Ultra-Wideband (UWB) technologies have recently drawn great attention for short-range wireless communication due to their many attractive advantages such as high data rates, robustness to multipath fading and coexistence with narrowband wireless systems. In wireless digital communication, to improve the system performance error correcting codes are very efficient and widely used. In this thesis, we employ Bose-Chaudhuri-Hochquenghem (BCH) codes in a UWB communication system. We consider UWB direct sequence spread spectrum pulse position modulation (DS-SS PPM) system with BCH coding for both additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and UWB fading channels, multi-access and single-user performance results are given for errors-only and errors-and-erasures decoding. The simulation results show the effectiveness of the system in improving performance.

Effective construction management involves real-time decisions regarding the progress of specific activities, the location of materials and equipment, and the construction site safety. The decision making process can be improved using real-time positioning technologies such as Radio Frequency Identification Device (RFID) systems, Global Positioning System (GPS), and Ultra Wide Band (UWB) sensors. While the GPS is not applicable to indoor positioning and RFID tags cannot provide a fully automated system for position location, the characteristics of UWB systems make this technology a strong candidate for a fully automated positioning system in an indoor construction environment. This thesis presents a comprehensive study of the performance of UWB systems in a controlled laboratory environment and in an institutional construction site in Waterloo, Canada as well as for a particular safety application. A primary objective of the research was to establish the accuracy of real-time position location under various conditions, including the effect of different construction materials (e.g., wood and metal), and to analyze changes in the accuracy of position location as construction progresses and the indoor environment physically evolves. Different challenges faced in implementing such a system in an active construction environment are addressed. Based on a statistical analysis of laboratory data, and considering the construction site experience, the reliability of the UWB positioning system for the aforementioned environments is discussed. Furthermore, an automated safety system is proposed using the real-time UWB positioning technology. Based on the error modeling of the UWB position location, an optimum alarming algorithm is designed for the proposed safety system and the reliability of such system is evaluated through a statistical analysis.

This dissertation investigates Ultra-Wideband (UWB) techniques for the next generation Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) towards the Internet-of-Things (IoT). In particular, an ultra-high frequency (UHF) wireless-powered UWB radio (UHF/UWB hybrid) with asymmetric links is explored from system architecture to circuit implementation. Context-aware, location-aware, and energy-aware computing for the IoT demands future micro-devices (e.g., RFID tags) with capabilities of sensing, processing, communication, and positioning, which can be integrated into everyday objects including paper documents, as well as food and pharmaceutical packages. To this end, reliable-operating and maintenance-free wireless networks with low-power and low-cost radio transceivers are essential. In this context, state-of-the-art passive RFID technologies provide limited data rate and positioning accuracy, whereas active radios suffer from high complexity and power-hungry transceivers. Impulse Radio UWB (IR-UWB) exhibits significant advantages that are expected to overcome these limitations. Wideband signals offer robust communications and high-precision positioning; duty-cycled operations allow link scalability; and baseband-like architecture facilitates extremely simple and low-power transmitters. However, the implementation of the IR-UWB receiver is still power-hungry and complex, and thus is unacceptable for self-powered or passive tags. To cope with μW level power budget in wireless-powered systems, this dissertation proposes an UHF/UWB hybrid radio architecture with asymmetric links. It combines the passive UHF RFID and the IR-UWB transmitter. In the downlink (reader-tag), the tag is powered and controlled by UHF signals as conventional passive UHF tags, whereas it uses an IR-UWB transmitter to send data for a short time at a high rate in the uplink (tag-reader). Such an innovative architecture takes advantage of UWB transmissions, while the tag avoids the complex UWB receiver by shifting the burden to the reader. A wireless-powered tag providing -18.5 dBm sensitivity UHF downlink and 10 Mb/s UWB uplink is implemented in 180 nm CMOS. At the reader side, a non-coherent energy detection IR-UWB receiver is designed to pair the tag. The receiver is featured by high energy-efficiency and flexibility that supports multi-mode operations. A novel synchronization scheme based on the energy offset is suggested. It allows fast synchronization between the reader and tags, without increasing the hardware complexity. Time-of-Arrival (TOA) estimation schemes are analyzed and developed for the reader, which enables tag localization. The receiver prototype is fabricated in 90 nm CMOS with 16.3 mW power consumption and -79 dBm sensitivity at 10 Mb/s data rate. The system concept is verified by the link measurement between the tag and the reader. Compared with current passive UHF RFID systems, the UHF/UWB hybrid solution provides an order of magnitude improvement in terms of the data rate and positioning accuracy brought by the IR-UWB uplink. / QC 20120110

Η περιοχή των ραδιοσυχνοτήτων (RF) για σχεδίαση ηλεκτρονικών κυκλωμάτων για τηλεπικοινωνιακά συστήματα αποτελεί ένα χώρο έντονης ερευνητικής δραστηριότητας. Το πρότυπο υπερευρείας ζώνης με την ονομασία Ultra Wideband (UWB), που καταλαμβάνει συχνότητες από 3.1-10.6 GHz, αποτέλεσε αντικείμενο της παρούσης έρευνας με σκοπό την σχεδίαση, κατασκευή και μέτρηση ολοκληρωμένων κυκλωμάτων με έμφαση στα κυκλώματα του μπροστινού τμήματος του UWB δέκτη. Η κατανόηση της λειτουργίας του πομποδέκτη και των παραμέτρων λειτουργίας σε επίπεδο συστήματος αποτέλεσε την αρχική προσέγγιση, με σκοπό τον καθορισμό των προδιαγραφών λειτουργίας των πιο κρίσιμων στοιχείων. Η ανάλυση έλαβε χώρα τόσο σε θεωρητικό επίπεδο όσο και σε επίπεδο εξομοίωσης και τα ηλεκτρονικά στοιχεία των υψηλών συχνοτήτων όπως είναι ο ενισχυτής χαμηλού θορύβου (Low Noise Amplifier - LNA) καθώς και ο μίκτης είναι τα πιο απαιτητικά στη σχεδίαση. Η έρευνα επικεντρώθηκε αρχικά στο κύκλωμα του ενισχυτή χαμηλού θορύβου , το οποίο ευρισκόμενο αμέσως μετά την κεραία λήψης, καλείται να ικανοποιήσει πολλές και αντικρουόμενες μεταξύ τους απαιτήσεις όσον αφορά το εύρος ζώνης, το κέρδος, την κατανάλωση ενέργειας και επιφανείας πυριτίου και το θόρυβο. Στα πλαίσια της μελέτης εξερευνήθηκαν και αξιολογήθηκαν οι υφιστάμενες τοπολογίες που έχουν εμφανιστεί στη βιβλιογραφία και επιλέχθηκαν δύο από αυτές για περεταίρω διερεύνηση. Το πρώτο ολοκληρωμένο που κατασκευάστηκε περιλαμβάνει τρεις ενισχυτές, οι δύο από αυτούς χρησιμοποιούν την τοπολογία κοινής πηγής με φίλτρο εισόδου και πηνίο στην πηγή (inductive source degeneration) και διαφέρουν στον τρόπο μέτρησης, όπου ο ένας ενισχυτής μετράται πάνω στο ολοκληρωμένο (on-wafer probing) και ο έτερος τοποθετείται σε πλακέτα (chip on board). Με τον τρόπο αυτό αποκτάται διαίσθηση όσον αφορά την επίδραση των παρασιτικών που υπεισέρχονται εξαιτίας των διασυνδέσεων των αγωγών (bondwires) μεταξύ ολοκληρωμένου και πλακέτας. Ταυτόχρονα για τον συγκεκριμένο ενισχυτή εφαρμόζεται και στρατηγική προστασίας από ηλεκτροστατικά φορτία (ESD). Ο τρίτος ενισχυτής βασίζεται στην τοπολογία ανάδρασης και αποτέλεσε προϊόν πρωτότυπης έρευνας και χρησιμοποιήθηκαν τεχνικές διεύρυνσης του εύρους ζώνης λειτουργίας με χρήση επαγωγικών στοιχείων. Οι μετρήσεις που επακολούθησαν την κατασκευή αποδείχθηκαν επιτυχείς και κατά κανόνα υπήρξε σύγκλιση με την εξομοίωση. Ο τρίτος ενισχυτής παρουσιάζει την πιο ανταγωνιστική απόδοση και είναι ικανός να λειτουργήσει μέχρι τα 7GHz. Επακόλουθο της κυκλωματικής μελέτης των ενισχυτών χαμηλού θορύβου υπήρξε η εστίαση σε επίπεδο συστήματος για την κατασκευή του συνολικού RF τμήματος του δέκτη σε ολοκληρωμένο και για λειτουργία μέχρι τα 10.6GHz. Το σύστημα περιλαμβάνει τον LNA της τοπολογίας με ανάδραση και στη συνέχεια δύο πανομοιότυπα μονοπάτια αποτελούμενα το καθένα από μίκτη, υψιπερατό φίλτρο και απομονωτή εξόδου στα 50 Ω για τις ανάγκες της μέτρησης. Ως κύριες προκλήσεις ανέκυψαν ο σχεδιασμός του μίκτη και κυρίως της διεπαφής με τον LNA, ο οποίος παρέχει σήμα μονής εξόδου ενώ ο μίκτης λειτουργεί διαφορικά. Στα πλαίσια της διατριβής προτάθηκε μια τεχνική για κύκλωμα μετατροπής μονού σε διαφορικό σήμα (balun), η οποία συνδυαζόμενη με την τοπολογία του μίκτη που επελέγη, ουσιαστικά ενσωματώνεται στο μίκτη και παρέχει διαφορικά σήματα με πολύ καλή ακρίβεια στο πλάτος και τη φάση. Το balun βασίζεται στην τοπολογία του διαφορικού ζεύγους και επεκτείνει πάνω σε αυτήν με χρήση πηνίου που στο κέντρο του παρέχει έναν τρίτο ακροδέκτη διασύνδεσης στην τροφοδοσία. Καταυτόν τον τρόπο λαμβάνει χώρα σύζευξη μεταξύ των φορτίων του balun που εγγυάται την ακρίβεια των μεγεθών που προαναφέρθηκαν. Η τεχνική υποστηρίζεται από ενδελεχή μαθηματική ανάλυση και παρουσιάζονται συγκρίσεις μεταξύ θεωρίας και εξομοίωσης με σύγκλιση μεταξύ των. Ο μίκτης που κατέληξε η έρευνα ανήκει στην κατηγορία της συνδεσμολογίας folded cascode. Δεδομένων επίσης των περιορισμών που υπήρχαν στον εξοπλισμό μέτρησης εφαρμόστηκαν τεχνικές με πιο σημαντική την τροφοδότηση των σημάτων ταλαντωτή τα οποία εσωτερικά του ολοκληρωμένου μετατρέπονται σε διαφορικά και καθοδηγούνται για αποφυγή ασυμμετριών σε ισομήκης μεταλλικές γραμμές μεταφοράς. Σε όλα τα κρίσιμα σημεία έχει προβλεφτεί στρατηγική θωράκισης των υψίσυχνων σημάτων ενώ η τοποθέτηση ενός πολύ μεγάλου αριθμού στοιχείων στο πυρίτιο υπήρξε προϊόν συγκερασμού διαφορετικών απαιτήσεων στη χωροταξία τους με πολυάριθμες τεχνικές και εμπειρικούς κανόνες να έχουν εφαρμοστεί. Η τελική προτεινόμενη αρχιτεκτονική τύπου άμεσης μετατροπής παρόλα τα σχεδιαστικά ρίσκα που είχαν ληφθεί, λειτούργησε επιτυχώς μέχρι και τα 8.5GHz επισφραγίζοντας την συνολική προσπάθεια. / The domain of RF engineering for electronic circuits, targeting the application of telecommunication systems, constitutes a field of intense research activities. The UWB protocol that occupies a frequency spectrum between 3.1 and 10.6 GHz is the subject of the current work which aims to the design, fabrication and measurement of electronic circuits with emphasis put on the receiver’s RF front end. The initial focus of the research work targets the Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) circuit, a demanding and challenging circuit that being at the very front of the receiver’s chain, has to compromise among different and contradictory requirements, namely the extended bandwidth, the gain, the power and chip area consumption and the noise performance. Existing topologies in the literature were explored and classified and two among them were selected for further research. The first fabricated chip includes three LNAs, two of which apply the common source topology with input bandpass filter and inductive source degeneration and their difference lies in the measurement method. One amplifier is measured on wafer while the other is mounted on board. That way, intuition is acquired regarding the effect of the bondwires that act as the interface between the chip and the board. At the same time, ESD protection strategy is applied as the chip is more vulnerable to static currents. The third LNA is based on the feedback topology and constitutes a work of novelty, where bandwidth extension techniques were applied, comprising of inductive elements. The following measurement procedure was successful indicating an upper frequency of operation for the feedback LNA up to 7GHz. The focus of the work after the LNAs was shifted to system level for the implementation of the total RF front end of the receiver up to 10.6GHz. The system comprises an improved version of the feedback LNA followed by two identical paths, each one consisting of a mixer, a high pass filter and an output buffer at 50 Ohm for measurement purpose. The challenges that are mostly highlighted are the mixer design in conjunction with the necessary balun interface from the single ended output of the LNA to the differential mixer. A novel technique is proposed for the balun that builds on the differential pair topology and provides coupling between the load elements that both are implemented with a center tapped inductor. That way the designed balun achieves balanced outputs in terms of amplitude and phase. The technique is supported by mathematical analysis and the comparison between computed and simulated results show convergence. The resulting mixer that includes the balun belongs to the folded cascode differential connection. Moreover, given the limitations of the available measurement equipment, several layout techniques were applied; particularly in the issue of the external LO signal feeding. The two quadrature LO signals are provided in single ended form and traverse the chip by two equal length transmission lines that are separated at the center of the chip and reach the on chip single to differential converters that are placed close to the mixers. In every critical point, care is taken to shield the high frequency signals from interferences. In any case, the placing of a high number of individual elements that have different requirements on the same chip requires for compromises, while layout techniques and rules of thumb have been applied to the maximum extend. The final proposed architecture belongs to the direct conversion category and worked successfully up to the frequency of 8.5GHz. It achieves gain of 25dB, double sideband noise figure of 7dB and power consumption of 62.7 mW.

Dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) technologies are applicable to a wide variety of mobile wireless communication systems. The principal energy loss mechanism for this type of antenna is the dielectric loss, and then using modern ceramic materials, this may be very low. These antennas are typically of small size, with a high radiation efficiency, often above 95%; they deliver wide bandwidths, and possess a high power handling capability. The principal objectives of this thesis are to investigate and design DRA for low profile personal and nomadic communications applications for a wide variety of spectrum requirements: including DCS, PCS, UMTS, WLAN, UWB applications. X-band and part of Ku band applications are also considered. General and specific techniques for bandwidth expansion, diversity performance and balanced operation have been investigated through detailed simulation models, and physical prototyping. The first major design to be realized is a new broadband DRA operating from 1.15GHz to 6GHz, which has the potential to cover most of the existing mobile service bands. This antenna design employs a printed crescent shaped monopole, and a defected cylindrical DRA. The broad impedance bandwidth of this antenna is achieved by loading the crescent shaped radiator of the monopole with a ceramic material with a permittivity of 81. The antenna volume is 57.0  37.5  5.8 mm3, which in conjunction with the general performance parameters makes this antenna a potential candidate for mobile handset applications. The next class of antenna to be discussed is a novel offset slot-fed broadband DRA assembly. The optimised structure consists of two asymmetrically located cylindrical DRA, with a rectangular slot feed mechanism. Initially, designed for the frequency range from 9GHz to 12GHz, it was found that further spectral improvements were possible, leading to coverage from 8.5GHz to 17GHz. Finally, a new low cost dual-segmented S-slot coupled dielectric resonator antenna design is proposed for wideband applications in the X-band region, covering 7.66GHz to 11.2GHz bandwidth. The effective antenna volume is 30.0 x 25.0 x 0.8 mm3. The DR segments may be located on the same side, or on opposite sides, of the substrate. The end of these configurations results in an improved diversity performance.

Ultra wideband (UWB) communications has been a subject of much discussion over the last decade. The method of UWB has had a hard time to establish itself among other methods such as Bluetooth and WiFi but as internet of things (IoT) gains a foothold in our daily lives, UWB has presented some new application areas. These application areas are, among other things, self driving cars, energy efficient data transfer, health care applications, sensor networks and real time location systems. This project aims to use UWB communications to real-world applications, specifically, electrocardiography (ECG) - an application in health care in this project, and develop a prototype for the application. The prototype consists of two Android smart phones and two UWB modules (EVK1000 evaluation kits from DecaWave, Inc). Each smartphone connects a UWB module so that the two smart phones, one as sender and the other as receiver, can communicate directly through UWB radios. This is intended to serve as a proof-of-concept that UWB devices are well suited for short range data transfer applications. The result achieved by the project is an android application along with sending and receiving programs for the development boards by Decawave and additional information regarding UWB and its uses. The results also include a comparison of UWB, Bluetooth and WiFi as of todays standard. The goal of the project is to learn how android applications are programmed, how UWB is used in todays technology and how to program and use development boards presented by companies. The prototype has been built and shown that 12-lead simulated ECGsignals from the sender can be transfered to the receiver through the UWB communications. The work includes programming (in C) the two UWB modules for UWB communications, and Java for the android applications (programs) on the smart phones. The Android application is handling transmission of ECG signals to the sending UWB module and then receiving them from the receiving UWB module as well as displaying them on the receiver. The future work to continue the present project is to replace the sending smart phone by an ECG device that sends real ECG signals.

Metamaterials are humanly engineered artificial electromagnetic materials which produce electromagnetic properties that are unusual, yet can be observed readily in nature. These unconventional properties are not a result of the material composition but rather of the structure formed. The objective of this thesis is to investigate and design smaller and wideband metamaterial-inspired antennas for personal communication applications, especially for WiMAX, lower band and higher band WLAN applications. These antennas have been simulated using HFSS Structure Simulator and CST Microwave Studio software. The first design to be analysed is a low-profile metamaterial-inspired CPW-Fed monopole antenna for WLAN applications. The antenna is based on a simple strip loaded with a rectangular patch incorporating a zigzag E-shape metamaterial-inspired unit cell to enable miniaturization effect. Secondly, a physically compact, CSRR loaded monopole antenna with DGS has been proposed for WiMAX/WLAN operations. The introduction of CSRR induces frequency at lower WLAN 2.45 GHz band while the DGS has provided bandwidth enhancement in WiMAX and upper WLAN frequency bands, keeping the radiation pattern stable. The next class of antenna is a compact cloud-shaped monopole antenna consisting of a staircase-shaped DGS has been proposed for UWB operation ranges from 3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz. The novel shaped antenna along with carefully designed DGS has resulted in a positive gain throughout the operational bandwidth. Finally, a quad-band, CPW-Fed metamaterial-inspired antenna with CRLH-TL and EBG is designed for multi-band: Satellite, LTE, WiMAX and WLAN.

L’objectif de cette thèse est la classification automatique des cibles (ATC) en utilisant les signaux rétrodiffusés par un radar ultra large bande (UWB). La classification des cibles est réalisée en comparant les signatures des cibles et les signatures stockées dans une base de données. Premièrement, une étude sur la théorie de diffusion nous a permis de comprendre le sens physique des paramètres extraits et de les exprimer mathématiquement. Deuxièmement, des méthodes d’extraction de paramètres sont appliquées afin de déterminer les signatures des cibles. Un bon choix des paramètres est important afin de distinguer les différentes cibles. Différentes méthodes d’extraction de paramètres sont comparées notamment : méthode de Prony, Racine-classification des signaux multiples (Root-MUSIC), l’estimation des paramètres des signaux par des techniques d’invariances rotationnels (ESPRIT), et la méthode Matrix Pencil (MPM). Troisièmement, une méthode efficace de classification supervisée est nécessaire afin de classer les cibles inconnues par l’utilisation de leurs signatures extraites. Différentes méthodes de classification sont comparées notamment : Classification par la distance de Mahalanobis (MDC), Naïve Bayes (NB), k-plus proches voisins (k-NN), Machines à Vecteurs de Support (SVM). Une bonne technique de classification doit avoir une bonne précision en présence de signaux bruités et quelques soit l’angle d’émission. Les différents algorithmes ont été validés en utilisant les simulations des données rétrodiffusées par des objets canoniques et des cibles de géométries complexes modélisées par des fils minces et parfaitement conducteurs. Une méthode de classification automatique de cibles basée sur l’utilisation de la méthode Matrix Pencil dans le domaine fréquentiel (MPMFD) pour l’extraction des paramètres et la classification par la distance de Mahalanobis est proposée. Les résultats de simulation montrent que les paramètres extraits par MPMFD présentent une solution plausible pour la classification automatique des cibles. En outre, nous avons prouvé que la méthode proposée a une bonne tolérance aux bruits lors de la classification des cibles. Enfin, les différents algorithmes sont validés sur des données expérimentales et cibles réelles. / The objective of this thesis is the Automatic Target Classification (ATC) based on radar backscattered Ultra WideBand (UWB) signals. The classification of the targets is realized by making comparison between the deduced target properties and the different target features which are already recorded in a database. First, the study of scattering theory allows us to understand the physical meaning of the extracted features and describe them mathematically. Second, feature extraction methods are applied in order to extract signatures of the targets. A good choice of features is important to distinguish different targets. Different methods of feature extraction are compared including wavelet transform and high resolution techniques such as: Prony’s method, Root-Multiple SIgnal Classification (Root-MUSIC), Estimation of Signal Parameters via Rotational Invariance Techniques (ESPRIT) and Matrix Pencil Method (MPM). Third, an efficient method of supervised classification is necessary to classify unknown targets by using the extracted features. Different methods of classification are compared: Mahalanobis Distance Classifier (MDC), Naïve Bayes (NB), k-Nearest Neighbors (k-NN) and Support Vector Machine (SVM). A useful classifier design technique should have a high rate of accuracy in the presence of noisy data coming from different aspect angles. The different algorithms are demonstrated using simulated backscattered data from canonical objects and complex target geometries modeled by perfectly conducting thin wires. A method of ATC based on the use of Matrix Pencil Method in Frequency Domain (MPMFD) for feature extraction and MDC for classification is proposed. Simulation results illustrate that features extracted with MPMFD present a plausible solution to automatic target classification. In addition, we prove that the proposed method has better ability to tolerate noise effects in radar target classification. Finally, the different algorithms are validated on experimental data and real targets.

Les structures de base de méta-matériaux nourrissent une alternative technologique prometteuse qui vise à répondre à de nouvelles contraintes de miniaturisation et de performances radioélectriques des systèmes reconfigurables à bas coût.Les travaux de cette thèse reposent sur l’association des cellules Métamateriaux unitaires sub-longueurs d’ondes miniatures et agiles, selon des conditions d’excitation électromagnétique en champ proche, à des dispositifs micro-ondes planaires afin de réaliser de nouvelles structures de filtres et de systèmes antennaires reconfigurables.Après une présentation de l’état de l’art, sur à la fois le concept des Métamateriaux micro-ondes et des modèles de filtres et d’antennes à base des Métamateriaux, nos travaux proposent ensuite sur quatre orientations. La première a trait à l’ingénierie de conception et de simulation électromagnétique des cellules unitaires Métamateriaux, ainsi qu’à l’étude de la miniaturisation et de l’agilité des paramètres électriques.La deuxième orientation est consacrée à la réalisation de nouveaux modèles de filtres agiles basés sur le chargement d’une ligne microruban par des résonateurs sub-longueurs d’onde. Deux modèles de filtres sont développés et validés expérimentalement. Le premier concerne un filtre coupe bande basée sur l’association d’une ligne microruban à des résonateurs de type SRR. Selon le même modèle, un filtre passe bande basé sur une ligne microruban associée à deux cellules résonantes à deux fréquences différentes est proposé. Le deuxième modèle concerne un filtre coupe bande à base d’une ligne microruban chargée par des cellules CSRR, une étude de miniaturisation de ce modèle a été présentée et utilise aussi bien l’optimisation des paramètres géométriques qu’électriques ; un facteur de réduction de 5 est obtenu par rapport au filtre coupe bande de base. Les techniques d’agilité étudiées sont basées sur le chargement de la cellule par des éléments électroniques actifs tels que les diodes PIN et Varactor qui sont logés en des positions appropriées. Les résultats obtenus ont montré une variation intéressante des paramètres du filtre en fonction de la tension de polarisation des diodes.La troisième orientation de la thèse vise à introduire de nouveaux modèles d’association en champ proche entre une antenne monopole ULB et des cellules Métamateriaux de type SRR et CSRR. Ces nouveaux modèles ont pour objectif de répondre à des verrous technologiques en termes de reconfigurabilité spectrale tout en préservant le caractère faible encombrement de l’antenne. Le premier modèle proposé concerne une antenne monopole associée à des cellules SRR imprimées sur le substrat à proximité de la ligne d’alimentation de l’antenne. Les résultats théoriques et expérimentaux confirment le comportement coupe bande autour de la fréquence de résonance de la cellule, et une stabilité des performances de rayonnement sur le reste de la bande passante de l’antenne de référence. Pour Le deuxième modèle, le monopole rayonnant est directement chargé par les cellules SRR et CSRR. Après optimisation des conditions d’alimentation des cellules, les résultats de simulation confirment à la fois le comportement coupe bande autour de la fréquence de résonance de la cellule et la stabilité de rayonnement.La dernière orientation concerne la réalisation de deux nouveaux systèmes antennaires à multi contraintes fréquentielles, pour le besoin de la Radio cognitive. Le premier système est basé sur une antenne monopole et des cellules SRR agiles. Les résultats de mesure et de simulation ont montré l’obtention d’un comportement ULB avec des deux bandes filtrées reconfigurables. Le deuxième nouveau système tente de répondre aux exigences antennaires de la technologie radio cognitive. L’ensemble des résultats obtenus ont montré une flexibilité de passage du mode antenne-capteur (ULB) à une antenne de communication à bande étroite reconfigurable. / The basic structures of metamaterial nourish a promising alternative technology, which aims to meet new demands of miniaturization and performance of reconfigurable radio systems. The work of this thesis based on the combination of miniature and agile cells, according to excitation conditions in the near-field electromagnetic, and a planar microwave devices to achieve a new structure of filters and reconfigurable antenna systems. After a presentation of the state of the art, on both the concept of metamaterial microwave and models of filters and antennas based on metamaterial, our work then propose four orientations. The first relates to the engineering design and simulation of electromagnetic metamaterial unit cells, and the study of miniaturization and agility of the electrical parameters. The second orientation is devoted to the realization of new models of filters based on loading the microstrip line with metamaterial resonators. Two filter models are developed and validated experimentally. The first concerns a band stop filter based on the combination of a microstrip line and SRR resonator. According to the same model, a band-pass filter based on a microstrip line associated with two cells in two different resonant frequencies is proposed. The second model provides a band stop filter based on a microstrip line loaded with CSRR cells, a study miniaturization of this model was presented and used both geometric and electrical optimization of parameters. The agility techniques studied are based on the loading of the cell by active electronic elements such as PIN and varactor diodes which are inserted in appropriate positions. The obtained results showed an interesting variation of the filter parameters. The third focus of the thesis is to introduce new models of association in the near-field, between UWB monopole antenna and metamaterial. The first model relates a monopole antenna associated with SRR cells printed in the substrate close to the excitation line of the antenna. The theoretical and experimental results confirm the behavior stop band around the cell resonance frequency, and a stable performance of radiation in the rest of the reference antenna bandwidth. For the second model the monopole is loaded by the SRRs CSRRs cells. After optimization of the cells excitation conditions, the simulation results confirm both the stop band behavior around the cell resonance frequency and the stability of the radiation pattern. The latest orientation concerns the realization of two new antenna systems with multi frequency constraints for cognitive radio application. The first system is based on a monopole antenna and tunable SRRs cells. The measurement and simulation results show a UWB behavior with two reconfigurable and controllable filtered bands. The second new systems tempt to reply the antennas systems requirements used in the cognitive radio. All results showed a flexibility of switching from antenna-sensor (ULB) to a communication antenna with tunable and controllable narrow band.

De nos jours, la détection et la mesure de la distance avec les ondes électromagnétiques (Radar) sont utilisées dans de nombreux domaines tels que l’aéronautique, l’automobile ou bien la médecine. Dans cette thèse, nous nous intéressons plus particulièrement au Radar dans le domaine du bien-être pour le grand public : capteur sans contact pour le suivi du sommeil, et lunettes ou canne pour malvoyants pour la détection des obstacles sur la route. Le problème posé dans cette thèse est d’ajouter les fonctionnalités nécessaires suivantes à la solution Radar existante afin de répondre à ces applications : la mesure du rythme respiratoire issu du déplacement de la cage thoracique et de l'abdomen de quelques millimètres pendant la respiration et la mesure de la direction d'arrivée de l'onde électromagnétique rétro-diffusée des obstacles devant le malvoyant. Le contexte technologique de départ est celui de la technologie ultra large bande qui offre une résolution de l’ordre du centimètre pour la mesure de distance à une portée de quelques mètres et la discrimination des signaux rétro-diffusés des multiples obstacles. Suivant les besoins, les travaux décrits ici se sont concentrés sur le canal de propagation en rétro-diffusion sur corps humain. Ils se sont aussi portés sur les techniques de traitement du signal pour pouvoir estimer le rythme respiratoire dans le signal rétro-diffusé du corps humain, et sur l'estimation de la direction d'arrivée de l'onde à un réseau d'antennes avec une résolution au degré près. Enfin, cette thèse aborde l’architecture du système, et notamment du récepteur associé au réseau d'antennes, afin de pouvoir réaliser la mesure angulaire sans augmenter la complexité, le coût et la consommation du récepteur. / Detection and ranging with electromagnetic waves (Radar) are used in a number of domains such as aeronautics, automobile or even medecin. In this thesis, we are interested particularly on Radar in the wellness domain for widely use: sleep pattern tracking sensors, smart glasses or white cane with obstacles detection for visually impaired people. The problem, which so far has not been discussed, is to add necessary functionalities as follow to the exciting solution to resolve theses applications: the thoracic and abdominal displacement tracking with a millimetric resolution; and the measurements of arrival direction of backscattered signals from obstacles in front of visually impaired individuals. The technological starting point is the one of Ultra Wideband (UWB) technology, which offers a resolution of approximate one centimeter in the distance measurement within the range of few meters and in the discrimination of backscattered signals from multiple obstacles. To meet these criterias, the research focuses on the backscattering propagation channel in particularly from the human body. It also analyses the techniques in signal processing, aiming to estimate the breathing rate in the backscattered signal of human body, and to estimate the arrival direction to an antenna array to nearly one degree. Finally, it investigates the systematic architecture, especially in the receiver associated with the antenna array, in order to withstand the angular measurement without notably increasing the receiver complexity and consumption.