In this thesis, the effect of the sample properties on the characteristics of the hot carrier luminescence in graphene is investigated. The present work focuses on the two main issues described below. The first issue is the modification effects of near-infrared pulsed laser excitation on graphene. For excitation fluences several orders of magnitude lower than the optical damage threshold, the interaction with ultrafast laser pulses is found to cause a stable change in the properties of graphene. This photomodification also results in a decrease of the hot photoluminescence intensity. The detailed analysis shows that ultrafast photoexcitation leads to an increase in the local level of hole doping, as well as a change in the mechanical strain. The variation of doping and strain are linked with the enhanced adsorption of atmospheric oxygen caused by the distortion of the graphene surface. These findings demonstrate that ultrashort pulsed excitation can be invasive even if a relatively low laser power is used. Secondly, the variation of the hot photoluminescence intensity with the increasing charge carrier density in graphene is investigated. The electro-optical measurements performed using graphene field-effect transistors show a strong dependence of the photoluminescence intensity on the intrinsic carrier concentration. The emission intensity has a maximum value in undoped graphene and decreases with the increasing doping level. The theoretical calculations performed using a refined two-temperature model suggest that the reduction of the photoluminescence intensity is caused by an increase in the hot carrier relaxation rate. The modification of the carrier relaxation dynamics caused by photoinduced doping is probed directly using the two-pulse correlation measurements. The discovered sensitivity of the hot photoluminescence to the intrinsic carrier concentration can be utilised for spatially-resolved measurements of the Fermi level position in graphene samples, offering an advantage in resolution and speed.

Die optischen Eigenschaften von Übergangsmetall-Dichalcogeniden (TMDC) werden durch Exzitonen (exc) dominiert, was auf den Quanteneinschluss und die reduzierte Abschirmung zurückzuführen ist, die für ihre 2D-Natur charakteristisch sind. Das Coulomb-Screening spielt eine grundlegende Rolle bei der Bestimmung der stationären und dynamischen Eigenschaften solcher Materialien. Zeitaufgelöste optische Spektroskopie ist ein grundlegendes Instrument, um die Rolle der Abschirmung in der Nicht-Gleichgewichtsphysik von TMDC zu untersuchen. Ich untersuche WS2-Monoschichten auf verschiedenen Substraten mit zeitaufgelöstem Transmissions-/Reflexionskontrast. Ich stelle einen Formalismus vor, der einen zuverlässigen Vergleich der dynamischen Reaktion der Exzitonen unabhängig von Probe, Substrat und Messtechnik ermöglicht. Mit diesem Formalismus werden die von der Pump-Photonen-Energie und der Fluenz abhängige Verschiebung und Verbreiterung des Exziton-Peaks extrahiert und mit Hilfe eines Zwei-/Drei-Niveau-Modells reproduziert. Mit Hilfe dieses Modells konnte die Konkurrenz zwischen dynamischer Abschirmung der Quasiteilchen, Streuung und thermischen Effekten entschlüsselt werden. Die Verbreiterung wird durch QFC-exc (exc-exc) Streuung bestimmt, wenn QFC (exc) im System vorhanden sind. Darüber hinaus induzieren QFC (exc) eine globale Rot-(Blau-)Verschiebung der Exzitonenresonanz, die mit einer effektiven QFC (exc) dynamischen, abschirmungsinduzierten Renormalisierung der Bandlücke (Verringerung der Bindungsenergie) reproduziert wird. Schließlich wird der Einfluss der statischen Abschirmung auf die Reaktion der Exzitonen untersucht. Die dynamische exc-Abschirmung ist bei höherer Substratpermittivität verstärkt und wird versuchsweise auf einen höheren Grad der Delokalisierung des Exzitons zurückgeführt. Letztlich trägt diese Arbeit zu einem umfassenden Bild der Nicht-Gleichgewichtsdynamik und der Rolle der Abschirmung in TMDC bei. / The optical properties of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDC) are dominated by excitons, due to quantum confinement and reduced screening characteristic of their 2D nature. Exactly the screening of the Coulomb interaction has a fundamental role in determining the steady-state and dynamic properties of such materials. Time-resolved optical spectroscopies are a fundamental tool to investigate the phenomena governing the non-equilibrium physics of TMDC materials. Nevertheless, the quantitative role of the screening in the non-equilibrium response of the TMDC is yet to be understood. I investigate monolayers WS2 placed on various substrates with time-resolved transmittance/reflectance contrast. I report a formalism that allows the reliable comparison of the exciton dynamic response independently of sample, substrate and measurement technique. With this formalism, the pump-photon energy and fluence-dependent exciton peak shift and broadening are extracted and reproduced using a basic two/three-level model. Through this model the competition of quasiparticle dynamic screening, scattering and thermal effects was unravelled. The broadening is governed by QFC-exciton (exciton-exciton) scattering when QFC (excitons) are present in the system. Furthermore, QFC (excitons) induce a global red-(blue-)shift of the exciton resonance, reproduced with an effective QFC (excitons) dynamic screening-induced bandgap renormalization (binding energy reduction). Finally, the static screening influence on the non-equilibrium exciton response is addressed. Scattering and QFC dynamic screening are unaffected in different dielectric environments. On the contrary, the exciton dynamic screening is enhanced for higher substrate permittivity and possibly due to a higher degree of delocalization of the exciton. Ultimately, this thesis contributes to a comprehensive picture of the non-equilibrium dynamics and the role of screening in TMDC.