This study deals with theories of community, justice, and freedom within liberalism, communitarianism, African philosophy and theology. The study maintains that there are different latitudes on how to formulate and articulate theories of community, justice and freedom informed by particualr moral experiences with bearing on different views of human. People differ and their claims on moral matters are influenced by contexts in which they find themselves, which means that cultural diversity has bearing on different interpretations of what it means to be a human being. Given the importance of this diversity, of particular significance in this study is the relationship between various theories of justice and freedom and different understandings of the relationship between the individual and the community. The study endorses that any contemporary discourse on community, justice, and freedom to be adequate should take notice on the political, economic, and cultural aspirations of the people it seeks to address itself. It argues that there might be alternative theories of community, justice, and freedom which may give a fuller appreciation to the fact that there are different understandings of what community implies as well as what justice and freedom means. One such alternative is the African view of human, that of "ubuntu", which maintains that "to be" is "to belong". In this view a person is because of others, and by inference one's humanity, including one's sense of personhood, is affirmed by affirming the humanity and personhood of others. The first aim of the study is to examine how we should understand different theories of justice and freedom within Western political philosophy, and African political theory and theology. The second aim is to analyse how different theories of justice and freedom are related to different conceptions of the relationship between the individual and the community. The third and final aim is to propose an adequate theory of community, justice, and freedom from an African perspective.

The Rainbow Nation is a critical analysis of the notions of community in the thinking of Desmond Tutu. An attempt is being made in this study to demonstrate that the ideal of the Rainbow Nation –an inclusive human community- is a defining motif in Tutu's theological and biblical hermeneutical work. The main discussion in the research project begins by raising a fundamental question which serves as the basis for an analytical construct to examine Tutu's understanding and view of community. The second part of this study focuses on Tutu's early life experiences of community within the South African context. Tutu's writings, sermons, public addresses and statements are systematically and chronologically arranged and presented. This study concludes that Tutu's theology against the apartheid system and his vision for new South Africa, the Rainbow Nation- an inclusive South African Community- rests on triadic doctrines: The Imago Dei, creation of man in the image of God, The Delicate Networks of Interdependence (African Spirit of Ubuntu) and Ecclesiology, which represents the kingdom of God on earth. It is no wonder that out of an oppressive condition Tutu sought a universal vision of inclusive humanity which transcends the barriers of race, class, tribe, ethnicity, religion and other forms of sectarianism. The fundamental problem addressed here, is the notions of community. Its importance and relevance lies in its examination of his approach to the logical development understanding, and realisation of the ideal of the Rainbow Nation. A serious contention in this study is that a critical analysis of the problem in Tutu's thinking can yield insight into the conception, character and realisation of a more inclusive, loving and caring human community. However the author of this study is aware of the fact that one cannot possibly exhaust all the salient aspects of the rainbow nation as a model of an inclusive human community. What this study is attempting to provide here is the insight into the thinking of Desmond Tutu that makes contribution to the discussion of the realisation of the beloved human community. The model of human inclusive community proposed here is functional not contemplative theoretical. Human inclusive community has always been a dynamic force and has social implications which cannot all be covered by this study. / Systematic Theology / D. Th. (Systematic Theology)

When violence towards fellow humans deteriorates to the extent of setting fire on others, it becomes a matter of grievous concern and a subject of empirical research. This study therefore inquires into xenophobic violence in South Africa of 2008 and tries to understand the victims‟ plight in the light of their conception of the image of God. To achieve this, a questionnaire survey among migrant victims from other African countries was conducted, analysed and critiqued. The findings established a deep feeling of animosity from a section of a South Africans with consequent loss of property, physical harm and death, as well as emotional trauma. The study deduces that such hostile treatment by hosts results from a loss of African humanity, Ubuntu. Going forward a theology of the image of God is critical for human relations in South Africa and essential for reconciliation between migrants and locals. / Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology / M. Th. (Missiology)

Distributed Denial of Service attacks are an ever prevalent challenge for system administra-tors today to overcome. The attack, which is all about restricting legitimate users access to a service, such as a web-page. Can cost companies and governments millions of dollars if not properly managed. This study aims to explore if there is any difference in performance between some of the most modern iterations of popular server operating systems today. Those server operating systems are: Windows Server 2016, Ubuntu 16 and FreeBSD 11. And submitting them to one of the most popular DDoS attacks at the time of writing, a so called HTTP-Get request. The webservers used are some of the most widely used today, Apache and Microsoft IIS. Each server will be submitted to attacks, and compared between one another. Different de-fence methods will also be tested and examined. Tests include shorter tests that is repeated multiple times for data validity, and one longer test for every condition in order to control if the results are similar. During these tests, the operating systems will measure CPU/RAM utilization, and a control computer will measure Round Trip Time. Windows Server 2016 using IIS and FreeBSD 11 perform similarly resource wise, but Win-dows Server 2016 with IIS had a better Round Trip Time performance. Windows Server 2016 with Apache performs worst in all measurements, while Ubuntu 16 performs in the middle, but has the most stable performance.

Det nya internetprotokollet, IPv6 är annorlunda uppbyggt och har större header jämfört med dess föregångare IPv4. Denna rapport undersöker de två protokollens prestanda, avseende överföringskapacitet, jitter, paketförlust och CPU-belastning i operativsystemen Windows 7 och Ubuntu 10.10. Undersökningen genomfördes med hjälp av experiment och mätningar för att visa vilket protokoll och operativsystem som har bäst prestanda. Mätverktyget som användes är Iperf. Resultatet visar att det äldre protokollet presterar lite bättre än dess ersättare vid flertalet mätningar, såsom överföringskapacitet och paketförlust. Resultatet visar även att Windows fick en högre CPU-belastning än Ubuntu vid flertalet tillfällen. / The new internet protocol, IPv6 is differently structured and has a larger header compared to its predecessor, IPv4. This report examines the two protocols performance, in regard of transfer, jitter, packet loss and CPU-load on the two operating systems, Windows 7 and Ubuntu 10:10. The survey was conducted by means of experiments and measurements to show which protocol and operating system that accomplishes the best performance. The measurement tool used in the experiments was Iperf. The result shows that the earlier protocol, IPv4, performs slightly better than its replacement in most measurements, such as transmission capacity and packet loss. The results also shows that Windows 7 has a higher CPU-load than Ubuntu on several occasions in the experiments.

In this thesis I consider ubuntu as a metonym for the particularly African features of South African philosophy. Given that Mbembe critiques African philosophy in general as having failed because it has been subsumed under two unreflective political movements in African thought, I consider whether or not the concept of ubuntu escapes his critique. After developing criteria for measuring the success of any philosophical concept, I conclude that ubuntu is unsuccessful. I then identify the political constraints placed on ubuntu that lead to its failure. These constraints arise from having to validate Africa as a place of intellectual worth. Considering the role of place in these constraints, I argue that a far more productive approach to ubuntu (and South African philosophy in general) is to explicitly incorporate this place into our philosophical project. I use the conceptual framework developed by Bruce Janz to provide a systematic account of place that can be used in formulating South African philosophy. I add to Janz, arguing that philosophy is a response to a particular feature of place: the mystery. By incorporating place into ubuntu, I am able to start developing a philosophical concept which can fulfil the political constraints placed on ubuntu without sacrificing its philosophical integrity. I suggest that ubuntu remains an interesting concept primarily because it promises to respond to the fragmentation of the South African place. I conclude by arguing that ubuntu should be used as the basis for a civic religion which responds to the fragmentation of the South African place. This civic religion will give rise to a significantly distinct philosophical tradition which should not succumb to Mbembe’s critique.

This study is a research and the investigation in order to find out why young daughters in-laws in the Black Families are badly treated. The researcher tried to find out whether there was any writer who had done any work on this study in order to ascertain some facts form the olden way of treating daughters in-law. The author found out that there was no work concerning the relationship of daughters in-law and their mothers in-law. Most of the work in this study was done in China, India, Philippines and Western Countries. The author took the initiative to interview young women and the old women in order to dig out the problem of abusive relationship between them. Two models were used in this study in order to find the healing process for both parties. The Methodology of Shepherding was used in order to find method of journeying with abused daughters in-law. The model Positive Deconstruction was used in order to help people to replace what is not good with something better. The objective of the study is to empower and raise awareness of the cultural system which continuously oppress women. The abusive relationship leads to the separation of extended families. The aim of the study is to construct a good relationship between the daughters in-law and their in-laws. The study revealed that mothers in-law abusive attitude is propelled by the love of their sons. They are so attached to their sons in such a way that they do not trust another woman in their sons’ lives. The study found out that the bond of the son and mother is caused by genetic impact. The love between these people is the umbilical cord which does not separate them. The relationship between them would become healthy if the love for each other become the man needs both women in his life. The study revealed again that if the mother in-law was abused by her mother in-law it was likely that she would abuse the daughter in-law. This act is caused by the low self esteem she carried and experienced in her abusive relationship. / Dissertation (MA(Theol))--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Practical Theology / unrestricted

Chapter one gives a proposed outline for the research that will develop the theological-ethical dimension of neighbor as discerned from Leviticus 19. This chapter will give the reader an understanding of the purpose, motivation, and a hypothesis for the proposed research. An outline of the impending study will also be highlighted. In chapter two a brief discussion of two events and the evangelical denomination that have shaped my worldview will be highlighted. This chapter will also explore the diverse world of ideological criticism. A look at the wide ranging areas of specialties within ideological criticism will be the focus of this chapter. The way in which ideological criticism will be utilized as an interpretive methodology will be argued alongside Mary Douglas’ ring composition as a function of socio-rhetorical criticism. A grammatical analysis of Leviticus 19 will comprise chapter three. The Masoretic text of the Hebrew Bible will be the primary source for this analysis. The exegesis of Leviticus will be the foundation for the study of the proposed topic. The purpose for the historical setting of the writing of Leviticus 19 will be given as well as archaeological evidence describing the societal make-up of the time period. An alternative interpretative emphasis will be argued in chapter four. Ring composition, as outlined by Mary Douglas, will be the tool utilized for this interpretation for Leviticus 19. This chapter will also explore the ways in which three New Testament characters utilized and contextualized passages from Leviticus 19. Chapter five will spotlight the recent events of May 2008. This month demonstrated the explosive consequences of unleashed and uncontrolled xenophobic violence. This month saw some of the most terrifying events since the inception of democracy in South Africa. Commentary and deliberation on the causes that sparked this violence will be examined through the eyes of journalists, politicians, citizens, foreigners and religious leaders. The reluctance of evangelicals to engage in social transformation will be critically analyzed in chapter six. Two movements that polarized the evangelical community will also be addressed. The thrust of this chapter will be the proposed theology of transformation. If this strategy of transformation might be utilized by the evangelical church, sustainable social justice could be possible. This strategy will be presented in a practical, applicable manner. The interrelationship between spiritual and social transformation will conclude this chapter. All of these will be encapsulated within the idea of ubuntu or African hospitality. Chapter seven will bring to a conclusion the research. There is a short synopsis of past and present religious creeds and statements of faith. The Hitler Effect will be examined in the light of how people focus on the minute differences instead of celebrating their overwhelming similarities. The events of November 2008 in America will be viewed through the refining lenses of society and its effect within greater society. This chapter will conclude with a summary of the study, reflections and future considerations. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Practical Theology / unrestricted

The aim of this study was to discover whether a value-based typology could be established that was applicable to all South African adults. It was predicated on the basis of a literature review and previous research findings that there were two major underlying dimensions of values: collectivism versus individualism and inner- versus outer-directed. The parameters of these dimensions were hypothesised within the framework of a common social structure, based on a number of related propositions. It was also hypothesised that the South African adult population consisted of five types. Five value measures were examined and found to have disadvantages for South Africa. A value measurement technique had been developed in South Africa for an on-going study titled Sociomonitor. The core of this study was the measurement of values of relevance to marketing and media. Over the period 1976 to 1993 separate value based typologies were identified for urban Blacks and Whites. In 1995 both races were covered in the same year and a common typology was found. In 1997/8 Sociomonitor was extended to the total adult population of South Africa. Respondents were sub-divided into Collectivism, Individualism, Inner- and Outer-directed groups. The characteristics of which were found to be substantially as had been expected. South African adults were categorised into five value types. Three of which were as had been hypothesised, two were in place of one of the five anticipated and one wasn't found. It is concluded that the values of adults from all ethnic groups fall within the parameters of collectivism versus individualism and inner- versus outer-directed. Furthermore, there are five different value types in the South African adult population that transcend ethnic boundaries. The implications of a multi-ethnic typology for marketing, social and political decision-making, research and the formulation of scenarios are outlined. It is recommended that this type of research be extended to other African countries and small communities. / Dissertation (PHD)--University of Pretoria, 2003. / Psychology / unrestricted

This thesis describes design and creation of application which collects and values telemetry data. Thesis consist of design and implementation which describes whole system, server settings as well as approach how to consume any given data. Corner stone of this application is based on given data from telemetry station (sensors) and projecting them on the map background. Application consist of user interface and logic how to project any given data into the map. Graphics interface is created using HTML, JavaScript and CSS programming languages. Logic itself is programmed by using backend language PHP including Laravel Framework in combination with MySQL database. Result of this thesis is working implementation covering administration user interface, working cooperation of MQTT server and APIs. There are also implemented all necessary parts for enablement of user interface with cooperation with map background layer. Implementation creates two possible ways how to install package necessary to run this app on Ubuntu system.