdeenshire. This has marginalised certain areas creating an imbalance in our understanding of the tempo and dynamics of change during the period. Recent reviews have begun to address this issue, highlighting the importance of regional studies to our overall understanding of change in the later 3rd millennium. At present, there is no synthesis of ceramic material from the Highlands and Northern Isles that considers the diverse array of pot types and the contexts in which they are found. In response, this thesis aims to characterise the range of ceramic types, their contexts and associations. Through the course of this thesis a series of detailed regional datasets and interpretations are constructed. This is coupled with a review of the longer-term ceramic sequence across the study area, situating the advent of novel pot types within the existing ceramic repertoire. Secondly, this thesis examines the dynamics of ceramic similarity and difference, and what this reveals about regional preferences and identities alongside broader intra and supra regional networks. Drawing on recent relational approaches this thesis explores how ceramic categories came into being, persisted and dissipated at a range of scales. These approaches highlight the fluid nature of change and the need to consider pots as elements of wider assemblages. Through this examination it is possible to detect distinct trends in regional ceramics, allowing for the construction of narratives that extend beyond defining visual similarities, contributing towards understanding the wider significance of similarity and difference.

Thesis (doctoral)--Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, 1980. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 152-165).

Nous nous intéressons au comportement asymptotique de plusieurs urnes de type Polya fortement renforcées et interagissantes. Le principal de notre étude porte sur les renforcements exponentiels ou assimilés ainsi que sur les interactions temporelles, c'est-à-dire lors desquelles les urnes n'interagissent qu'à certains instants aléatoires. Dans ce cas, nous mettons en évidence une transition de phase selon la fréquence des interactions. Si celle ci est supérieure à 1/2, les urnes se fixent toutes sur la même couleur tandis que si elle est inférieure à 1/2, une couleur majoritaire se dégage mais certaines urnes peuvent continuer à tirer une autre couleur aux instants où il n'y a pas interaction. Lorsque le renforcement devient infini, nous pouvons calculer la loi du nombre d'urnes se comportant de cette dernière façon quand le nombre total d'urnes est égal à deux ou est un nombre impair.Quand l'interaction est totale, c'est-à-dire quand toutes les urnes interagissent à tout instant, nous montrons alors qu'un renforcement fort et croissant, mais plus nécessairement exponentiel, suffit à obtenir la fixation de toutes les urnes sur la même couleur.Pour finir, nous discutons brièvement du modèle d'interaction spatiale dans lequel les urnes sont situées sur les sommets d'un graphe et n'interagissent qu'avec leurs voisines. Nous dégageons alors quelques propriétés préliminaires concernant les sous-graphes susceptibles de se fixer sur une couleur avec une probabilité positive. / We study the asymptotic behavior of several Polya-type strongly reinforced interacting urns. The main results deal with exponential or exponential-like reinforcements and temporal interactions, that is when the urns interact only at some random times. In that case, we show the existence of a transition of phase depending on the frequency of interactions. If this frequency is larger than 1/2, all the urns eventually fixate on the same color, while if it is smaller than 1/2, a majority color will be fixed after some finite random time but while some of the urns eventually draw only the majority color, there can be other urns that still draw other colors at times where there is no interactions. When the reinforcement becomes infinite, we can calculate the law of the number of urns of later type when the total number of urns is two or an odd integer greater than two.When the interaction is maximal, that is when all the urns interact at any time, we show that a strong and non-decreasing reinforcement, but not necessarily exponential, suffices to obtain the fixation of all the urns on the same color.At the end, we consider briefly the spatial interaction model in which the urns are located on the vertices of a graph and interact only with their neighbors. In that case, we discuss some properties of sub-graphs that can fixate on one color with positive probability.

El mercado de mascotas viene creciendo de manera sostenible en los últimos años a tal punto que hoy en día éstas ocupan un lugar muy importante en los hogares de los peruanos. Los tiempos han cambiado y ahora las mascotas son consideradas como un miembro de la familia, cuyos dueños no escatiman en recursos para darles lo mejor para velar por su bienestar integral. Es tanto el amor que tienen por su mascota que, cuando fallecen, sus dueños quedan muy desolados y con una pena grande porque ya no podrán tenerla más a su lado. Es por ello, que creamos Eco Huellitas, una idea de negocio que permite a los dueños de las mascotas plasmar en un diseño lo que significaron éstas en vida, a través de urnas personalizadas y así de esta manera poder perennizar todo el amor que compartieron con ellas en vida. Este producto ofrece la alternativa de personalizar la urna de la mascota con el diseño que mejor la represente y además ofrece un servicio integral basado en la atención personalizada y en el acompañamiento que tanto necesita el cliente en esos momentos difíciles. / During the last years, the pet industry has grown sustainably at such extent that nowadays, pets occupy a very important place within Peruvian families. Time has changed, and now, pets are considered family members as well. Pet owners spare no resources to ensure they receive all they need to guarantee their integral welfare. The love they feel towards them is so great, that when their pets pass away, they feel very desolated and deeply moved by the great pain they feel for no longer having them by their side. For this reason, we created Eco Huellitas, a business idea that allows pet owners to capture in a design all what their pets mean to them in life. Our personalized pet urns allow Pet lovers to preserve all the love they shared with their pets. This product offers the alternative of a customized pet urn with the design that best evoques their pets, as a way of perpetuating the memory of them. It also offers a complete personalized service by providing them with the care and support they need during these hard moments. / Trabajo de investigación

This thesis presents a research on Vanth and Charun type demon depicted on relief urns from northern Etruria. The research focuses on urns from the Hellenistic period in Etruria (from the end of the 4th till 1st century BC). These urns were made in workshops in three Etruscan cities, which are now called Volterra, Chiusi and Perugia. The urns along with the centers of their production are described in one of the introductory chapters. Subsequently, the thesis focuses on a female demon Vanth and a male demon Charun, identified by their names inscribed on various media. Based on these, basic characteristics of these demons are evaluated and used as a basis for identification of demons on the relief urns in the database. The database is the core of the thesis. Its items are then classified by the production centers and the type of scenes that are in the reliefs on the front of the urns. Description of the urns is supplemented by pictures labeled with the names of the demons identified for a better representation. The data followed in the database are summarized in two analytical tables attached to the thesis. The database is evaluated in the last chapter and the appearance of demons and the attributes they hold in their hands are paid attention to. They are often related to the involvement of Vanth...

En la actualidad existe en Perú la Ley de Protección y Bienestar Animal N° 30407 que sanciona la crueldad, el abandono y la muerte de animales domésticos. Dando origen a un gran mercado lleno de oportunidades dirigido a las mascotas. En lima, cada vez hay más hogares con una mascota, sean estos perros, gatos, o cualquier otro animal doméstico. Estas mascotas se convierten en miembros de la familia, al cual se le brinda mucha atención, como salud, comida balanceada, prendas y hasta una digna sepultura. En este último punto, en la perdida de esta mascota, su ausencia, los sentimientos, la tristeza y los recuerdos que quisiéramos mantener latentes, acompañándonos aún. Ahí es que nace la idea de que las mascotas logren trascender en el tiempo, manteniendo los recuerdos y sentimientos hacia nuestras mascotas fallecidas, en urnas biodegradables personalizadas a la mascota, dando origen a “Urbi Huellitas Pets” una idea de negocio que permite a las familias mantener vivo el recuerdo de su mascota. Con un servicio personalizado dirigido a la necesidad de cada cliente. / There is currently in Peru the Animal Protection and Welfare Act No. 30407 which sanctions the cruelty, abandonment and death of domestic animals. Giving rise to a large market full of opportunities aimed at pets. In lime, there are more and more homes with a pet, be they these dogs, cats, or any other pet. These pets become family members, which are given a lot of attention, such as health, balanced food, clothing and even a dignified burial. At this last point, in the loss of this pet, its absence, the feelings, the sadness and the memories that we would like to keep dormant, accompanying us even. There is the idea that pets manage to transcend in time, maintaining memories and feelings towards our deceased pets, in biodegradable urns customized to the pet, giving rise to “Urbi Huellitas Pets” a business idea that allows families to keep the memory of their pet alive. With a personalized service aimed at the need of each client. / Trabajo de investigación

Desde os primórdios da agricultura e pecuária, o homem seleciona indivíduos com características desejáveis para reprodução e aumento da proporção de novos indivíduos com tais qualidades. Com o conhecimento da estrutura de DNA e o advento da engenharia genética, a identificação e caracterização de espécies e indivíduos conta com novas tecnologias para auxiliar no desenvolvimento de novas variedades de plantas e animais para diversos fins. Tais tecnologias envolvem procedimentos bioquímicos e físicos cada vez mais apurados que produzem medidas cada vez mais precisas, um exemplo disso são as técnicas que empregam a espectometria de massa para comparar polimorfismos de base única (SNPs). Nas plantas é comum a ocorrência de poliploidia, que consiste na presença de mais de dois cromossomos num mesmo grupo de homologia. A determinação do nível de ploidia é fundamental para a correta genotipagem e por consequência maior eficiência no estudo e aprimoramento genético de plantas. Neste trabalho caracterizamos o fenômeno da poliploidia com modelos probabilísticos de urnas e bolas, propondo um método eficiente e adequado de simulação, assim como uma técnica simples para inferir níveis de ploidia e classificar amostras bialélicas aproveitando características geométricas do problema. Análises de dados simulados e reais provenientes de um experimento de cana-de-açúcar foram realizadas com diferentes medidas de separação entre agrupamentos e diferentes condições experimentais. Para os dados reais, métodos gráficos descritivos evidenciam a corretude e coerência do método proposto, que pode ser generalizado para a genotipagem de locos multialélicos poliplóides. Encerramos o trabalho comparando nossos resultados com a abordagem SuperMASSA [Serang2012] que trouxe excelentes resultados ao problema. Todo código desenvolvido em linguagem R está disponibilizado com o texto. / Since the beginnings of agriculture and livestock, the man selects individuals with desirable characteristics to breed and increase the proportion of new individuals with such qualities. With knowledge of the DNA structure and the advent of genetic engineering, the identification and characterization of individual species can make use of new technologies to help develop new varieties of plants and animals for many purposes. These technologies involve complex biochemical and physical procedures that produce even more accurated measures, like techniques that employ mass spectrometry to compare single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). In plants it is common the occurrence of polyploidy, which is the presence of more than two chromosomes in the same group of homology. The determination of polyploidy level is essential for correct SNPs genotype calling and therefore greater efficiency in the study and genetic improvement of plants. In this work we characterize the phenomenon of poliploidy with probabilistic urns and balls models, proposing an efficient and appropriate method of simulation, as well as a simple technique to infer ploydy levels and classify biallelic samples accurately taking advantage of geometrical characteristics of the problem. Analysis of simulated and real data from an experiment of sugarcane were conducted with different measures of separation between groups and different experimental conditions. For the actual data, descriptive graphical methods show the correctness and consistency of the proposed method, which can be generalized to multi-allelic loci genotyping polyploid. We end our work comparing our results with the SuperMASSA [Serang2012] approach that brought excellent results to the problem. All code developed in language R were provided with the text.

Desde os primórdios da agricultura e pecuária, o homem seleciona indivíduos com características desejáveis para reprodução e aumento da proporção de novos indivíduos com tais qualidades. Com o conhecimento da estrutura de DNA e o advento da engenharia genética, a identificação e caracterização de espécies e indivíduos conta com novas tecnologias para auxiliar no desenvolvimento de novas variedades de plantas e animais para diversos fins. Tais tecnologias envolvem procedimentos bioquímicos e físicos cada vez mais apurados que produzem medidas cada vez mais precisas, um exemplo disso são as técnicas que empregam a espectometria de massa para comparar polimorfismos de base única (SNPs). Nas plantas é comum a ocorrência de poliploidia, que consiste na presença de mais de dois cromossomos num mesmo grupo de homologia. A determinação do nível de ploidia é fundamental para a correta genotipagem e por consequência maior eficiência no estudo e aprimoramento genético de plantas. Neste trabalho caracterizamos o fenômeno da poliploidia com modelos probabilísticos de urnas e bolas, propondo um método eficiente e adequado de simulação, assim como uma técnica simples para inferir níveis de ploidia e classificar amostras bialélicas aproveitando características geométricas do problema. Análises de dados simulados e reais provenientes de um experimento de cana-de-açúcar foram realizadas com diferentes medidas de separação entre agrupamentos e diferentes condições experimentais. Para os dados reais, métodos gráficos descritivos evidenciam a corretude e coerência do método proposto, que pode ser generalizado para a genotipagem de locos multialélicos poliplóides. Encerramos o trabalho comparando nossos resultados com a abordagem SuperMASSA [Serang2012] que trouxe excelentes resultados ao problema. Todo código desenvolvido em linguagem R está disponibilizado com o texto. / Since the beginnings of agriculture and livestock, the man selects individuals with desirable characteristics to breed and increase the proportion of new individuals with such qualities. With knowledge of the DNA structure and the advent of genetic engineering, the identification and characterization of individual species can make use of new technologies to help develop new varieties of plants and animals for many purposes. These technologies involve complex biochemical and physical procedures that produce even more accurated measures, like techniques that employ mass spectrometry to compare single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). In plants it is common the occurrence of polyploidy, which is the presence of more than two chromosomes in the same group of homology. The determination of polyploidy level is essential for correct SNPs genotype calling and therefore greater efficiency in the study and genetic improvement of plants. In this work we characterize the phenomenon of poliploidy with probabilistic urns and balls models, proposing an efficient and appropriate method of simulation, as well as a simple technique to infer ploydy levels and classify biallelic samples accurately taking advantage of geometrical characteristics of the problem. Analysis of simulated and real data from an experiment of sugarcane were conducted with different measures of separation between groups and different experimental conditions. For the actual data, descriptive graphical methods show the correctness and consistency of the proposed method, which can be generalized to multi-allelic loci genotyping polyploid. We end our work comparing our results with the SuperMASSA [Serang2012] approach that brought excellent results to the problem. All code developed in language R were provided with the text.

During the Nordic Bronze Age, houses were not exclusively connected with profane contexts, but did also feature in burial places, a peculiar fact when considering the careful separation of settlements and graves. What kind of houses do we find in these sacred contexts? What did these houses stand for? Why was the house symbolism chosen to accompany the dead? And why did the house symbolism flourish during the Nordic Bronze Age? To answer these questions three representatives for the house symbolism in Sweden are discussed in more detail, such as the burial in longhouses, peculiar houses called cult houses and house urns. Further, the phenomenon has been put in its temporal, geographic, social and ideological context, where aspects such as trade and settlement structure are presented. The house symbolism is, however, not confined to northern Europe. Through comparison with contemporary parallels in southern Europe and ethnohistoric analogies different possible viewpoints are detected.