O Brasil enfrenta o desafio de criar mais emprego e ampliar a geração de renda. O desenvolvimento dos pequenos negócios é condição fundamental para que esses objetivos sejam atendidos, pois são intensivos em postos de trabalho e estão em todos os municípios do país. A sociedade por meio do segmento das Micro e Pequenas Empresas prepararam uma proposta, amplamente discutida, tecnicamente elaborada e longamente negociada. A Lei Geral é o novo Estatuto Nacional das Micro Empresas e das Empresas de Pequeno Porte, Instituído pela Lei Complementar nº 123, de 14 de dezembro de 2006, vem estabelecer normas gerais relativas ao tratamento diferenciado e favorecido a ser dispensado às Microempresas - ME e Empresas de Pequeno Porte - EPP no âmbito dos Poderes da União, dos Estados, do Distrito Federal e dos Municípios. Esta Lei vai preparar o Brasil para uma política efetiva de apoio promoção do desenvolvimento, da competitividade e prosperidade. Unifica impostos e contribuição da União, de Estados e Municípios, dispensa o cumprimento de certas obrigações trabalhistas e previdenciárias, facilita o acesso ao crédito ao mercado, confere preferência nas compras públicas para as empresas de pequeno porte e estimula a inovação tecnológica, entre outros benefícios. A utilização do poder de compra governamental significa dar uma função econômica e social à demanda por bens e serviços da administração pública, potencializando o papel do estado como promotor de políticas redistributivas e indutor do desenvolvimento econômico. A atual perspectiva de alterações na legislação brasileira sobre compras governamentais, as análises das experiências internacionais e, principalmente, das experiências bem sucedidas de governos estaduais, corroboram para a viabilidade de se utilizar o poder de compra do Estado de Roraima como um instrumento alternativo na busca pelo desenvolvimento econômico sustentável das Micro e Pequenas Empresas. Através dos dados sobre as compras governamentais do Estado de Roraima, verificou-se que não existe uma política de incentivos para que as compras sejam feitas localmente. Poucas MPE‟s participam da vendas para órgãos públicos. Quanto à dinâmica interna das compras governamentais, apurou-se um elevado desconhecimento por parte dos gestores públicos sobre a importância e o papel que às MPE‟s exercem na economia do estado. Despreparo dos empresários sobre o tema “Compras Públicas” e o que a empresa precisa para participar das licitações. E ainda um sentimento de pequenez dos empresários respondentes, diante dos concorrentes que participam das vendas para a administração pública. / The Brazil faces the challenge of creating more jobs and increase the generation of income. The development of small businesses is fundamental condition for which these objectives are met, as they are in intensive jobs, and are in all the municipalities of the country. The society through the segment of Micro and Small Enterprises, prepared a proposal, widely discussed, technically elaborate and extensively negotiated. The General Law is the new Statute of the National Micro and Small Enterprises in Porte, set up by Complementary Law No 123 of December 14, 2006, has established general rules to different treatment and favored to be waived and the Micro-ME Companies Small Porte de - EPP under the Powers of the Union, the states, the Federal District and Municipalities. The General Law will prepare Brazil for an effective policy to support the promotion of development, competitiveness and prosperity. It will bring to society and especially for small businesses a number of improvements. The General Law unifies tax and contribution of the Union of states and municipalities, waiver of compliance with certain obligations and labor schemes, facilitates access to credit to the market, gives preference in government purchases for enterprises of small and stimulates technological innovation, among other benefits. The use of government purchasing power means a function to social and economic demand for goods and services of public administration, strengthening the role of the state as promoter of redistributive policies and inducing economic development. The current view of changes in Brazilian legislation on government purchases, the analysis of international experiences, particularly the successful experiences of state governments, support for the viability of using the purchasing power of the state of Roraima as an alternative in the search the sustainable economic development of Micro and Small Enterprises. Using data on government purchases of the State of Roraima, we found that there is no policy of incentives for the purchases to be made locally. Few MEPs participate in sales to public bodies. As for the internal dynamics of government purchases, it was found that there is no knowledge ignorance by public managers on the importance and the role of the MEPs in the exercise of the state economy. Unpreparedness of entrepreneurs on "Public Procurement" and that the companies need to participate in bidding. And yet a sense of small entrepreneurs of respondents, ahead of competitors that participate in sales to the government.

O Brasil enfrenta o desafio de criar mais emprego e ampliar a geração de renda. O desenvolvimento dos pequenos negócios é condição fundamental para que esses objetivos sejam atendidos, pois são intensivos em postos de trabalho e estão em todos os municípios do país. A sociedade por meio do segmento das Micro e Pequenas Empresas prepararam uma proposta, amplamente discutida, tecnicamente elaborada e longamente negociada. A Lei Geral é o novo Estatuto Nacional das Micro Empresas e das Empresas de Pequeno Porte, Instituído pela Lei Complementar nº 123, de 14 de dezembro de 2006, vem estabelecer normas gerais relativas ao tratamento diferenciado e favorecido a ser dispensado às Microempresas - ME e Empresas de Pequeno Porte - EPP no âmbito dos Poderes da União, dos Estados, do Distrito Federal e dos Municípios. Esta Lei vai preparar o Brasil para uma política efetiva de apoio promoção do desenvolvimento, da competitividade e prosperidade. Unifica impostos e contribuição da União, de Estados e Municípios, dispensa o cumprimento de certas obrigações trabalhistas e previdenciárias, facilita o acesso ao crédito ao mercado, confere preferência nas compras públicas para as empresas de pequeno porte e estimula a inovação tecnológica, entre outros benefícios. A utilização do poder de compra governamental significa dar uma função econômica e social à demanda por bens e serviços da administração pública, potencializando o papel do estado como promotor de políticas redistributivas e indutor do desenvolvimento econômico. A atual perspectiva de alterações na legislação brasileira sobre compras governamentais, as análises das experiências internacionais e, principalmente, das experiências bem sucedidas de governos estaduais, corroboram para a viabilidade de se utilizar o poder de compra do Estado de Roraima como um instrumento alternativo na busca pelo desenvolvimento econômico sustentável das Micro e Pequenas Empresas. Através dos dados sobre as compras governamentais do Estado de Roraima, verificou-se que não existe uma política de incentivos para que as compras sejam feitas localmente. Poucas MPE‟s participam da vendas para órgãos públicos. Quanto à dinâmica interna das compras governamentais, apurou-se um elevado desconhecimento por parte dos gestores públicos sobre a importância e o papel que às MPE‟s exercem na economia do estado. Despreparo dos empresários sobre o tema “Compras Públicas” e o que a empresa precisa para participar das licitações. E ainda um sentimento de pequenez dos empresários respondentes, diante dos concorrentes que participam das vendas para a administração pública. / The Brazil faces the challenge of creating more jobs and increase the generation of income. The development of small businesses is fundamental condition for which these objectives are met, as they are in intensive jobs, and are in all the municipalities of the country. The society through the segment of Micro and Small Enterprises, prepared a proposal, widely discussed, technically elaborate and extensively negotiated. The General Law is the new Statute of the National Micro and Small Enterprises in Porte, set up by Complementary Law No 123 of December 14, 2006, has established general rules to different treatment and favored to be waived and the Micro-ME Companies Small Porte de - EPP under the Powers of the Union, the states, the Federal District and Municipalities. The General Law will prepare Brazil for an effective policy to support the promotion of development, competitiveness and prosperity. It will bring to society and especially for small businesses a number of improvements. The General Law unifies tax and contribution of the Union of states and municipalities, waiver of compliance with certain obligations and labor schemes, facilitates access to credit to the market, gives preference in government purchases for enterprises of small and stimulates technological innovation, among other benefits. The use of government purchasing power means a function to social and economic demand for goods and services of public administration, strengthening the role of the state as promoter of redistributive policies and inducing economic development. The current view of changes in Brazilian legislation on government purchases, the analysis of international experiences, particularly the successful experiences of state governments, support for the viability of using the purchasing power of the state of Roraima as an alternative in the search the sustainable economic development of Micro and Small Enterprises. Using data on government purchases of the State of Roraima, we found that there is no policy of incentives for the purchases to be made locally. Few MEPs participate in sales to public bodies. As for the internal dynamics of government purchases, it was found that there is no knowledge ignorance by public managers on the importance and the role of the MEPs in the exercise of the state economy. Unpreparedness of entrepreneurs on "Public Procurement" and that the companies need to participate in bidding. And yet a sense of small entrepreneurs of respondents, ahead of competitors that participate in sales to the government.

O Brasil enfrenta o desafio de criar mais emprego e ampliar a geração de renda. O desenvolvimento dos pequenos negócios é condição fundamental para que esses objetivos sejam atendidos, pois são intensivos em postos de trabalho e estão em todos os municípios do país. A sociedade por meio do segmento das Micro e Pequenas Empresas prepararam uma proposta, amplamente discutida, tecnicamente elaborada e longamente negociada. A Lei Geral é o novo Estatuto Nacional das Micro Empresas e das Empresas de Pequeno Porte, Instituído pela Lei Complementar nº 123, de 14 de dezembro de 2006, vem estabelecer normas gerais relativas ao tratamento diferenciado e favorecido a ser dispensado às Microempresas - ME e Empresas de Pequeno Porte - EPP no âmbito dos Poderes da União, dos Estados, do Distrito Federal e dos Municípios. Esta Lei vai preparar o Brasil para uma política efetiva de apoio promoção do desenvolvimento, da competitividade e prosperidade. Unifica impostos e contribuição da União, de Estados e Municípios, dispensa o cumprimento de certas obrigações trabalhistas e previdenciárias, facilita o acesso ao crédito ao mercado, confere preferência nas compras públicas para as empresas de pequeno porte e estimula a inovação tecnológica, entre outros benefícios. A utilização do poder de compra governamental significa dar uma função econômica e social à demanda por bens e serviços da administração pública, potencializando o papel do estado como promotor de políticas redistributivas e indutor do desenvolvimento econômico. A atual perspectiva de alterações na legislação brasileira sobre compras governamentais, as análises das experiências internacionais e, principalmente, das experiências bem sucedidas de governos estaduais, corroboram para a viabilidade de se utilizar o poder de compra do Estado de Roraima como um instrumento alternativo na busca pelo desenvolvimento econômico sustentável das Micro e Pequenas Empresas. Através dos dados sobre as compras governamentais do Estado de Roraima, verificou-se que não existe uma política de incentivos para que as compras sejam feitas localmente. Poucas MPE‟s participam da vendas para órgãos públicos. Quanto à dinâmica interna das compras governamentais, apurou-se um elevado desconhecimento por parte dos gestores públicos sobre a importância e o papel que às MPE‟s exercem na economia do estado. Despreparo dos empresários sobre o tema “Compras Públicas” e o que a empresa precisa para participar das licitações. E ainda um sentimento de pequenez dos empresários respondentes, diante dos concorrentes que participam das vendas para a administração pública. / The Brazil faces the challenge of creating more jobs and increase the generation of income. The development of small businesses is fundamental condition for which these objectives are met, as they are in intensive jobs, and are in all the municipalities of the country. The society through the segment of Micro and Small Enterprises, prepared a proposal, widely discussed, technically elaborate and extensively negotiated. The General Law is the new Statute of the National Micro and Small Enterprises in Porte, set up by Complementary Law No 123 of December 14, 2006, has established general rules to different treatment and favored to be waived and the Micro-ME Companies Small Porte de - EPP under the Powers of the Union, the states, the Federal District and Municipalities. The General Law will prepare Brazil for an effective policy to support the promotion of development, competitiveness and prosperity. It will bring to society and especially for small businesses a number of improvements. The General Law unifies tax and contribution of the Union of states and municipalities, waiver of compliance with certain obligations and labor schemes, facilitates access to credit to the market, gives preference in government purchases for enterprises of small and stimulates technological innovation, among other benefits. The use of government purchasing power means a function to social and economic demand for goods and services of public administration, strengthening the role of the state as promoter of redistributive policies and inducing economic development. The current view of changes in Brazilian legislation on government purchases, the analysis of international experiences, particularly the successful experiences of state governments, support for the viability of using the purchasing power of the state of Roraima as an alternative in the search the sustainable economic development of Micro and Small Enterprises. Using data on government purchases of the State of Roraima, we found that there is no policy of incentives for the purchases to be made locally. Few MEPs participate in sales to public bodies. As for the internal dynamics of government purchases, it was found that there is no knowledge ignorance by public managers on the importance and the role of the MEPs in the exercise of the state economy. Unpreparedness of entrepreneurs on "Public Procurement" and that the companies need to participate in bidding. And yet a sense of small entrepreneurs of respondents, ahead of competitors that participate in sales to the government.

Biodiversity loss is one of the major environmental threats facing the planet. Incentive-based conservation is one means to reduce human pressure on wildlife by providing economic incentives for resource-dependent people to protect the environment. Marine wildlife tourism is one of the fastest growing tourism sectors globally and is viewed as an important incentive-based approach for achieving marine conservation goals. However, few studies have linked participation in the provisioning of marine wildlife tourism activities with positive social and ecological conservation outcomes. The goal of this dissertation is to provide greater understanding of the conservation value of marine wildlife tourism using whale shark tourism as a case study with a main focus on social conservation outcomes amongst tourism providers. Positive changes in perceptions, attitudes and values towards target species and their environments can be an important element of incentive-based conservation. The study has the following objectives: (1) to assess the status of the global whale shark tourism industry, including types (e.g., captive, non-captive), real and potential impacts, conservation value and management challenges and best practices; (2) to examine the ethics of provisioning whale sharks in Oslob, Philippines, the largest, non-captive viewing site in the world; (3) to determine if working in ecotourism changed the attitudes and behaviours of locals towards whale sharks and the ocean, and if tourism type affects those outcomes; (4) to assess the marine wildlife value orientations of locals working in whale shark tourism to achieve greater understanding of the factors influencing their conservation attitudes and behaviours; (5) to explore the potential long-term impacts of poorly conceived incentive-based conservation projects on social and ecological conservation outcomes; and (6) to re-examine and update the conceptual and theoretical background for wildlife tourism in light of the findings of this study. Methods include a comprehensive literature review, tourist surveys, social media content analysis, and interviews with locals working in whale shark tourism at four sites in the Philippines. Results suggest that marine wildlife tourism can play an important role in changing locals’ attitudes and behaviours towards the focal species and habitat; however, smaller-scale, more established sites had greater conservation value than the mass tourism or failed sites suggesting that small-scale, community-based ecotourism is the best approach to meeting conservation goals of marine wildlife tourism. Yet, few tourism sites meet these standards. Global standards are needed to ensure whale shark tourism activities meet desired conservation goals. Such standards should include management requirements (e.g., licensing, mandatory education program) and interaction guidelines (e.g. minimum viewing distances, limits on the number of swimmers/boats, etc.). The findings also emphasise that economics should not be the only or primary metric used to measure conservation success; rather, the focus should be on assessing a more comprehensive range of social and ecological conservation outcomes of these activities. / Graduate / 2020-04-16

This study of contemporary jazz discourse and gender applies the techniques of critical discourse analysis, inspired by M.A.K. Halliday's systemic functional linguistics and Norman Fairclough's qualitative critical discourse analysis, to explicate the unequal distribution of power in society as represented by the institutions of jazz and mass media, in discourse about jazz vocal artists. Specifically, the study focuses on the way the genres of jazz CD review, jazz performance review, and interviews with jazz artists – disseminated via the institutions JazzTimes and Live New Orleans – represent the artists' identities, roles, achievements and skills. Following Norman Fairclough and the feminist scholar Mary Talbot, the study assumes that institutions of mass media not only discursively construct the gender of jazz vocal artists, but also represent the performers' achievement and skills from a hegemonic standpoint, reflecting the commonsense assumptions about women and men and their roles in patriarchal society.