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Σκοπός της παρούσας μελέτης είναι η συστηματική διερεύνηση και η ερμηνεία των παραγόντων και μηχανισμών παρεμπόδισης των γυναικών από την ισότιμη συμμετοχή τους στη διοίκηση, με συνέπεια την υποεκπροσώπησή τους στην εκπαιδευτική διοικητική ιεραρχία. Επιπλέον η παρούσα εργασία διερευνά και την ανίχνευση των παραγόντων εκείνων που οδηγούν στη διεκδίκηση ή μη διοικητικών-διευθυντικών θέσεων από τους εκπαιδευτικούς, παίρνοντας ως παράδειγμα την περίπτωση της Πρωτοβάθμιας Εκπαίδευσης του Νομού Αχαΐας κατά τις κρίσεις του 2007 στην εκπαίδευση. Ως μεθοδολογικό εργαλείο χρησιμοποιήθηκε το ερωτηματολόγιο, μέσα από το οποίο αξιοποιήθηκαν ποσοτικά και ποιοτικά δεδομένα. Το ερωτηματολόγιο ήταν δομημένο με ερωτήσεις ως επί το πλείστον κλειστού τύπου και περιορισμένο αριθμό ανοικτών ερωτήσεων όπου αναμέναμε την προσωπική παρέμβαση-πρόταση των εκπαιδευτικών, για τη διερεύνηση του ζητήματος της παρουσίας των δύο φύλων στην εκπαιδευτική διοίκηση και συμπληρώθηκε από 185 εκπαιδευτικούς διοικητικά στελέχη και μη, της Πρωτοβάθμιας Δημοτικής Εκπαίδευσης του Νομού Αχαΐας. Στη συνέχεια παρουσιάζονται τα δεδομένα και αναλύονται ενώ στο τέλος της έρευνας γίνεται μια προσπάθεια ερμηνείας των δεδομένων αυτών και παρατίθενται οι προβληματισμοί για περαιτέρω έρευνα. / The purpose of this study is to systematically assess and evaluate the factors and mechanisms which prevent women from equal participation in management, resulting in their underrepresentation in educational administrative hierarchy. Furthermore, this work explores the detection of factors leading to the claim or non-claim of administrative-managerial positions by teachers, taking as an example the case of Primary Education of Achaia, in the 2007 selection procedure in education. The methodological tool was a questionnaire through which both quantitative and qualitative data were utilized. The questionnaire included mostly closed-type questions and a limited number of open questions through which we expected the teachers’ personal intervention-proposal, for exploring the issue of presence of the two genders in educational administration. The questionnaire was completed by 185 teachers, holders and non-holders of managerial posts working in Primary Education in the Prefecture of Achaia. Next the data are presented and analyzed while an attempt to interpret these data is ventured concluding the research. Finally, questions for further consideration and research are posed.

Abstracts in English, Afrikaans and Sepedi / Approximately half of the people in the world is female and yet women hold just more than one in every five senior management positions. This underrepresentation is a worldwide phenomenon that is also evident in the audit profession where there are few women at audit partner level. The purpose of this study was to explore the experiences of women audit managers – to gain an understanding of the reasons why they resign from audit firms before they are promoted to audit partner level. It was anticipated that this understanding could enable audit firms to develop and implement effective retention strategies to retain women in audit partner positions and to overcome the potential barriers to the equal representation of men and women in senior management positions in audit firms. An exploratory qualitative research approach and an interpretative phenomenological analysis design were used to explore and interpret the lived experiences of the women audit managers to understand the reasons why they resign from audit firms. The study found that unclear progression paths due to uncertain timelines, as well as the black economic empowerment pressures experienced by the audit firms, explained some of the women’s resignations from the audit firms. Unhealthy supervisor relationships, discrimination, no female role models and the “old boys club” as part of the audit firms’ leadership and organisational culture also played a prominent role in the women audit managers’ experiences. Moreover, unsatisfactory compensation together with no work-life balance were found to have influenced the majority of the women’s decisions to resign from the audit firms. Finally, the study also found that some of the participants’ aspirations to become audit partners were not distinct and that other matters were more important to them than their careers. / Alhoewel ongeveer die helfte van die wêreldbevolking vrouens is, is net een uit elke vyf senior bestuurders 'n vrou. Hierdie onderverteenwoordiging is 'n wêreldwye fenomeen, ook in die ouditberoep waar daar net 'n paar vrouens op ouditvennootvlak is. Die doel van hierdie studie was om die ervarings van vroulike ouditbestuurders te verken – om 'n begrip te kry van die redes waarom hulle bedank uit ouditfirmas voordat hulle tot ouditvennootvlak bevorder word. Die verwagting is dat hierdie begrip ouditfirmas in staat kan stel om effektiewe behoudstrategieë te ontwikkel en te implementeer om vrouens in ouditvennootposisies te behou en om die potensiële struikelblokke tot die gelyke verteenwoordiging van mans en vrouens in seniorbestuursposisies in ouditfirmas te bowe te kom. 'n Eksploratiewe, kwalitatiewe navorsingbenadering en 'n interpretatiewe, fenomenologiese ontledingsontwerp is gebruik om die geleefde ervarings van die vroulike ouditbestuurders te verken en te interpreteer om te kan verstaan waarom hulle uit ouditfirmas bedank. Die studie het bevind dat onduidelike progressiebane as gevolg van vae tydlyne, asook die druk van swart ekonomiese bemagtiging wat oudifirmas ervaar, kan verduidelik waarom sommige van die vrouens uit die ouditfirmas bedank. Ongesonde toesighouerverhoudings, diskriminasie, geen vroulike rolmodelle en die stelsel van baantjies vir boeties as deel van die ouditfirmas se leierskap- en organisasiekultuur speel ook 'n prominente rol in die vroulike ouditbestuurders se ervarings. Boonop is bevind dat onbevredigende vergoeding asook geen werk-lewebalans die meerderheid van die vrouens se besluite beïnvloed om uit die ouditfirmas te bedank. Die studie het ten slotte bevind dat dit nie sommige van die deelnemers se kennelike ambisie is om ouditvennote te word nie, en dat ander aangeleenthede van groter belang vir hulle is as hulle loopbane. / Tekanyetšo ya seripa sa batho mo lefaseng ke basadi efela basadi ke fela o tee godimo ga maemo a mahlano a bolaodi bja godimo. Kemedi ye ye nnyane ke setlwaedi sa motlalanaga seo se bonagalago ka go mošomo wa tlhakišo fao go nago le basadi ba bannyane maemong a bolekane bja tlhakišo. Mohola wa phatišišo ye e be e le go nyakolla maitemogelo a basadi ba balaodi ba batlhakiši – go kwešiša mabaka a go re ke ka lebaka la eng ba tlogela mešomo difemeng tša tlhakišo pele ba ka hlatlošetšwa maemong a bolekane bja tlhakišo. Go be go lebeletšwe gore kwešišo ye e ka kgontšha difeme tša tlhakišo go tlhabolla le go phethagatša maanotšhomo a maleba a go dula le bona sebaka mo go maemo a molekane wa tlhakišo le go fediša tšeo e ka bago mapheko go kemedi ya go lekana ga banna le basadi maemong a taolo ya godimo ka go difeme tša tlhakišo. Mokgwa wa diphatišišo tša boleng bja go nyakolla le tlhamo ya kahlaahlo ya ditiragalo tšeo di hlaloswago di be di šomišwa go nyakolla le go hlatholla maitemogelo ao balaodi ba tlhakišo ba basadi go kwešiša mabaka a go re ke ka lebaka la eng ba tlogela mošomo mo difemeng tša tlhakišo. Thuto ye e hweditše gore ditsela tša go se bonale tša kgatelopele ka lebaka la ditatelano tšeo di se nago bohlatse, go tee le matlafatšo ya ikonomi ya bathobaso tšeo di itemogetšwego ke difeme tša tlhakišo, e tlhalositše tše dingwe tša ditlogelo tša mošomo ka basadi go difeme tša tlhakišo. Dikamano tšeo di sa lokago le balebeledi, kgethollo, basadi ba go se tšewe bjalo ka mehlala le “old boys club” bjalo ka karolo ya boetapele bja difeme tša tlhakišo le setšo sa sehlongwa le tšona di ralokile karolo ya bohlokwa go boitemogelo bja balaodi ba basadi ba difeme tša tlhakišo. Go feta fao, tefelo yeo e sa kgotsofatšego go tee le tekanyetšo ya bophelo bja mošomo di hwetšagetše di na le khuetšo go bontši bja diphetho tša basadi tša go tlogela mošomo go tšwa go difeme tša tlhakišo. Mafelelong, phatišišo e hweditše go re ditumo tša batšeakarolo ba bangwe tša go ba balekane ba tlhakišo di be di sa bonale le go re merero ye mengwe e be e le bohlokwa kudu go bona go feta mešomo ya bona. / College of Accounting Sciences / M. Phil. (Accounting Sciences)

Abstracts in English, Afrikaans and Sepedi / Approximately half of the people in the world is female and yet women hold just more than one in every five senior management positions. This underrepresentation is a worldwide phenomenon that is also evident in the audit profession where there are few women at audit partner level. The purpose of this study was to explore the experiences of women audit managers – to gain an understanding of the reasons why they resign from audit firms before they are promoted to audit partner level. It was anticipated that this understanding could enable audit firms to develop and implement effective retention strategies to retain women in audit partner positions and to overcome the potential barriers to the equal representation of men and women in senior management positions in audit firms. An exploratory qualitative research approach and an interpretative phenomenological analysis design were used to explore and interpret the lived experiences of the women audit managers to understand the reasons why they resign from audit firms. The study found that unclear progression paths due to uncertain timelines, as well as the black economic empowerment pressures experienced by the audit firms, explained some of the women’s resignations from the audit firms. Unhealthy supervisor relationships, discrimination, no female role models and the “old boys club” as part of the audit firms’ leadership and organisational culture also played a prominent role in the women audit managers’ experiences. Moreover, unsatisfactory compensation together with no work-life balance were found to have influenced the majority of the women’s decisions to resign from the audit firms. Finally, the study also found that some of the participants’ aspirations to become audit partners were not distinct and that other matters were more important to them than their careers. / Alhoewel ongeveer die helfte van die wêreldbevolking vrouens is, is net een uit elke vyf senior bestuurders 'n vrou. Hierdie onderverteenwoordiging is 'n wêreldwye fenomeen, ook in die ouditberoep waar daar net 'n paar vrouens op ouditvennootvlak is. Die doel van hierdie studie was om die ervarings van vroulike ouditbestuurders te verken – om 'n begrip te kry van die redes waarom hulle bedank uit ouditfirmas voordat hulle tot ouditvennootvlak bevorder word. Die verwagting is dat hierdie begrip ouditfirmas in staat kan stel om effektiewe behoudstrategieë te ontwikkel en te implementeer om vrouens in ouditvennootposisies te behou en om die potensiële struikelblokke tot die gelyke verteenwoordiging van mans en vrouens in seniorbestuursposisies in ouditfirmas te bowe te kom. 'n Eksploratiewe, kwalitatiewe navorsingbenadering en 'n interpretatiewe, fenomenologiese ontledingsontwerp is gebruik om die geleefde ervarings van die vroulike ouditbestuurders te verken en te interpreteer om te kan verstaan waarom hulle uit ouditfirmas bedank. Die studie het bevind dat onduidelike progressiebane as gevolg van vae tydlyne, asook die druk van swart ekonomiese bemagtiging wat oudifirmas ervaar, kan verduidelik waarom sommige van die vrouens uit die ouditfirmas bedank. Ongesonde toesighouerverhoudings, diskriminasie, geen vroulike rolmodelle en die stelsel van baantjies vir boeties as deel van die ouditfirmas se leierskap- en organisasiekultuur speel ook 'n prominente rol in die vroulike ouditbestuurders se ervarings. Boonop is bevind dat onbevredigende vergoeding asook geen werk-lewebalans die meerderheid van die vrouens se besluite beïnvloed om uit die ouditfirmas te bedank. Die studie het ten slotte bevind dat dit nie sommige van die deelnemers se kennelike ambisie is om ouditvennote te word nie, en dat ander aangeleenthede van groter belang vir hulle is as hulle loopbane. / Tekanyetšo ya seripa sa batho mo lefaseng ke basadi efela basadi ke fela o tee godimo ga maemo a mahlano a bolaodi bja godimo. Kemedi ye ye nnyane ke setlwaedi sa motlalanaga seo se bonagalago ka go mošomo wa tlhakišo fao go nago le basadi ba bannyane maemong a bolekane bja tlhakišo. Mohola wa phatišišo ye e be e le go nyakolla maitemogelo a basadi ba balaodi ba batlhakiši – go kwešiša mabaka a go re ke ka lebaka la eng ba tlogela mešomo difemeng tša tlhakišo pele ba ka hlatlošetšwa maemong a bolekane bja tlhakišo. Go be go lebeletšwe gore kwešišo ye e ka kgontšha difeme tša tlhakišo go tlhabolla le go phethagatša maanotšhomo a maleba a go dula le bona sebaka mo go maemo a molekane wa tlhakišo le go fediša tšeo e ka bago mapheko go kemedi ya go lekana ga banna le basadi maemong a taolo ya godimo ka go difeme tša tlhakišo. Mokgwa wa diphatišišo tša boleng bja go nyakolla le tlhamo ya kahlaahlo ya ditiragalo tšeo di hlaloswago di be di šomišwa go nyakolla le go hlatholla maitemogelo ao balaodi ba tlhakišo ba basadi go kwešiša mabaka a go re ke ka lebaka la eng ba tlogela mošomo mo difemeng tša tlhakišo. Thuto ye e hweditše gore ditsela tša go se bonale tša kgatelopele ka lebaka la ditatelano tšeo di se nago bohlatse, go tee le matlafatšo ya ikonomi ya bathobaso tšeo di itemogetšwego ke difeme tša tlhakišo, e tlhalositše tše dingwe tša ditlogelo tša mošomo ka basadi go difeme tša tlhakišo. Dikamano tšeo di sa lokago le balebeledi, kgethollo, basadi ba go se tšewe bjalo ka mehlala le “old boys club” bjalo ka karolo ya boetapele bja difeme tša tlhakišo le setšo sa sehlongwa le tšona di ralokile karolo ya bohlokwa go boitemogelo bja balaodi ba basadi ba difeme tša tlhakišo. Go feta fao, tefelo yeo e sa kgotsofatšego go tee le tekanyetšo ya bophelo bja mošomo di hwetšagetše di na le khuetšo go bontši bja diphetho tša basadi tša go tlogela mošomo go tšwa go difeme tša tlhakišo. Mafelelong, phatišišo e hweditše go re ditumo tša batšeakarolo ba bangwe tša go ba balekane ba tlhakišo di be di sa bonale le go re merero ye mengwe e be e le bohlokwa kudu go bona go feta mešomo ya bona. / Auditing / M. Phil. (Accounting Sciences)

Kvinnor i IT-branschen, Könsteori, Kvinnor inom Informationsteknologi, Inkludering, Underrepresentation av kvinnor inom IT Sammanfattning (kopiera från uppsats) *: IT-branschen har traditionellt varit mansdominerad under lång tid överallt i världen och behöver fler anställda som är kvinnor. Även om samhället är medvetet om detta faktum är det mindre klart hur verksamheter ska arbeta för att få in och behålla kvinnor inom IT-branschen. För att möjliggöra att fler kvinnor vill ge sig in och stanna kvar inom branschen är det viktigt att förstå de utmaningar kvinnor möter inom branschen och vad som motiverar dem till att arbeta inom IT. Denna förstudie syftar till att undersöka vilka utmaningar kvinnor inom den svenska IT-branschen möter. Det finns forskning inom området kring vilka motgångar kvinnor inom IT-branschen möter men det har identifierats ett gap i den svenska kontexten: vad kvinnor i Sverige möter för motgångar inom IT-branschen. Förstudien syftar även till att genom dessa utmaningar ta reda på vad kvinnor motiveras av för att förstå hur fler kvinnor kan vilja ta sig in i branschen i Sverige. Förstudien är av kvalitativt slag där det empiriska materialet har samlats in genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med sex stycken kvinnor från varierande verksamheter och har olika roller inom IT-branschen. Utöver den empiriska förstudien har även en litteraturstudie genomförts för att identifiera eventuella luckor eller motsägelser i tidigare forskning inom området. Resultatet visar att det är skillnader på vad män och kvinnor motiveras av inom IT-branschen. Fler män än kvinnor har valt branschen vilket i sin tur lett till underrepresentation av kvinnor och negativ inverkan på IT-innovationer. Resultatet visar på utmaningar som är djupt förankrade i stereotyper, samhällets förväntningar, den mansdominerade miljön och brist på förebilder. Trots de många utmaningarna som kvinnor möter finns det mycket som motiverar dem till att arbeta inom IT-branschen. Motivation som att utveckla tekniska färdigheter inom olika områden, flexibiliteten som ger möjligheten till att lägga upp sin arbetsvecka och distansarbete samt att branschen är så pass bred att det finns något för alla. Resultatet av den empiriska förstudien och litteraturstudien är förstudiens bidrag till vidare forskning som visar på vilka utmaningar kvinnor kan möta och den motivation de kan ha inom att vilja arbeta inom IT-branschen. Förstudien kan användas som utgångspunkt för vidare forskning inom området. För att möjliggöra att få in fler kvinnor och få kvinnor att stanna kvar inom IT-branschen har förstudiens resultat påvisat att företag och organisationer bör lägga större vikt på att inkludera fler perspektiv. Resultatet av förstudien visar att kvinnor som arbetar på en mer inkluderande arbetsplats där mångfald på arbetsplatsen är centralt trivs bättre än på en arbetsplats som är mansdominerad inom alla nivåer. / The IT industry has traditionally been male-dominated for a long time worldwide and needs more female employees. Although society is aware of this fact it is less clear how companies can attract more women and want them to stay in the IT industry. To increase the possibility of bringing more women into the field it is important to understand the challenges women face in the industry and what motivates them to work with IT. This preliminary study aims to investigate the challenges faced by women in the Swedish IT industry. While there is existing research in this area there is a gap in the Swedish context regarding the obstacles and motivations specific to women in Sweden within the IT industry. The preliminary study also aims to identify what motivates women and understand how more women will be inclined to enter the industry based on this. The preliminary study is of a qualitative nature where empirical data has been collected through semi-structured interviews with six different women from various organizations and with different roles within the IT sector. In addition to the empirical preliminary study a literature review has been conducted to identify any gaps or contradictions in previous research in this area. The results show that there are differences in what motivates men and women in the IT industry. More men than women have chosen the industry which has led to female underrepresentation and a negative impact on IT innovations. The results highlight challenges which are deeply rooted in stereotypes, societal expectations, professional culture and lack of role models. Despite the many challenges women face there are many factors that motivate them to work in the IT industry. Motivations include developing technical skills in various areas, the flexibility that allows for planning your work, remote work and the broadness of the industry that offers something for everyone. The contribution of the preliminary study lies in identifying the challenges women can face and the motivation they may have in order to attract more women to the IT industry. To enable the inclusion and retention of more women in the IT industry, the preliminary study's results indicate that companies and organizations should place greater emphasis on including diverse perspectives. The preliminary study's findings have shown that women working in a more inclusive workplace where diversity is central at all levels thrive better than in a male-dominated workplace. The language of the essay will be Swedish.