Orientador: Edério Dino Bidóia / Banca: José Carlos Marconato / Banca: Antonio Sergio Spanó Seixas / Resumo: O interesse científico e comercial pela catálise ambiental expandiu-se significativamente, nos últimos anos, devido ao aumento contínuo das restrições legais sobre a qualidade das emissões. Cada vez mais, surgem demandas pelo desenvolvimento de tecnologias de tratamento e remediação de água. Com isso, a catálise pode ser a peça chave neste desenvolvimento. Os efluentes industriais, como os provenientes das refinarias de petróleo, indústrias petroquímicas e coquearias, freqüentemente contêm compostos fenólicos que são tóxicos ao ambiente aquático e ao homem. Estes compostos são tratados convencionalmente através de processos biológicos, de extração e adsorção. Entretanto, estas técnicas apresentam limitações para aplicação em sistemas de concentrações intermediárias e em presença de multicomponentes fenólicos, além de representarem um elevado custo de tratamento. Dessa forma, o uso de tecnologias avançadas de oxidação catalítica vem se consolidando como uma das tendências de desenvolvimentos futuros em catálise, como a fotocatálise. Neste contexto, estão os processos oxidativos avançados (POAs), os quais se caracterizam pela capacidade de gerar radicais hidroxila que são responsáveis por oxidar compostos orgânicos. Dentre os POAs se encontra o processo fotocatalítico. A fotocatálise heterogênea é baseada na irradiação de um fotocatalisador, geralmente um semicondutor inorgânico, como o TiO2, cuja energia do fóton deve ser maior ou igual a energia do band gap do semicondutor para provocar uma transição eletrônica (excitação). Assim, o processo é capaz de oxidar os compostos orgânicos à CO2 e H2O. Entretanto, a aplicação prática da fotocatálise heterogênea em suspensões de TiO2 apresenta algumas desvantagens, como a separação final das partículas do catalisador e o baixo rendimento quântico. Através de eletrodos térmicos... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Scientific and commercial interest in environmental catalysis expanded significantly in last years due to restrictions about the emissions quality. Even more, it has been increasing the demands for the development of technologies for water treatment and remediation. Thus, catalysis may be an important technique in this area. Industrial effluents, such as petrochemical wastewater, often present phenolic compounds that are toxic to aquatic environment and humans. These compounds are conventionally treated by biological, extraction and adsorption process. However, these processes have limitation in systems with intermediate concentrations and in presence of phenol derivates, besides of represent high cost. Therefore, the use of advanced technologies of catalytic oxidation has been consolidated as one of tendencies in future developments in catalysis, such as the photocatalysis. In this context are the advanced oxidative processes (AOPs), which are able to generate hydroxyl radicals that are responsible for oxidizing organic compounds. And, within the AOPs is the photocatalysis. The heterogeneous photocatalysis is based on irradiation of a photocatalyzer that is usually an inorganic semiconductor, such as TiO2. Photon energy must be greater or equal to the semiconductor's band gap energy to cause an electronic transition (excitation). Hence, the process is able to oxidize organic compounds to CO2 and H2O. Nevertheless, heterogeneous photocatalysis application with TiO2 suspensions presents some disadvantages, for example the final separation of catalyst particles and the low quantum yield. Through Ti/TiO2 thermal electrodes, these problems can be solves, because it becomes unnecessary the final separation of particles and it is also possible the application of an electric potential on electrode. Electric potential improves the photocatalytic efficiency due to the electronic drainage that... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-08-25T12:47:20Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Cíntia das Chagas Bernardo - 2016.pdf: 2168975 bytes, checksum: f20144021bf112df62693342cfba7dae (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-08-25T12:47:45Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Cíntia das Chagas Bernardo - 2016.pdf: 2168975 bytes, checksum: f20144021bf112df62693342cfba7dae (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-25T12:47:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Cíntia das Chagas Bernardo - 2016.pdf: 2168975 bytes, checksum: f20144021bf112df62693342cfba7dae (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-19 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The current study compared the virulence of conidia and blastospores of Metarhizium anisopliae s.l. (IP 363), Metarhizium robertsii (IP 146) and Beauveria bassiana s.l. (IP 361 and GC 307) against Rhipicephalus microplus, and the tolerance to heat and UV-B radiation; in addition, it evaluated the development of conidia and blastospores of the isolates IP 146 and IP 361 on the tick cuticle by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Larvae and engorged females of R. microplus were treated (larvae: 106, 107 or 108 propagules/mL, females: 107 propagules/mL) by immersion in conidia or blastospores suspensions of tested isolates. The higher percentage of larval mortality was obtained in the group treated with conidia of IP 361, which had lower LC50. In bioassays with engorged females, IP 146 and IP 361 blastospores, provided tick percent control superior to 90%, while conidia of the same isolates, promoted 70.97% and 63.29% of tick control, respectively. Ticks were treated topically with 50 μL of fungal suspension (107 propagules/mL) and incubated at different times from 0 to 96 hours to analyze its development on the engorged females cuticle; after each incubation time, the females were fixed and analyzed by SEM. Blastospores of both isolates have started development 4 hours after treatment, demonstrating rapid development and suggesting penetration by the tick natural openings; at 4 hours incubation, indicative of penetration of IP 361 blastospores through the cuticle was observed, but no signs of penetration was observed with IP 146 blastospores at any time evaluated. Furthermore, fungal suspensions (103 propagules/mL) were exposed to heat (45 °C) for several time periods, then inoculated in Petri plates with BDAY medium plus chloramphenicol (0.055% v/v), and incubated for 7 days at 27 °C and RH ≥ 80%. ARSEF 324 conidia (79.1%) were more tolerant to heat than conidia of IP 363 (55.5%), IP 146 (1.5%), GC 307 (0%), and IP 361 (0% ) at 2 hours exposure, as well as blastospores after 60 minutes exposure, demonstrating mean percent CFU of 100%, 12.3%, 30.7%, 55% and 0%, respectively. Fungal suspensions (103 propagules/mL) were also inoculated on BDAY in Petri plates, and exposed to UV-B radiation; after treatment, plates were incubated for 7 days at 27 °C and RH ≥ 80%. No difference in mean relative percent CFU between conidia and blastospores was observed. Suitable adjuvants which aim at protecting fungal propagules against stressful abiotic factors are required for conidia and blastospores; however, the selection of isolates with marked natural tolerance to heat and UV-B radiation may increase performance of bioproducts. Accordingly, it is suggested that blastospores are promising fungal propagules for biological control of ticks, since they were virulent against R. microplus; in addition, the rapid development of blastospores on the tick cuticle indicates they may be exposed shortly to harmful environmental abiotic factors. / O presente estudo comparou conídios e blastosporos de Metarhizium anisopliae s.l. (IP 363), Metarhizium robertsii (IP 146) e Beauveria bassiana s.l. (IP 361 e CG 307) quanto a virulência para Rhipicephalus microplus, e quanto a tolerância ao calor e a radiação UV-B; foi avaliado ainda o desenvolvimento de conídios e blastosporos dos isolados IP 146 e IP 361 na cutícula de carrapatos por meio da microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Larvas e fêmeas ingurgitadas de R. microplus foram tratadas (larvas: 106, 107 ou 108 propágulos/mL; fêmeas: 107 propágulos/mL) por imersão, com conídios e blastosporos dos isolados avaliados. Maior percentual de mortalidade foi obtido nos grupos de larvas tratadas com conídios de IP 361, o qual obteve menor CL50. No bioensaio com fêmeas, blastosporos de IP 146 e IP 361 proporcionaram percentual de controle superior a 90%, enquanto que conídios dos mesmos isolados promoveram mortalidade de 70,97% e 63,29%, respectivamente. Para análise do desenvolvimento dos propágulos na cutícula de fêmeas ingurgitadas, essas foram tratadas topicamente com 50 µL de suspensão fúngica (107 propágulos/mL), incubadas em diferentes tempos de 0 a 96 horas; após cada tempo de incubação as fêmeas foram processadas e analisadas por MEV. Blastosporos de ambos isolados iniciaram seu desenvolvimento já após 4 horas de tratamento, demonstrando rápido desenvolvimento e sugerindo penetração por aberturas naturais do carrapato; com 4 horas de incubação foi possível ver a penetração de blastosporos de IP 361 através da cutícula, situação não evidenciada pelo isolado IP 146 em nenhum tempo avaliado. Nos testes de tolerância ao calor, o isolado de Metarhizium acridum (ARSEF 324) foi inserido como isolado padrão, por ser conhecida a sua tolerância. Suspensões fúngicas (103 propágulos/mL) foram expostas ao calor (45°C) por diferentes tempos, em seguida inoculadas em placas de Petri com meio BDAY acrescido de cloranfenicol (0,055% v/v) e incubadas por 7 dias a 27°C, e UR ≥ 80%. Conídios de ARSEF 324 (79,1%) demonstraram ser mais tolerantes ao calor do que conídios de IP 363 (55,5%), IP 146 (1,5%), CG 307 (0%) e IP 361 (0%) no tempo de 2 horas de exposição, assim como blastosporos no tempo de 60 minutos, demonstrando percentual relativo médio de 100%, 12,3%, 30,7%, 55% e 0%, respectivamente. Nos testes de exposição à UV-B, suspensões fúngicas (103 propágulos/mL) foram inoculadas em placas de Petri contendo BDAY e expostas a diferentes doses de radiação; após tratamento, as placas foram incubadas por 7 dias a 27°C, e UR ≥ 80%. Não houve diferença do percentual relativo médio de conídios e blastosporos expostos a mesma dose de radiação. Adjuvantes adequados que visem proteger os propágulos fúngicos contra fatores abióticos estressantes são requeridos para formulações de conídios e blastosporos; no entanto, a seleção de isolados naturalmente mais tolerantes ao calor e a radiação UV-B podem favorecer o desenvolvimento de bioprodutos. Nesse sentido, acredita-se que blastosporos sejam promissores para o biocontrole de carrapatos, já que estes se demonstraram virulentos para R. microplus, além de apresentarem rápido desenvolvimento sobre a cutícula desse artrópode, o que pode indicar menor tempo de exposição desses propágulos a fatores abióticos limitantes no ambiente.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-05-19T11:18:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 cintiaelenaleitezini.pdf: 1012817 bytes, checksum: 16d3eeb0ce6461fd408d038e2c23987e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-06-27T18:41:38Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 cintiaelenaleitezini.pdf: 1012817 bytes, checksum: 16d3eeb0ce6461fd408d038e2c23987e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-27T18:41:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 cintiaelenaleitezini.pdf: 1012817 bytes, checksum: 16d3eeb0ce6461fd408d038e2c23987e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-07-05 / A exposição inadequada a radiação solar ocasiona sérios danos a pele, como queimaduras, fotoenvelhecimento, queratose actínica e câncer, sendo por isso motivo crescente de preocupação por parte dos órgãos de saúde. Estima-se que no Brasil surjam 140.000 novos casos de câncer de pele em 2012. O principal mecanismo pelo qual a radiação UV danifica a pele é através da lesão ao DNA, que pode ser direta, por dimerização de suas bases, ou indireta, via ação de espécies reativas de oxigênio. Uma das formas de evitar os efeitos nocivos da radiação solar é a utilização de protetores solares. Estudos tem sido realizados com a finalidade de ampliar o fator de proteção solar (FPS) pela associação de extratos vegetais com filtros orgânicos. Vegetais ricos em compostos fenólicos e flavonóides são de particular interesse por estarem relacionados a atividade fotoprotetora e antioxidante. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho teve o objetivo de avaliar o potencial fotoprotetor e a atividade antioxidante in vitro de extratos de Mikania glomerata, Ginkgo biloba, Matricaria chamomilla, Aquillea millefolium e Aesculus hippocastanum e das substâncias bioativas rutina e vanilina. Os teores de compostos fenólicos e flavonóides dos extratos foram determinados espectrofotometricamente e a atividade antioxidante de extratos, rutina e vanilina foi avaliada frente ao radical DPPH. Formulações em gel e emulsão O/A foram preparadas associando-se 5% do filtro orgânico ácido 2-fenilbenzimidazol-5-sulfônico a 3,5% v/v de extratos, 0,1% ou 0,25% de rutina ou vanilina e os valores de FPS determinados espectrofotometricamente pelo método de Mansur. O extrato de A. hippocastanum produziu a maior elevação de FPS do gel, enquanto a rutina 0,25% produziu o valor mais elevado de FPS da emulsão. O extrato de A. hippocastanum demonstrou o maior potencial fotoprotetor e antioxidante, podendo ser considerado promissor adjuvante em formulações de protetores solares. / Inadequate exposure to sun radiation causes serious skin damages, such as sunburn, photoaging, actinic keratosis and cancer, and therefore causes growing concern among health organizations. It is estimated that in Brasil 140.000 new cases of skin cancer will arise in 2012. The main mechanism in which the UV radiation damages the skin is through DNA lesion, which can be direct by dimerization of its bases, or indirectly via action of reactive oxygen species. One way to avoid the harmful effects of sun radiation is to apply sunscreens. Studies have been done aiming to increase the sun protection factor (SPF) by the association of plant extracts with organic filters. Plant extracts rich in phenolic and flavonoid compounds are of particular interest since they are related to photoprotective and antioxidant activities. Thus, this study aims to assess the potential photoprotection and the antioxidant activity in vitro of Mikania glomerata, Ginkgo biloba, Matricaria chamomilla, Aquillea millefolium and Aesculus hippocastanum extracts, also the bioactive substances rutin and vanillin. The phenolic and flavonoids compound levels of the extracts were settled by spectrofotometry and the extract’s antioxidant activity, rutin and vanillin, were evaluated against DPPH radical. Gel and O/W emulsion formulations were prepared by adding 5% of organic filter 2-phenylbenzimidazole-5-sulfonic acid to 3,5% v/v of extracts, 0,1% or 0,25% of rutin or vanillin and the SPF values determined spectrophotometrically by Mansur’s method. The extract of A. hippocastanum produced the highest elevation of gel SPF, while 0.25% rutin produced the highest value of emulsion SPF. The extract of A. hippocastanum showed the greatest potential photoprotective and antioxidant, it can be considered promising in formulations of sunscreens.

Over the course of an organism's life, its genome is exposed to endogenous and exogenous chemical, physical and biological agents - genotoxins. These genotoxins alter its basic structural components - sugar residues, phosphodiester bonds, and nitrogenous bases. Organisms have therefore evolved a plethora of different strategies to both repair DNA lesions and maintain genomic stability. These DNA repair pathways are linked with several other cell pathways, including chromatin remodelling, DNA replication, transcription, cell cycle control, apoptosis - programmed cell death (PCD), thereby providing a coordinated cellular response to DNA damage. Biochemical mechanisms of DNA repair are relatively well understood in yeast and mammals, however, far less so in plants. While these repair mechanisms are evolutionary conserved, significant differences still remain. Therefore, further investigation is required. This thesis summarises the introduction of a novel plant model - the moss, Physcomitrella patens (Physcomitrella). As a haploid gametophyte with unique characteristics of high frequency of homologous recombination (HR), and apical growth of filaments, it is an ideal organism to study DNA repair in plants. Previous research on Physcomitrella regarding mechanisms of DNA lesion repair induced by...

Abstract Protecting human skin against harmful UV radiation from the sun is an acute problem nowadays. Due to decreased thickness of the ozone layer, more UV light reaches the ground surface. This is one of the reasons of increased frequency of skin diseases. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles are embedded with sunscreens into the skin to attenuate UV radiation through absorption and scattering. The effectiveness of the interaction between particles and UV light depends on nanoparticle sizes. The aim of the study is to predict how the optical properties of the superficial layer of the human skin (stratum corneum) can be modified by means of nanoparticles, assuming that these particles are spheres and do not aggregate (this is achieved by application of some modern treatment techniques). In-depth distribution of TiO2 particles embedded into the skin after multiple applications of sunscreens was determined experimentally using the tape-stripping technique. A computer code implementing the Monte Carlo method was developed to simulate photon migration within the 20-μm thick horny layer partially filled with nano-sized TiO2 spheres, 35–200 nm in diameter. Dependencies of UV radiation of two wavelengths (310 and 400 nm) absorbed by and totally reflected from, as well as transmitted through the horny layer on the size of TiO2 particles were obtained and analyzed. Silicon nanoparticles of the same diameters were considered for comparison. The most attenuating particles were found for both cases. The harmful side-effect of UV light absorption by TiO2 particles is the generation of free radicals. Study of this phenomenon, using an electron paramagnetic resonance technique, was also carried out in this thesis. Comparison of the strength of the effect was done for two particle sizes administered onto either glass slides or porcine ear skin.

Roofing foils are known for several years as building material for roof hydro insulation but their life service is not yet fully known. This thesis is focused on problematics of life service of roofing foils. In theoretical part there is discribed structure of foils and impacts which assist degradation processes. Practical part modifies the methodology artificial aging which is simulated in QUV tester and Q-SUN XE3 tester lumber-rooms. The thesis is trying reach with the results to natural aging as close as possible. The testing captures attributes which are more prone to degradation.

The topic of this thesis is to create a study of the rehabilitation of the sewer network. The sewer system under assessment is located in city Znojmo, specifically Znojmo – city. In this case, rehabilitation is proposed in order to improve the functional operational properties of the sewer network and extend its service life. The work was divided into two basic parts, namely the Accompanying and Summary Technical Report. Three variants of solution were proposed. The first two variants are made as trenchless using a sanitation sleeve in the first one and a short sanitation sleeve in combination with a sanitation sleeve in the second. The third variant is made as an open excavation recovery. A description of the rehabilitation technology was carried out and the facts that each individual Option or what the three Option would bring up were defined. These three variants of the solution are assessed in terms of economic, technical and environmental impact.

This diploma thesis focuses on possibilities of applications of UV radiation to remove pollutants from water. It summarizes sources of UV radiation and list their benefits and properties. The thesis characterizes so called advanced oxidation processes using UV light. Degradation pathways od pyridine and its derivatives especially halogenated pyridines are described. The photodegradability of pyridine and a rate of this reaction in model water is investigated in the experimental part. Also, the effect of concentration and dose of H2O2 is assessed. Gas chromatography was used to determinate concentrations of pyridine in samples.

The quality of raw water is deteriorating with the continuous increase in environmental pollution. Raw water is being modified to drinking water by technological processes, and it is therefore necessary to put increased demands on the efficiency of these technological processes and their possible innovation. Due to the fact that raw water is contaminated with different types of pollutants, it is necessary to continuously control the drinking water supplied to the public distribution network in order to ensure its quality. Drinking water treatment is still unable to treat the raw water perfectly, its pollution is only reduced to acceptable standards. For this reason, it is indispensable that the quality of drinking water is being checked regularly and at the same time the efficiency of individual technological processes of drinking water treatment is assessed. This includes screening analysis or eventually ecotoxicological tests. The thesis focuses on the efficiency of technological processes of drinking water treatment. Within the experimental part, samples of raw water and samples of water after each separation stage have been collected at the drinking water treatment plant in the Czech Republic. These samples have been subjected to ecotoxicological tests and screening analysis. Based on the ecotoxicological tests carried out on Thamnocephalus platyurus, Lemna minor and Vibrio fischeri, we can assume the emergence of harmful chlorinated by-products, resulting to nearly 100% mortality in T. platyurus. The results of the screening analysis carried out indicate, after the extraction of specimens by the SPE method using HPLC/MS, that the most effective method for the removal of hormonal substances is ozonization.

No description available.