Magister Public Health - MPH / South Africa

This dissertation examines the extent to which conflict in post-colonial Acholiland is largely a product of the political dynamics of successive post-colonial regimes, including the extensive manipulation of politicized ethnicity and ethnic stereotyping rather than the age-old ethnic differences emanating from the region’s history. Acholiland lies in the Northern part of Uganda. Unlike the other East African states of Kenya and Tanzania that have enjoyed relative peace since their independence in the 1960s, Uganda has had a long conflictual history since 1962. The citizens of Uganda only enjoyed few years of relative peace and stability between 1962 and 1966. Between 1966 and 2006, one part or another of Uganda has experienced years of conflict accompanied by instability and political turmoil resulting from the failure to resolve political differences using political-civil means. The Ugandan political leadership after independence has failed to work out a basic political consensus on the basis of which political institutions can be built to resolve political conflicts, short of physical force. The net effect of all this was to bring the Uganda army on the stage of Uganda politics. Since 1962 the army has been used as an instrument of policy to resolve what basically was/is a domestic struggle for power. In this entire process, various ethnic groups have been victims of the cycle of violence. Since 1986 until 2006, war has ravaged Acholiland in northern Uganda to a greater extent than any other part of Uganda. The Uganda army (The National Resistance Army) (NRM), later renamed the Uganda Peoples Defence Forces (UPDF), has since engaged one insurgent group after another in Acholiland. The debilitating consequences of the 20 year old conflict in Acholiland and the search for peace are subjects of growing scholarship. This work on conflict in post-independent Acholiland (1962-2006) seeks to contribute to this scholarship. While it has been postulated that conflict in Acholiland is largely because the Acholi are warlike people and are therefore more prone to war than other ethnic groups in Uganda, it is argued here that conflict in this area is largely a product of the political dynamics of successive post-colonial regimes, including the extensive manipulation of politicized ethnicity and ethnic stereotyping. As the study shows, ethnicity by itself is not a problem and ethnicity can be harnessed for the stability and development of any country. However, once politicized and militarily instrumentalized, as has been the case in post-independent Uganda, ethnicity then becomes a vehicle for violent conflict. This then makes ethnically informed practices the main means through which war and its effects are interpreted and acted upon. The study also traces the history of Acholiland in the colonial period to identity the major trends that shaped its development and contributed to the region’s turbulent post-colonial experience. / Thesis (DPhil)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Historical and Heritage Studies / unrestricted

Please read the abstract (Summary) in the section 00front of this document / Dissertation (MSc (Botany))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Plant Science / MSc / Unrestricted

The pace of economic development in Uganda has been slow. National output has not increased fast enough. There has been evidence of a long-term deterioration in the terms of trade, elements of export instability and a serious stress in the balance of payments. Employment and rural development have been less than satisfactory. A possible strategy for alleviating these problems involves a more rational utilization of natural resources, of which the forestry sector is one. A review of the past performance of the forestry sector indicated that its contribution to the Gross Domestic Product was minimal, 2.1%. Furthermore, employment in forest management was small and unstable and imports of forest products have increased faster than exports. On the other hand, forest industries were labour-intensive, ranking second to the textile industry and contributing 10% of the total employment in manufacturing. The lack of a sound forest policy and a quantifiable production goal was identified as a possible cause of the poor performance. Forestry was relegated to the position of a handmaid to agriculture and the size of the national forest estate was limited to a minimum of 8% of the total land area of the country. If the forestry sector is to contribute substantially to economic development, it must be well planned. To achieve this the identification of optimum product-oriented management models for forest lands is necessary. By the year 2000 A.D. maximum consumption requirements 3 in million M were estimated to be 46.85 for fuelwood and charcoal, 2.89 for poles and posts, 1.0 3 for sawnwood and sleepers and 0.15 for wood-based panels; and 0.25 million metric tons for paper and paperboard. Based on roundwood supply projections at current levels of management and timber prices, the forest resource of Uganda will be unable to meet the anticipated demand by the year 2000. Increased utilization of the lesser-known species in the tropical high forests is a feasible medium-term strategy for avoiding timber scarcity. In addition, preliminary studies indicate that species such as Cyanometra alexandrii (CH. Wright) offer real promise in the export sector and should, therefore, be processed. However, for a much more sustained production with attendant improvements in quality and yield per hectare, a greater effort towards forest plantations is advocated. Five product-oriented softwood (Pinus patula Schl. Cham and P. caribaea Morelet var. hondurensis) management models were forumulated and tested for efficiency. Two of the models had close spacing (2200 stems/ha) with a light (IA) and a heavy (IB) thinning. Model IC had intermediate spacing (1800 stems/ha) with two heavy thinnings; ID with wide spacing (900 stems/ha) and a heavy thinning; and IE, the current management regime, has a wide/intermediate spacing (1370 stems/ha) with three thinnings. The "VYTL" simulation model developed at the Commonwealth Forestry Institute (Oxford) was used to produce yield tables for the management models. The models appropriate for Eucalyptus grandis (Hill) Maiden had already been adequately analysed elsewhere. In terms of efficiency, model IC had the highest mean 3 annual increment (29.4 M³/ha/year at age 20) and ID attained a mean dbh of 20 cm earliest, at age 11. Using the Faustmann formula and assuming a constant timber price (models IA, IB and IC) and a size-responsive revenue function (models ID and IE), the optimum rotations in years were 17 for IA, 19 for IB, 22 for IC, 27 for ID and 29 for IE. Substantial economies in the use of land can be achieved by adopting the appropriate management strategies. Model IA was best suited for pulpwood production and IE for veneer and saw logs. For an integrated pulpwood/veneer and saw log production, model IA was most suited if greater emphasis was on pulpwood and IC if the emphasis was on veneer and saw logs. Based on the revenue assumptions for the determination of rotation length, model IE had the largest amount of present net worth (U.shs 3374/ha at 6% discount rate) and ID, the highest internal rate of return (10.50 percent). When either the amount of initial capital outlay, or total cost compounded to rotation age required to produce a unit volume of wood was used to measure cost-effectiveness, model IE was the most efficient. Taking into account all these efficiency rankings, model IE was selected as the optimum product-oriented management strategy for veneer and saw log production, IA for pulpwood and IC for an integrated pulpwood/veneer and saw log production. Having identified the optimum management strategies, their implications for economic development in terms of foreign exchange earnings, investment requirements, employment and rural development were assessed. The greatest opportunities for foreign exchange earnings were in import-and product-substitution. The economic values of substitution locally produced softwood sawnwood for prime grade hardwoods on the domestic market and for imports of softwood sawnwood were estimated to be U.shs 1400 and 727 per M³ respectively. Direct or seedling credit schemes for eucalypt woodlot farms were recommended and will require a maximum investment of U.shs 1461 million and employ 183 thousand persons per annum. For softwood plantations, a maximum investment of U.shs 213 million and employing 62,000 persons annually will be needed. Due to the existence of an artificial surplus of land, a two-pronged strategy of forest area expansion and intensive management was considered optimal for Uganda. It was estimated that through adoption of the optimum intensive management models, the size of the national forest estate should be increased from the current 8% to about 17% of the total land area of the country to avoid future timber scarcity. To lessen the disparities in the standard of living among regions, industrial plantations should be located in economically depressed areas. A land availability index, expressed as a function of regional rate of land utilization, carrying capacity, actual population density and real per capita income was used to determine potential sites for establishing plantations. Those districts with land availability indices below the national average were considered economically depressed. They were Madi, West Nile, Acholi (East and West), Lango, Mubende and Bunyoro, in a decreasing order of severity. The last four offer greatest promise for plantation forestry. Finally, the management strategies identified in this study should provide the main basis for sound social cost-benefit analyses of forestry projects. It is hoped the projects will subsequently be adopted in the next development plan of Uganda. / Forestry, Faculty of / Graduate

Issues of access to land and realisation of land rights have always existed in Uganda as women are considered to be potential land owners. Such rights usually have to do with the rights of individuals to particular plots of land, but also with rights to land held collectively. The situation in post conflict northern Uganda was brought about by the displacement of people from their villages, but it only served to perpetuate this situation. The conflict in northern Uganda began in 1988 between the government of Uganda and the Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA). / Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2010. / A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Law University of Pretoria, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Law (LLM in Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa). Prepared under the supervision of Dr. Atangcho N. Akonumbo of the Faculty of Law, Catholic University of Central Africa, Cameroon. 2010. / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/ / Centre for Human Rights / LLM

archives@tulane.edu / 0 / Daniel C Ehlman

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Approaches to projects and development have undergone considerable change in the last decade with significant policy shifts on governance, gender, poverty eradication, and environmental issues. Most recently this has led to the adoption and promotion of the sustainable livelihood (SL) approach. The adoption of the SL approach presents challenges to development interventions including: the future of projects and programmes, and sector wide approaches (SWAPs) and direct budgetary support.This paper `A livelihoods-grounded audit of the Plan for the Modernisation of Agriculture in Uganda¿ is the fourteenth in the series of project working papers. / Department for International Development

This study aimed at establishing and analysing the literacy practices in the rural and urban communities and their effect on the academic achievements of learners. It also aimed to establish the impact of other factors, such as the exposure to the language of examination, the level of parents formal education and the quality of parental mediation in the their children's academic work, which could be responsible for the imbalance between the rural and urban learners academic achievements. This study endeavours to established that the literacy practices in urban areas prepare learners for schooled and global literacies while the literacies in rural areas are to localised and thus impoverish the learners initial literacy development. This study also seek to determine the extent to which the current language policy in education in Uganda favours the urban learners at the expense of the rural learners as far as the acculturation into and acquisition of the schooled and global literacies are concerned.