Ferromagnetic metal films on semiconductors are considered to be one of the most likely candidates to achieve an efficient spin injection at room temperature, which is one of the essential requirements for spintronics devices. The work presented focused on a study of the ferromagnetic film-semiconductor heterostructures, especially their magneto-optical properties and spin injection.

The magnetic properties of ultrathin magnetic films can be investigated in situ by the temperature dependent magnetic ac susceptibility x(T) using an optical technique - the surface magneto-optic Kerr effect (SMOKE). The performance of the ac susceptibility measurements depends primarily on the optical setup used to detect the Kerr effect and on the mechanical stability of the system. Modifications to the optical setup and the sample holder have significantly reduced the influence of noise due to mechanical vibrations. It has been found that the signal-to-noise ratio has been improved by at least a factor of 2.5 with respect to the previous setup, giving a detection limit of 15 nrad/Oe. This improvement makes measurements on antiferromagnetic ultrathin films feasible. Their susceptibility response has been estimated to be around 20-30 nrad/Oe. As a test study for the performance of the improved setup, transverse susceptibility measurements on 2 ML Fe/W(110) ferromagnetic ultrathin films are presented. These transverse susceptibility signals show interesting features. They have a narrow linewidth and are larger than expected from anisotropy considerations and other work. Also, it has been found that the in-plane and out-of-plane transverse susceptibilities arise from different mechanisms. Several scenarios that might explain the origin, size and shape of the observed signals are discussed. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

Entender o comportamento de filmes de petróleo na interface ar-água é crucial para lidar com derrames de petróleo e reduzir os consecutivos danos ao meio ambiente. Para tanto, filmes de Langmuir preparados com frações de petróleo tem sido normalmente estudados. Entretanto, as propriedades dos filmes preparados a partir de amostras de petróleo bruto podem diferir consideravelmente dos filmes preparados a partir das suas frações individuais. Filmes preparados na interface ar-água de diversas amostras de petróleo com composições distintas foram estudadas usando técnicas espectroscópicas e de superfície incluindo pressão superficial, potencial de superfície, BAM, fluorescência e MEV. Mostramos que petróleo forma um filme de Langmuir não homogêneo na interface ar-água. As isotermas de pressão superficial para os filmes de petróleo exibem as fases gás (G), líquido expandido (LE), líquido condensado (LC) e sólido (S) com quase nenhuma histerese nos ciclos de compressão e descompressão, ao contrário da grande histerese observada em filmes de asfaltenos, maltenos e/ou resinas. A pressão superficial e os dados de microscopia de fluorescência indicam a presença de domínios fluorescentes em equilíbrio com uma fase menos fluorescente do petróleo contendo água estabilizada. Imagens de BAM e fluorescência de filmes LB confirmam a presença dos domínios de água, mesmo em pressões superficiais elevadas, caracterizando inequivocamente a tendência do petróleo em estabilizar sistemas emulsionados. O aumento da quantidade de asfalteno torna o filme mais instável, devido à formação de agregados irreversíveis. Nossos resultados sugerem que é necessário utilizar amostras de petróleo cru ao invés de suas frações, para entender a estrutura e as propriedades de filmes finos de petróleo. Demonstramos que os agentes coletores tensoativos que comprimem uma mancha de óleo sobre a superfície da água por diferença de pressão superficial, não entram no filme de petróleo, mantendo inalterado a estrutura dos domínios. Investigamos também a capacidade de monocamadas dos ácidos graxos saturados C4 a C18 em comprimir e confinar manchas de petróleo bruto brasileiro e seus derivados. A pressão superficial e a velocidade de espalhamento das monocamadas foram determinadas em uma balança de superfície e pelo teste do talco, respectivamente. A compressão e o confinamento das manchas foram estudados em placas de Petri, medindo-se a área das manchas e a espessura das lentes confinadas. Monocamadas de C8 a C12 foram capazes de comprimir manchas de petróleo formando lentes com cerca de 5% de sua área original. Os melhores resultados foram obtidos com as monocamadas de C8 e C12, que confinaram a mancha de petróleo em uma lente com 5 mm de espessura por até 72 horas sem mudanças significativas em sua área. E para finalizar foi estudado a influência da irradiação com fonte de luz artificial em amostras de petróleo com diferentes porcentagens de asfaltenos e volumes espalhados sobre a água. Tais experimentos foram acompanhados de estudos sobre a geração de oxigênio singlete, espectroscopia de fluorescência e de infravermelho. Caracterizamos que as alterações de pressão superficial e encolhimento da mancha são devidos a oxidação por oxigênio singlete que gera novos compostos tensoativos que comprimem a mancha / Understanding the behavior of petroleum films at the air-water interface is crucial for dealing with oil slicks and consecutive reducing the damages to the environment. For this, Langmuir films prepared with oil fractions have often been studied. However, the properties of films prepared from crude oil samples may differ considerably from those of films prepared from its individual fractions. Films prepared in the ar-water interface with several oil samples with different compositions were studied using spectroscopic and surface techniques including surface pressure, surface potential, BAM, fluorescence and SEM. We showed that petroleum forms an inhomogeneous Langmuir film at the air-water interface. The surface pressure isotherms for petroleum films exhibit gas (G), liquid expanded (LE), liquid condensed (LC) and solid (S) phases, with almost no hysteresis in the compression-decompression cycles, unlike the large hysteresis observed in asphaltenes, maltenes and/or resins films. The surface pressure and fluorescence microscopy data indicate the presence of fluorescent areas in balance with a less fluorescent oil containing water stabilized. BAM and LB films microscopy images confirm the presence of water areas, even at high surface pressures, characterizing unequivocally the trend of petroleum to stabilize emulsion systems. The increase in the amount of asphaltene turned the film more unstable. Our results strongly suggest that it is necessary to use crude oil samples instead of its fractions, to understand the structure and properties of oil thin films. We showed that surface collecting agents, which compress an oil slick on the water surface by surface pressure difference, do not mix in the oil film leaving unchanged the structure at the domains. We also examined the ability of monolayers of C4 to C18 saturated fatty acids in compressing and confining slicks of a Brazilian crude oil and its derivates. Surface pressure and monolayer spreading velocity were measured by the surface balance and by the talc test, respectively. The compression and confinement of the oil slicks were studied in Petri dishes, measuring the area of the slick and the thickness of the confined lenses. Monolayers of C8 and C12 were able to compress oil slicks forming lenses with about 5% of its original area. The best results were obtained with C8 and C12 monolayers, which confined oil slick in a lens with 5 mm thick and up to 72 hours without significant changes in the area. And finally we studied the influence of irradiation with artificial light in oil samples with different percentages of asphaltenes and volumes spread on the water. These experiments were accompanied by studies on the generation of singlet oxygen, fluorescence and infrared spectroscopy. We characterized that the changes of surface pressure and shrinkage of the oil slick is due to oxidation by singlet oxygen and generation of new surfactant compounds that compress the oil slick.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-08-07Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:40:50Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 ferreira_aa_dr_bauru.pdf: 1254678 bytes, checksum: f64cbe45b824915b62c316769bcbbf68 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Neste trabalho foram preparados filmes ultrafinos de ftalocianinas, polipirrol, quitosana e lignina usando as técnicas de automontagem (LbL, layer-by-layer), deposição física à vapor PVD (physical vapor deposition) e Langmuir-Blodgett (LB). Os filmes foram caracterizados usando a técnica de espectroscopia UV-vis e apresentaram características adequadas para fabricar sensores capacitivos com o intuito de comporem uma língua eletrônica. Para se analisar as respostas capacitivas dos sensores em função da frequência, eles foram mergulhados em soluções de água Milli-Q e do refrigerante Tubaína (Funada), com diferentes valores de pH, teor de sacarose e ºBrix. A partir das capacitâncias para a frequência de 1 kHz utilizou-se a técnica de análise estatística de componentes principais (PCA) para distinguir o teor de ºBrix, sacarose e acidez. Além disso, o trabalho apresenta um método para selecionar os sensores mais adequados, o qual consiste da análise PCA da matriz transposta dos resultados das capacitâncias. Na análise PCA dos resultados obtidos em água Milli-Q foi constatado que, do conjunto de sete sensores, são necessários apenas três sensores para avaliar a variação do pH enquanto que para o teor de sacarose são necessários quatro sensores. Para se avaliar a variação do pH no refrigerante Tubaína são necessários três sensores e quatro sensores para o teor de ºBrix. Na parte final a língua eletrônica foi usada para identificar as variações de pH e o teor de sacarose em água Milli-Q e pH e teor ºBrix no refrigerante Tubaína. / Ultrathin polymeric films were fabricated from phytalocyanine, polypirrol, chitosan and lignin using the layer-by-layer, physical vapor deposition (PVD) and Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) techniques. Films were characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy showing that are suitable to fabricate capacitive sensors to form an electronic tongue. To probe the capacitive response of sensors on frequency they were immersed in Milli-Q water and in the soft soda Tubaina (from Funada) with different pH, sucrose and ºBrix content. From capacitances measured at 1 kHz the principal component analysis (PCA) was employed to distinguish the ºBrix, pH and sucrose content. Besides this, we present a method to select which sensors are more appropriated, consisting of the PCA analysis of the transposed matrix of the capacitance results. Employing the modified PCA analysis of results obtained from measurements in Milli-Q water we found that, from the set of seven sensors, only three sensors are required to distinguish the pH while only four sensors to distinguish the sucrose. In the case of the soft drink Tubaina three and four sensors are also required to distinguish the pH and ºBrix content, respectively. Finally, the electronic tongue was employed to distinguish the pH and sucrose content in Milli-Q water and the pH and ºBrix in soft drink Tubaina.

Three illustrative cases involving the electrodeposition of ultrathin metal films of varying reactivities onto noble-metal substrates were investigated: (i) Pd on Pt(111), a noble admetal on a noble-metal surface; (ii) Bi on Pd(111), a less noble admetal on a noble-metal surface; and (iii) Co on polycrystalline Pd and Pd(111), a reactive metal on a noble-metal surface. The interfacial electrochemistry of these prototypical systems was characterized using a combination of electrochemical methods (voltammetry and coulometry) and ultrahigh vacuum electron spectroscopies (Auger electron spectroscopy, AES; low energy electron diffraction, LEED; and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, XPS). Potential-controlled adsorption-desorption cycles of aqueous bromide exerted surface smoothening effects on ultrathin Pd films with defect sites (steps). This procedure, dubbed as electrochemical (EC) annealing, constituted a nonthermal analogue to conventional annealing. EC-annealed ultrathin Pd films exhibited long-range surface order and remained free of oxygen adspecies. Pdadatoms occupying step-sites were selectively dissolved and/or rearranged to assume equilibrium positions in a well-ordered (1x1) film. Electrodeposition of Co was found to be highly surface-structuresensitive. While virtually no Co electrodeposition transpired on a clean Pd(111) surface, Co was voltammetrically deposited on (i) a Pd(111) electrode roughened by oxidation-reduction cycles; and (ii) thermally annealed polycrystalline Pd, which is a composite of the (111) and (100) facets. Electrodeposition of Co was also observed to be kinetically hindered and slow potential scan rates (0.1 mV/s) were required. Well-defined ultrathin Bi films were potentiostatically electrodeposited onto Pd(111); a Stranski-Krastanov growth mode was indicated. The electrochemical reactivity of ultrathin Bi films was characterized using two surface probes: aqueous iodide and D-glucose. (i) Exposure of the prepared Bi adlayers (ΘBi 0.33) to aqueous iodide gave rise to (√3x√7) I-on-Bi superlattice. The same superlattice was obtained if Bi was electrodeposited onto Pd(111)(√3x√3)R30o-I. (ii) With respect to electrooxidation of D-glucose on Pd(111), the presence of Bi adlayers inhibited the by-product-induced "surface poisoning" of Pd(111) but reduced its electrocatalytic efficiency.

No description available.

Orientador: José Alberto Giacometti / Banca: Lucas Fugikawa Santos / Banca: Marystela Ferreira / Banca: Neri Alves / Banca: Alfredo Roque Salvetti / O Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia de Materiais, PosMat, tem caráter institucional e integra as atividades de pesquisa em materiais de diversos campi na Unesp / Resumo: Neste trabalho foram preparados filmes ultrafinos de ftalocianinas, polipirrol, quitosana e lignina usando as técnicas de automontagem (LbL, "layer-by-layer"), deposição física à vapor PVD (physical vapor deposition) e Langmuir-Blodgett (LB). Os filmes foram caracterizados usando a técnica de espectroscopia UV-vis e apresentaram características adequadas para fabricar sensores capacitivos com o intuito de comporem uma "língua eletrônica". Para se analisar as respostas capacitivas dos sensores em função da frequência, eles foram mergulhados em soluções de água Milli-Q e do refrigerante Tubaína (Funada), com diferentes valores de pH, teor de sacarose e ºBrix. A partir das capacitâncias para a frequência de 1 kHz utilizou-se a técnica de análise estatística de componentes principais (PCA) para distinguir o teor de ºBrix, sacarose e acidez. Além disso, o trabalho apresenta um método para selecionar os sensores mais adequados, o qual consiste da análise PCA da matriz transposta dos resultados das capacitâncias. Na análise PCA dos resultados obtidos em água Milli-Q foi constatado que, do conjunto de sete sensores, são necessários apenas três sensores para avaliar a variação do pH enquanto que para o teor de sacarose são necessários quatro sensores. Para se avaliar a variação do pH no refrigerante Tubaína são necessários três sensores e quatro sensores para o teor de ºBrix. Na parte final a "língua eletrônica" foi usada para identificar as variações de pH e o teor de sacarose em água Milli-Q e pH e teor ºBrix no refrigerante Tubaína. / Abstract: Ultrathin polymeric films were fabricated from phytalocyanine, polypirrol, chitosan and lignin using the layer-by-layer, physical vapor deposition (PVD) and Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) techniques. Films were characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy showing that are suitable to fabricate capacitive sensors to form an "electronic tongue". To probe the capacitive response of sensors on frequency they were immersed in Milli-Q water and in the soft soda Tubaina (from Funada) with different pH, sucrose and ºBrix content. From capacitances measured at 1 kHz the principal component analysis (PCA) was employed to distinguish the ºBrix, pH and sucrose content. Besides this, we present a method to select which sensors are more appropriated, consisting of the PCA analysis of the transposed matrix of the capacitance results. Employing the modified PCA analysis of results obtained from measurements in Milli-Q water we found that, from the set of seven sensors, only three sensors are required to distinguish the pH while only four sensors to distinguish the sucrose. In the case of the soft drink Tubaina three and four sensors are also required to distinguish the pH and ºBrix content, respectively. Finally, the electronic tongue was employed to distinguish the pH and sucrose content in Milli-Q water and the pH and ºBrix in soft drink Tubaina. / Doutor

Entender o comportamento de filmes de petróleo na interface ar-água é crucial para lidar com derrames de petróleo e reduzir os consecutivos danos ao meio ambiente. Para tanto, filmes de Langmuir preparados com frações de petróleo tem sido normalmente estudados. Entretanto, as propriedades dos filmes preparados a partir de amostras de petróleo bruto podem diferir consideravelmente dos filmes preparados a partir das suas frações individuais. Filmes preparados na interface ar-água de diversas amostras de petróleo com composições distintas foram estudadas usando técnicas espectroscópicas e de superfície incluindo pressão superficial, potencial de superfície, BAM, fluorescência e MEV. Mostramos que petróleo forma um filme de Langmuir não homogêneo na interface ar-água. As isotermas de pressão superficial para os filmes de petróleo exibem as fases gás (G), líquido expandido (LE), líquido condensado (LC) e sólido (S) com quase nenhuma histerese nos ciclos de compressão e descompressão, ao contrário da grande histerese observada em filmes de asfaltenos, maltenos e/ou resinas. A pressão superficial e os dados de microscopia de fluorescência indicam a presença de domínios fluorescentes em equilíbrio com uma fase menos fluorescente do petróleo contendo água estabilizada. Imagens de BAM e fluorescência de filmes LB confirmam a presença dos domínios de água, mesmo em pressões superficiais elevadas, caracterizando inequivocamente a tendência do petróleo em estabilizar sistemas emulsionados. O aumento da quantidade de asfalteno torna o filme mais instável, devido à formação de agregados irreversíveis. Nossos resultados sugerem que é necessário utilizar amostras de petróleo cru ao invés de suas frações, para entender a estrutura e as propriedades de filmes finos de petróleo. Demonstramos que os agentes coletores tensoativos que comprimem uma mancha de óleo sobre a superfície da água por diferença de pressão superficial, não entram no filme de petróleo, mantendo inalterado a estrutura dos domínios. Investigamos também a capacidade de monocamadas dos ácidos graxos saturados C4 a C18 em comprimir e confinar manchas de petróleo bruto brasileiro e seus derivados. A pressão superficial e a velocidade de espalhamento das monocamadas foram determinadas em uma balança de superfície e pelo teste do talco, respectivamente. A compressão e o confinamento das manchas foram estudados em placas de Petri, medindo-se a área das manchas e a espessura das lentes confinadas. Monocamadas de C8 a C12 foram capazes de comprimir manchas de petróleo formando lentes com cerca de 5% de sua área original. Os melhores resultados foram obtidos com as monocamadas de C8 e C12, que confinaram a mancha de petróleo em uma lente com 5 mm de espessura por até 72 horas sem mudanças significativas em sua área. E para finalizar foi estudado a influência da irradiação com fonte de luz artificial em amostras de petróleo com diferentes porcentagens de asfaltenos e volumes espalhados sobre a água. Tais experimentos foram acompanhados de estudos sobre a geração de oxigênio singlete, espectroscopia de fluorescência e de infravermelho. Caracterizamos que as alterações de pressão superficial e encolhimento da mancha são devidos a oxidação por oxigênio singlete que gera novos compostos tensoativos que comprimem a mancha / Understanding the behavior of petroleum films at the air-water interface is crucial for dealing with oil slicks and consecutive reducing the damages to the environment. For this, Langmuir films prepared with oil fractions have often been studied. However, the properties of films prepared from crude oil samples may differ considerably from those of films prepared from its individual fractions. Films prepared in the ar-water interface with several oil samples with different compositions were studied using spectroscopic and surface techniques including surface pressure, surface potential, BAM, fluorescence and SEM. We showed that petroleum forms an inhomogeneous Langmuir film at the air-water interface. The surface pressure isotherms for petroleum films exhibit gas (G), liquid expanded (LE), liquid condensed (LC) and solid (S) phases, with almost no hysteresis in the compression-decompression cycles, unlike the large hysteresis observed in asphaltenes, maltenes and/or resins films. The surface pressure and fluorescence microscopy data indicate the presence of fluorescent areas in balance with a less fluorescent oil containing water stabilized. BAM and LB films microscopy images confirm the presence of water areas, even at high surface pressures, characterizing unequivocally the trend of petroleum to stabilize emulsion systems. The increase in the amount of asphaltene turned the film more unstable. Our results strongly suggest that it is necessary to use crude oil samples instead of its fractions, to understand the structure and properties of oil thin films. We showed that surface collecting agents, which compress an oil slick on the water surface by surface pressure difference, do not mix in the oil film leaving unchanged the structure at the domains. We also examined the ability of monolayers of C4 to C18 saturated fatty acids in compressing and confining slicks of a Brazilian crude oil and its derivates. Surface pressure and monolayer spreading velocity were measured by the surface balance and by the talc test, respectively. The compression and confinement of the oil slicks were studied in Petri dishes, measuring the area of the slick and the thickness of the confined lenses. Monolayers of C8 and C12 were able to compress oil slicks forming lenses with about 5% of its original area. The best results were obtained with C8 and C12 monolayers, which confined oil slick in a lens with 5 mm thick and up to 72 hours without significant changes in the area. And finally we studied the influence of irradiation with artificial light in oil samples with different percentages of asphaltenes and volumes spread on the water. These experiments were accompanied by studies on the generation of singlet oxygen, fluorescence and infrared spectroscopy. We characterized that the changes of surface pressure and shrinkage of the oil slick is due to oxidation by singlet oxygen and generation of new surfactant compounds that compress the oil slick.

This master's thesis deals with preparation and analysis of ultrathin films of aluminum and aluminum nitride. Films were prepared by effusion cells designed in previous bachelor's thesis. Cell construction and testing is included in this thesis. Behavior of aluminum on silicon dioxide, silicon and graphene was studied. Preparation of aluminum nitride by effusion cell and nitrogen ion source is described.

The magnetic susceptibility of 3-4ML ultrathin Fe/W(001) films was measured in situ under ultrahigh vacuum using the surface magneto-optic Kerr effect (SMOKE). Susceptibility measurements indicate that Fe/W(001) is a 2DXY system, and therefore undergoes a finite-size Kosterlitz-Thouless (KT) transition at the critical temperature T_KT. The films were grown using molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) and were characterized using Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and low-energy electron diffraction (LEED). Three distinct categories of susceptibility signals were observed, and are referred to as Type I, II, and III. The primary difference between these signals is the size of the imaginary susceptibility, which likely corresponds to dissipative effects such as domain wall motion. The critical behaviour of the susceptibility in the paramagnetic region is described in the theory by χ(T) ~exp⁡〖〖(B/(T/T_KT-1) 〗^a)〗. A least-squares fit to this paramagnetic region from many independently grown films gives values of a=0.50±0.03 and B=3.48±0.16, which are in quantitative agreement with the KT theory. In comparison to 2nd order phase transitions, a power law fit to the paramagnetic region of the susceptibility yields an effective critical exponent of γ_eff≈3.7±0.7, which does not correspond to any known universality class. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc) / The magnetic properties of atomically thin iron films, referred to as Fe/W(001), were investigated using the highly sensitive phenomenon known as the surface magneto-optic Kerr effect (SMOKE). Fe/W(001) films were grown using the well-developed technique known as molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), which involved a slow and controlled thermal evaporation of an iron source onto a tungsten substrate. Film thickness and uniformity were verified using Auger electron spectroscopy, and film structure was determined using low energy electron diffraction. Film growth and all subsequent measurements were performed in situ under ultrahigh vacuum (10-10 mbar) to limit surface contamination. Using SMOKE, the magnetic susceptibility of the Fe/W(001) films was measured as a function of temperature to look for evidence of a unique phase transition known as the Kosterlitz-Thouless (KT) transition. Fitting experimental susceptibility data to the theoretical model for the KT transition presented persuasive evidence that Fe/W(001) films undergo a KT transition.