Masters of Science / The main objective of this study was to investigate promoter sequences of putative HSR genes for the presence of unique regulatory elements and modules that might be involved in the regulation of HSR. In order to achieve this objective, an in silico promoter analysis strategy was devised, which focused on the identification of promoter sequences and regulatory elements, and modelling of promoter modules by using Genomatix software tools such as MatInspector and ModelInspector. Results showed that two modules (EGRF_SP1F_01 and SP1F_CEBP_01) were conserved in the promoter sequences of three well-known Hsp-genes (Hsp90, Hsp105β and αβ-crystallin). Screening the 60 target gene promoters for the presence of the two modules revealed that 12 genes (20 %) contained both modules. These included Moesin, Proline-4 hydroxylase, Poly(A) binding protein and Formin-binding protein. None of these genes had been previously associated with heat shock response. / South Africa

La dureté du grain de blé est un des paramètres fondamentaux de la texture de l’albumen. Ce caractère, essentiel pour la valeur d’utilisation des farines, est fortement lié à l’absence ou à la modification des puroindolines. Afin de mieux comprendre la fonction biologique de ces protéines dans le grain de blé (Triticum aestivum L.), nous avons étudié à quatre stades de développement du grain la localisation subcellulaire des puroindolines par immunocytochimie et les protéomes dans deux lignées de blé quasi-isogéniques pour la dureté. Dès la fin de la cellularisation de l’albumen, les puroindolines sont localisées sur la face interne des membranes vésiculaires et dans les corps protéiques en formation, structures dans lesquelles s’accumulent les protéines de réserve du grain. L’analyse par AFFFF (Asymmetrical Flow Field-Flow Fractionation) des deux lignées Hard et Soft, qui diffèrent essentiellement par l’absence du gène Pina dans la lignée Hard, a montré une corrélation entre la dureté et la taille des polymères de protéines de réserve. L’analyse protéomique des fractions albumines/globulines et amphiphiles des grains en développement a révélé une augmentation des protéines de la machinerie de repliement et de réponse au stress dans la lignée Hard, par rapport à la lignée Soft. Les deux approches méthodologiques utilisées semblent également mettre en évidence une cinétique de développement du grain raccourcie dans la lignée Hard. Ces observations suggèrent que les puroindolines interagissent avec les protéines de réserve du grain et suivent le même routage cellulaire. Elles pourraient être impliquées dans les mécanismes de repliement et d’assemblage des prolamines. / Wheat grain hardness, a major trait for endosperm texture and flour end-use properties, is strongly associated to absence or modification of puroindolines. To gain insight into biological function of those proteins in bread wheat kernel (Triticum aestivum L.), puroindolines’ subcellular localization was sought by immunocytochemistry and proteomes were analyzed at four stages of developing kernels in two near-isogenic lines for hardness, differing mainly in the absence of Pina in the Hardline. As early as the end of endosperm cellularisation, puroindolines were localized onto vesicular membranes and into protein bodies, where storage proteins accumulate. Using AFFFF (Asymmetrical Flow Field-Flow Fractionation), we observed a correlation between hardness and storage protein polymer size. Proteomic analyses of the albumin/globulin and amphiphilic fractions revealed an increase in folding and stress-related proteins in the Hard line, as compared to the Soft one. Both ultrastructural and proteomic studies suggested also that the Hard/Soft genotype affects the kinetics of kernel development. These lines of evidence imply that puroindolines interact with storage proteins and display the same routage. Puroindolines could therefore be involved in prolamines folding and assembly mechanisms.

Bakgrund: Endoplasmatiskt retikulum upprätthåller proteinhomeostasen genom syntes och degradering av proteiner. Tre signalvägar reglerar processen via ”unfolded protein response” på olika sätt. Inositol-requiring enzyme 1 alpha är en signalväg aktiverad av en störd proteinhomeostas. Stressen uppstår om cellen utsätts för kemiska substanser t.ex. i samband med djurförsök vid framtagning av läkemedel. Den aktiverade signalvägens respons leder bl.a. till splicing av X-box-binding Protein 1 mRNA. Syfte: Projektets syfte är att minska behovet av djurförsök genom att möjliggöra ökad implementering av 3R-principen. Frågeställningen är om den fluorescerande plasmiden pEGFP-XBP1∆dDBD-STOP-tagRFPt som binder till X-box binding protein 1 mRNA kan användas för detektion av celler vars endoplasmatiska retikulum är stressat. Metod: Plasmid pEGFP-XBP1∆dDBD-STOP-tagRFPt renades ur DH5-Alpha Escherichia coli med JETstar 2.0 Plasmid Purification Midiprep Kit. Humana epiteliala njurceller 293 transfekterades med plasmiden varpå de doserades med tunicamycin. Kontrollen utgjordes av dimetylsulfoxid. Mikroskopering skedde i fluorescensmikroskopet Zeiss Axiovert 200. Mjukvaran AxioVision Ver. 4.8.1.0. Carl Zeiss Imaging Solutions framställde cellerna på dataskärm. Resultat: Hypotestestets signifians bestämdes till p < 0,05. Resultatet antyder att antalet ER- stressade celler ökar med ökande inkubationstid (p = 0,001 – 0,966). En mindre antydan finns också mot en ökande koncentration av tunicamycin (p = 0,096 – 0,690). Slutsats: En rimlig slutsats kan inte dras då antalet utförda analyser är för få. / Background: Endoplasmic reticulum maintains protein homeostasis by protein synthesis and degradation. Three signal paths regulates the process by ”unfolded protein response” in different ways. Inositol-requiring enzyme 1 alpha is one path activated by a disturbed protein homeostasis. Stress starts if the cell is exposed to chemical substances as in connection with scientific animal experiments when pharmaceuticals are developed. The response of the activated signal path leads e.g. to splicing of X-box-binding protein 1 mRNA. Object: The object of the project is to reduce the need of scientific animal experiments by enabling increased implementation of the 3R principle. The question is if the fluorescent plasmid pEGFP-XBP1∆dDBD-STOP-tagRFPt binding to X-box binding protein 1 mRNA can be used for detection of cells whose endoplasmatic reticulum is stressed. Method: Plasmid pEGFP-XBP1 ∆ dDBD-STOP-tagRFPt was purified from DH5-Alpha Escherichia coli with JETstar 2.0 Plasmid Purification Midiprep Kit. Human epithelial kidney cells 293 were transfected with the plasmid whereupon they were dosed with tunicamycin. The control was made off dimethylsulfoxide. Microscopy was done in the fluorescence microscope Zeiss Axiovert 200. The software AxioVision Ver. 4.8.1.0. Carl Zeiss Imaging Solutions imaged cells on the computer screen. Result: The significans of the hypothesis test was set to p < 0,05. The result suggests that the number of ER-stressed cells increase with increasing incubation time (p = 0,001 – 0,966). A smaller hint is also pointing toward increasing concentrations of tunicamycin (p = 0,096 – 0,690). Conclusion: A reasonable conclusion cannot be made because of too few tests.

No description available.

No description available.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Eukaryotic cells rapidly modulate protein synthesis in response to environmental cues through the reversible phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2α~P) by a family of eIF2α kinases. The eIF2 delivers initiator Met-tRNAiMet to the translational apparatus, and eIF2α~P transforms its function from a translation initiation factor into a competitive inhibitor of the guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) eIF2B, which is responsible for the recycling of eIF2-GDP to the translationally-competent eIF2-GTP state. Reduced eIF2-GTP levels lower general protein synthesis, which allows for the conservation of energy and nutrients, and a restructuring of gene expression. Coincident with global translational control, eIF2α~P directs the preferential translation of mRNA encoding ATF4, a transcriptional activator of genes important for stress remediation. The term Integrated Stress Response (ISR) describes this pathway in which multiple stresses converge to phosphorylate eIF2α and enhance synthesis of ATF4 and its downstream effectors. In this study, we used sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation and a genome-wide microarray approach to measure changes in mRNA translation during ER stress. Our analysis suggests that translational efficiencies vary across a broad range during ER stress, with the majority of transcripts being either repressed or resistant to eIF2α~P, while a notable cohort of key regulators are subject to preferential translation. From this latter group, we identify IBTKα as being subject to both translational and transcriptional induction during eIF2α~P in both cell lines and a mouse model of ER stress. Translational regulation of IBTKα mRNA involves the stress-induced relief of two inhibitory uORFs in the 5’-leader of the transcript. Also identified as being subject to preferential translation is mRNA encoding the bifunctional aminoacyl tRNA synthetase EPRS. During eIF2α~P, translational regulation of EPRS is suggested to occur through the bypass of a non-canonical upstream ORF encoded by a CUG start codon, highlighting the diversity by which upstream translation initiation events can regulate expression of a downstream coding sequence. This body of work provides for a better understanding of how translational control during stress is modulated genome-wide and for the processes by which this mode of gene regulation in the ISR contributes to cell fate.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which is characterized by the induction of hepatocellular death and inflammation, is associated with the activation of cellular stress pathways such as the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR), an adaptive response to disruptions in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis. Because the role of the UPR in the progression of liver disease is not well understood, we established an in vitro model to evaluate the role of the UPR in NASH and translated results to clarify disease progression in human liver biopsy samples. Treating HepG2 cells and primary human hepatocytes with saturated, but not unsaturated free fatty acids (FFAs), at physiologic concentrations induced hepatotoxicity by inhibiting autophagic flux. Saturated FFA treatment activated the UPR, including the transcription factors CHOP (GADD153/DDIT3) and NF-κB, leading to increased expression and secretion of cytokines such as TNFα and IL-8 that contributed to hepatic cell death and inflammation. Depletion of either CHOP or the RELA subunit of NF-κB in hepatocytes alleviated autophagy and cytokine secretion, resulting in enhanced cell viability and lowered inflammatory responses during exposure to saturated FFAs. We carried out next generation sequencing on cells deleted for either CHOP or RELA and identified IBTKα as a novel UPR member directly regulated by CHOP and NF-κB. In response to saturated FFAs, loss of IBTKα increased cell survival through lowered phagophore formation and reduced cytokine secretion. We also identified binding partners of IBTKα by immunoprecipitation and LC/MS, indicating that that IBTKα is part of a protein complex which functions at ER exit sites to facilitate initiation of autophagy and protein secretion. Furthermore, we discovered that CHOP and RELA coordinately regulate proteasome activity through NRF2 as an adaptive response to an inhibition of autophagic flux following palmitate exposure. To validate our model, we utilized human liver biopsy samples and demonstrated up-regulation of the UPR coincident with accumulation of autophagy markers, as well as secretion of cytokines IL 8 and TNFα in serum of NASH patients. Our study provides a mechanistic understanding of the roles of the UPR and autophagy in regulating saturated FFA induced hepatotoxicity at the cellular level.

The failure to balance protein synthesis, folding, and degradation in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) leads to the accumulation of unfolded proteins, leading to ER stress. Cells respond to this stress by activating a response signaling pathway known as the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR). One of the branches of the UPR induces the phosphorylation of eIF2α (Eukaryotic Initiation Factor 2) to attenuate global protein synthesis, allowing for a chance to clear misfolded and unfolded proteins. This phosphorylation of eIF2α is opposed by a phosphatase, containing a catalytic subunit, Protein Phosphatase 1, and a scaffolding protein, either GADD34 or CReP. Inhibition of eIF2α phosphatases has shown to promote survival in cell types by prolonging the effects of the UPR. This research focuses on understanding the gene expression patterns and localization of UPR specific genes with the presence of constant ER stress. Zebrafish are an ideal model for this research because they are a good mimic of what happens in humans and provide the ability to study gene expression and localization patterns at different stages during ER stress and its recovery. The eIF2α phosphatases were shown to have a protective effect on apoptosis when overexpressed in acute ER stress but were shown to have a protective effect on apoptosis when knocked out in chronic ER stress. We sought to determine the flow of gene expression of these phosphatases as well as other UPR specific genes, such as BiP and CHOP, to determine the contradictory effects of acute versus chronic ER-stress induced apoptosis. We studied the changes in gene expression for these genes in zebrafish embryos by isolating RNA and performing RT-qPCR after the induction of ER stress with pharmacological drugs across multiple time points. There was increased gene upregulation and mRNA localization to the fin epidermis and eye of GADD34, CReP, and BiP in acute ER stress from 2 hours to 6 hours, and these genes steadily declined in chronic ER stress from 24 hours to 48 hours. CHOP is a late-phase pro-apoptotic protein whose gene expression was upregulated in chronic ER stress from 12 hours to 48 hours. This data was also supported by mRNA localization studies performed by conducting whole mount in-situ hybridization on zebrafish embryos treated with ER stress inducers for 4 hours and 24 hours. Our results indicate that all UPR genes examined are affected by ER stress and their expression patterns are dependent on the time length of ER stress induction, allowing us to get a more in-depth working model of this branch of the UPR signaling pathway in zebrafish.

No description available.

Fibroproliferative disorders are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with one specific group of fibroproliferative disorders being interstitial lung diseases (ILD). Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is the most common ILD; however its pathogenesis is not entirely understood. What is known is that there is repetitive cellular injury preceding the fibrotic remodeling in the lungs that contributes to the irreversible deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. Myofibroblasts that accumulate at the site of injury are thought to be the key drivers of ECM deposition and are often associated in the disease. Although it is poorly understood how these immune cells differentiate in the lung, one hypothesis suggests the role of alternatively activated profibrotic macrophages in this process. The data presented in this thesis suggest that there are a presence of UPR and macrophage proteins in the lungs of IPF patients and the UPR may be necessary in the polarization of alternatively activated macrophages. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)