The thesis deals with determination of soil loss by water erosion in the catchment area of Maleník stream and with project of erosion control measures to decrease in erosion. Determination of average long-term loss of soil by water erosion consists in expression of all factors of Universal Soil Loss Equation and multiplying their values. According to the determined results of soil loss, a system of erosion control measures was designed subsequently that reduced erosion below the permissible soil loss. In addition, Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation was calculated and the amount of sediment transported from the catchment area was determined. Finally, maps were made in the ArcGIS program that show study area, erosion in the catchment area and proposed erosion control measures.

This thesis deals with the issue of modern methods of water erosion determination. These methods of measuring soil erosion processes have been used: USLE equation, ERCN program, SMODERP model and application of USLE2D in GIS. Individual results were compared and their applicability was evaluated. Use of individual methods demonstrated big difference between ERCN and USLE results. ERCN also contained outdated values of erosion factors. SMODERP model provides different type of output data and model is not very expanded but outputs of simulation can be used for designing erosion control measures. USLE2D results were almost the same as USLE equation results. This method has the potential to replace manual USLE calculation. SMODERP model has been shown as useful for design of technical erosion control measures.

Riparian buffers are a commonly utilized best management practice (BMP) for mitigating non-point source pollution from agricultural fields. This practice is most effective when runoff enters the buffer as sheet flow. However runoff from becomes concentrated and forms concentrated flow paths (CFPs) breaking through the buffer in critical erosional areas. These critical areas can be determined prior to the implementation of a BMP such as a riparian buffer through incorporation of the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) with Geographic Information Systems (GIS). This approach utilizes field characteristics with hydrological processes in order to determine the erosion risk areas from observed field data throughout an entire watershed. In order to re-establish a riparian buffer in critical areas managers need a method that can prevent erosion and the loss of top soil. This study evaluates an innovative method, "Buffer in a Bag", used to restore riparian buffer benefits and to prevent further erosion in CFPs. There were three different treatments initiated for this study the first two treatments the "Buffer in a Bag", and Hand-Planted were implemented prior to the broadcasting of switchgrass seed. The final treatment was the Control, which required no planting within the treatment plot. The "Buffer in a Bag" treatment utilized the placement of giant cane rhizomes within burlap bags along the channel of concentrated flow. The hand planted treatment utilized the placement of giant cane rhizomes planted in the agricultural field adjacent to the path of concentrated flow. The presence of these CFPs breaking through riparian buffers has been noted, but the actual significant soil erosion occurring within the CFP and in the adjacent field has yet to be quantified. Through the use of topographical surveys and geostatistical analysis to produce digital elevation models (DEM) of in-field elevation changes the hydrological processes and volumetric difference for CFPs can be determined. The goal was to define the variability and the spatial pattern from the data as a means of providing comparisons between subsequent survey periods over time and space to estimate the difference and movement of sediment within CFPs. The volumetric differences found when comparing the DEMs between survey periods provide a quantifiable method for evaluating the implementation of a treatment, such as the "Buffer in a Bag". Using geostatistical analysis of volumetric difference between the treatment plots determined that that there was no significant difference between the CFP's over the study period. The mean percentage volumetric difference within the treatment plots between "Buffer in a Bag", Hand-Planted, and Control treatments were -2.49%, -3.72%, and -2.37%, respectively. There was overall net erosion across all treatments with the erosion and accumulation being significantly different across the survey periods for all the treatment CFPs. The mean percentage volume loss across treatments and survey periods varied from positive 10% accumulation to negative 15% erosion for overall loss when looking at each individual survey and CFP. The displayed loss of valuable topsoil and continued expansion of these concentrated flow paths emphasis the need for research in further management applications. There needs to be an effective method developed to address the volumetric difference within CFPs forming in these high risk erosion areas. Using a GIS/RUSLE approach to indicate these high risk erosion areas will hopefully facilitate the prevention of the formation of concentrated flow paths prior to the implementation of a BMP, such as riparian buffers.

Erosion is phenomenon, which continues to expand around the world and it is important to reduce its negative effects on both agricultural and non-agricultural lands. This thesis assesses impacts of anti-erosion measures of organizational, agrotechnical, technical character and their combinations modeled in GIS. The effects of four model crop rotation methods are compared here in combination with different variants of agro-technical measures. Then in the most critical lands have been compared the influences of the most apprepiate individual proceeding. Literature review introduces the reader to the problems of water erosion, modeling and solving anti-erosion protection.

Submitted by ANTONIO APARECIDO COUTO JUNIOR null (acjunior_2003@hotmail.com) on 2016-01-21T19:53:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 COUTO JUNIOR, A.A..pdf: 3010240 bytes, checksum: fe4cb682bc6ec5ccb27e530d99f668e2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-01-25T13:20:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 coutojunior_aa_me_rcla.pdf: 3010240 bytes, checksum: fe4cb682bc6ec5ccb27e530d99f668e2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-25T13:20:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 coutojunior_aa_me_rcla.pdf: 3010240 bytes, checksum: fe4cb682bc6ec5ccb27e530d99f668e2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-01-07 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Os processos erosivos são elementos essenciais para o conhecimento da evolução da paisagem continental. A ação desses processos resulta na degradação do solo, demandando a utilização de todas as ferramentas disponíveis para a avaliação dos mesmos. Nesse contexto, este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar e comparar as taxas de erosão hídrica e transporte de sedimentos da bacia do Ribeirão Cachoeirinha, Rio Claro (SP). Este trabalho foi conduzido considerando as seguintes etapas: caracterização dos aspectos fisiográficos da bacia, avaliação da erosão hídrica pela EUPS e quantificação do transporte de sedimentos pelo método simplificado de Colby (1957). Os resultados obtidos indicaram perda de solo de 1,40 t.ha-1. ano-1, com a taxa de 0,9 t.ha-1.ano-1 para o ano de 2014. O transporte de sedimentos foi de 0,37 t.ha-1.ano-1 para o mesmo ano, indicando que aproximadamente 41% do total de sedimento gerado pela erosão hídrica saiu efetivamente da bacia do Ribeirão Cachoeirinha. Assim, os resultados podem servir como uma estratégia viável para estudos de perda de solo e transporte de sedimentos, visando à elaboração de material consistente como subsídio a uma abordagem de planejamento ambiental e gestão territorial. / The erosive processes are essential elements for understanding the evolution of continental landscape. The action of these processes results in soil degradation and demands the use of all the tools available for this evaluation. In this context this research aimed to evaluate and compare erosion rates and sediment transport of Cachoeirinha stream basin, Rio Claro (SP). This work was done considering the following steps: characterization of the physiographic features of the basin, assessment of water erosion by USLE and quantification of sediment transport by the simplified method of Colby (1957). The results indicated soil loss of 1,40 t.ha-1 .year-1 , with the rate of 0,9 t.ha-1 for the year 2014. Already sediment transport was 0,37 t ha-1 .year-1 for the same year, indicating that about 41% of sediment generated by water erosion effectively leaves the Cachoeirinha stream basin. Thus, the results can contribute to the understanding of hydrosedimentological dynamic in this area and serve as a viable strategy for studies of soil loss and sediment transport, aiming at developing consistent material for future researches about environmental planning and land management. / FAPESP: 2014/02189-6

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2001-03Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T21:02:52Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 campos_sp_dr_botfca.pdf: 2540214 bytes, checksum: 309106dc2c9649ea318a40b3b1298dd5 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / A microbacia do riacho Água da Cachoeira, unidade hidrográfica básica para o desenvolvimento deste estudo, retrata uma situação complexa de degradação ambiental provocada pelo uso do solo sem a adoção de técnicas adequadas de manejo do solo. O uso adequado do solo exige a implantação e/ou manutenção de várias técnicas de manejo e conservação do solo envolvendo, além de sua delimitação, a identificação e mapeamento dos componentes relevo, hidrografia, geologia, solos, vegetação, erosão, classes de declive, entre outros. A equação universal de perdas de solos (EUPS) e os sistemas de informações geográficas (SIGs), que tem entre suas principais habilidades, a de fornecer condições para a integralização espacial de informações, apresentam-se como ferramentas ideais para avaliar o comportamento da erosão e promover subsídios para a proposição de técnicas de manejo que possibilitem a redução dos efeitos negativos da exploração agrícola sobre o solo e a água. Neste trabalho buscou-se avaliar, utilizando a EUPS e o sistema de informação geográfica IDRISI32, a perda de solo na microbacia Água da Cachoeira para a situação de uso de manejo existente no ano de 2000 e para uma situação de simulação embasada na utilização do terraceamento e na recomposição da mata ciliar. Para a situação de uso em 2000, a perda média de solo estimada para a microbacia foi de 9,54 t.ha-1.ano-1, estando as maiores taxas de perdas de solo concentradas nas áreas compostas pelo solo ARGISSOLO. Nestas áreas as perdas acima da tolerância de 6 t.ha-1.ano-1, são comuns justificando a ocorrência de afloramentos do horizonte B ou do material de origem. No LATOSSOLO foram observadas perdas acima da tolerância de 14 t.ha-1.ano-1, no entanto, com área total proporcionalmente menor, do que a encontrada para o ARGISSOLO.... / The microwatershed of Água da Cachoeira creek, basic hidrographic unit for the developmente of this study, portrays one complex situation of environment degradation, provoked by use without adoption of soil management adequate technique. The adequate use of soil requers the establishement and/or maintenance of several soil conservation and management technique, involving of the following components: relief, hidrografy, geology, soils, vegetation, erosion, slope classes, among others. The universal soil loss equation and geographic information systems (GIS), which has among its principal skills, to provide conditions to the space integralization of informations, are shown as ideal tools to evaluate the erosion behavior and to raise subsidy for management techniques recommenation that enables the negatives effects reduction of agricultural exploration on the soil and water. In this work, it was searched to estimate the behavior of drop soil in the watershed making use of USLE and IDRISI32 geographic information system, for the situation of use and management existent in the year 2000 and for a situation of simulation according to the recommendation offers for Campos (1996). To the use situation in 2000, the average soil drop estimated to the watershed was 9,54 t.ha-1.year-1, being the major rate of soil drops concentrated in areas containing the ULTISOLL soil. In this areas, drops over 6 t.ha-1.year-1 tolerance, are commons, justifying the occurrence of B horizon and rochy material outcropping. At about OXISOLL it was observed drops over 14 t.ha-1.year-1 tolerance, however, with area total proportionally smaller than the ones found to the ULTISOLL. With the adoption of terracing end cilium forest implantation, the average soil drop to the watershed became being 4,17 t.ha-1.year-1...(Complete abstract, click electronic address below).

A erosão é um fenômeno natural no modelado da superfície, no processo de remoção e de deposição de sedimentos, porém as atividades antrópicas, como o desmatamento, excedem os níveis naturais de perdas de solo. Para estimar a perda de solo anual em terrenos agricultáveis, existem modelos de predição, que relacionam elementos físicos da paisagem junto às atividades antrópicas existentes. Nessa temática, o objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar a perda de solos na Bacia Hidrográfica do Córrego Baguaçu, localizada no oeste do estado de São Paulo, considerada uma região de intensa erosão acelerada, resultado de solos provenientes de materiais arenosos e areno-argilosos de fácil erosão, isso aliado às pressões de uso agropecuário. A EUPS (Equação Universal de Perda de Solos) foi o modelo de predição utilizado para estimar a perda de solos superficiais nessa bacia. A EUPS permite avaliar o resultado dos produtos da erosividade da chuva, erodibilidade do solo, fator topográfico, cobertura do uso do solo, manejo e práticas conservacionistas. Utilizando o Sistema de Informação Geográfica (SIG), foi possível estimar espacialmente as áreas de maior vulnerabilidade a erosão, além de mapear feições lineares erosivas e apontar qual uso é mais responsável por grandes perdas de solos. Os resultados mostraram que grande parte da perda de solos na bacia concentra-se nas classes mais baixas (0 a 3 t/ha/ano), com predomínio das áreas ocupadas com pastagem e com cana-de-açúcar. / Erosion is a natural phenomenon in the modeled the surface removal process and sediment deposition, but human activities, such as deforestation, exceed natural levels of soil loss. To estimate the annual soil loss in arable land, there are models of prediction, which relate to physical elements of the landscape with anthropogenic activities. On this subject, the aim of this study is to evaluate the loss of soils in the watershed of Córrego Baguaçu, located in the west of the State of São Paulo, considered a region of intense accelerated erosion, result of soils from sandy and sandy-clay materials of easy erosion, that ally to the pressures of agricultural use. The USLE (Universal Soil loss Equation) was the prediction model used to estimate the loss of surface soils in this basin. The USLE allows you to evaluate the outcome of rainfall erosion index, soil erodibility, topographic factor, coverage of land use, management and conservation practices. Using the Geographical Information System (GIS), it was possible to estimate spatially the areas of greatest vulnerability to erosion, as well as linear features map changes and point out what is most responsible for heavy losses from soils. The results showed that much of the soil loss in the concentrates on lower classes (0 to 3 t/ha/yr), with predominance of the occupied areas with pasture and sugar cane.

The aim of this research is to evaluate the parameters of Kineros-2 model to the periurban catchments areas Alto da Colina II and Sítio do Tio Pedro, two little cachtments of Vacacai-Mirim river, in Santa Maria, RS state through the parameters variations involved in the calibration, trying to reach a better representation of the processes of the rainwater drainage. The catchments areas Alto da Colina II and Sítio do Tio Pedro are 1.44 km2 and 0.39 km2 as well as 3.82% and 13.09% of impermeable area respectively. The catchments area of Alto da Colina II was discretizated in 22 elements, which were 15 flats and 7 canals. The catchments area of Sítio do Tio Pedro was discretizated in 10 elements, which were 7 flats and 3 canals. The main focus of this work was the calibration of selected events to the respective catchments areas and the understanding of the parameters involved in the simulations. Five events rainy for each of the two catchements studied, corresponding to events used by Bastos (2007), obtained from Belló (2004) and Carvalho (2003) for the evaluation of the model SWMM. The physical characteristics and the use and occupancy of the soil were obtained from Bellinaso (2003) and Carvalho (2003). The cross sections representing stretches of stream, were obtained from survey conducted by MELLER (2004). The results obtained in the calibration of parameters were satisfactory. For the discretization adopted in the Alto da Colina II cachtmet has obtained an average coefficient of determination between the calculated and observed from 0.92 to 0.78 for flow and sediment totals. In discretization applied to the Sítio do Tio Pedro Cachtment, the determination coefficient average of 0.78 was found to flow and sediment to total one can not calculate the determination coefficient because the small size of the cachtment. / O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar os parâmetros do modelo Kineros2 para as bacias hidrográficas periurbanas Alto da Colina ll e Sítio do Tio Pedro, pequenas sub-bacias do rio Vacacaí-Mirim, em Santa Maria-RS, através da variação dos parâmetros envolvidos na calibração, buscando a melhor representação dos processos envolvidos no escoamento pluvial. As bacias Alto da Colina II e Sítio do Tio Pedro têm áreas de 1,44, e 0,39 km² e porcentagens de áreas impermeáveis de 3,82 e 13,09% respectivamente. A bacia Sítio do Tio Pedro foi discretizada em 10 elementos, sendo destes 7 planos e 3 canais. A bacia Alto da Colina II, por sua vez, foi discretizada em 22 elementos, sendo destes 15 planos e 7 canais.O enfoque principal do trabalho foi a calibração de eventos selecionados para as respectivas bacias e o entendimento dos parâmetros envolvidos nas simulações. Foram selecionados 5 eventos chuvosos para cada uma das duas bacias estudadas, correspondendo a eventos utilizados por Bastos (2007), obtidos de Belló (2004) e Carvalho (2003) para a avaliação do modelo SWMM. Foram utilizadas as características físicas e do uso e ocupação do solo obtidas por Bellinaso (2003) e Carvalho (2003). As seções transversais representativas dos trechos de arroio, foram obtidas de levantamento topográfico realizado por Meller (2004). Os resultados obtidos na calibração dos parâmetros foram satisfatórios. Para a discretização adotada na bacia hidrográfica Alto da Colina II foi obtido um coeficiente de determinação médio entre os valores calculados e observados de 0,92 para a vazão e 0,78 para sedimentos totais. Na discretização aplicada à bacia hidrográfica Sítio do tio Pedro o coeficiente de determinação médio encontrado foi de 0,78 para a vazão e para sedimentos totais não se pode calcular o coeficiente de determinação devido às dimensões diminutas da bacia.

This thesis deals with the influence of the landscape structure on the erosion and runoff conditions. The aim of the thesis is to analyze the erosion and runoff conditions of the landscape in the area of Stará Ves by Bílovec for three different time periods and for the design condition. The thesis is divided into four parts, the first part is theoretical, dealing with erosion and runoff conditions in the form of research. The second part analyzes the current state of the area. The third part of the thesis defines and evaluates the erosion wash off and runoff condiditons for given variations. The last part deals with the development of the land use from 1957 to the present.

The diploma thesis is focused on evaluation of the average long-term loss of soil by water erosion in the cadastral areas of Oslavany and Padochov. To determine the erosi-on risk of agricultural land before and after proposal of anti-erosion measures, the uni-versal USLE equation according to Wischmeier and Smith was used. The programs ArcGIS, LS CONVENTER, USLE 2D and MS Excel were used to calculate individual factors. All the map documentation was created by using the program ArcGIS.