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The role of regional co-operation in the resolution of the conflict in the Democratic Republic of CongoStrzeminska, Anna Dominika Boldireff 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2002. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Since the early 1960s, when the majority of African countries gained
independence from colonial powers, the continent has been in turmoil. Conflicts
have been extensive, and detrimental to economic, political and above all, social
development. Today, Africa is under more pressure than ever to find solutions for
these conflicts.
The situation is complicated by the complex and difficult challenges brought on
by a rapidly globalising world. Also conflicts have often been characterised by
internal, as well as regional proportions. Coupled with this, the threats facing
Southern Africa are of such a nature that they transcend national boundaries,
and have a tendency to effect entire regions as opposed to individual states.
Thus threats no longer endanger states, but rather their people.
fn view of this, conflict resolution requires a regional approach as well, in order to
ensure a viable and lasting solution. This thesis attempts to evaluate the
contribution of regional co-operation to conflict resolution in Southern Africa. Two
concepts imperative to this evaluation are regionalism and security. Both are
examined and juxtaposed. The author determines that the concepts have
changed dramatically since the end of the Cold War period, and that new
regionalism and new security approaches need to be considered in addressing
conflicts, since traditional interpretations have become obsolete, particularly in
the developing world.
Furthermore, an examination of the international, regional and sub-regional
organisations, concerned with conflict management on the continent, is carried
out. The United Nations and the Southern African Development Community,
together with their efforts in Southern Africa analysed. The author takes the conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo as a case
study, and concludes that the persisting conflict has ensued precisely because
regional co-operation was inadequate. The states and leaders involved did not
take into account the regional dimensions of the conflict, and also ignored threats
to human security. Regional co-operation was at a minimal, and involvement has
until now been predominantly unilateral and statist, marked by personal interests,
and not those of the population. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Sedert die vroeë sestigerjare, toe die meerderheid Afrikalande onafhankliheid
van koloniale magte verkry het, was die kontinent in onrus gehul. Dit was
omvattende konflik - konflik wat nadelig was vir ekonomiese, politieke en veral
sosiale ontwikkeling. Vandag, meer as ooit tevore, is Afrika onder druk om
oplossings te vind vir hierdie konflikte.
Die situasie word gekompliseer deur die uitdagings gestel deur 'n vinnig
globaliserende wêreld. Die konflik word dikwels deur interne sowel as
streeksafmetings gekenmerk. Hiermee saam is die bedreigings wat op Suidelike
Afrika 'n invloed het van so 'n aard dat dit nasionale grense ignoreer en die
geneigdheid het om totale streke, in teenstelling met individuele state, te
beïnvloed. Hierdie bedreigings stel dus nie state in gevaar nie, maar eerder hul
mense.
Om 'n lewensvatbare en blywende effek te hê, benodig konflikoplossing dus ook
'n streeksbenadering aan te neem. Hierdie tesis poog om die bydrae van
streekssamewerking, ten einde konflikoplossing in Suidelike Afrika te
bewerkstellig, te evalueer. Beide word ondersoek en in verband gebring. Die
skrywer bevind dat die konsepte drasties verander het sedert die einde van die
Koue Oorlog tydperk, en dat nuwe regionalisme en nuwe sekuriteit benaderings
oorweeg moet word, aangesien tradisionele interpretasies verouderd, veral in die
ontwikkelende wêreld, is.
Verder word internasionale, regionale en sub-regionale organisasies wat
gemoeid is met konflikhantering op die kontinent, ook ondersoek. Die Verenigde
Nasies en die Suidelike Afrika Ontwikkelings Gemeenskap (SADe), tesame met
hul pogings in Suidelike Africa, word geanaliseer. Die skrywer maak gebruik van die konflik in die Demokratiese Republiek van die
Kongo as gevallestudie, en kom tot die gevolgtrekking dat konflik ontstaan het
juis omdat regionale samewerking nooit werklik gerealiseer het nie. Die betrokke
state en leiers het nie die streeksdimensies van die konflik in ag geneem nie, en
ook menslike sekuriteit bedreigings ignoreer. Regionale samewerking was
beperk tot In minimum, en betrokkenheid was tot nou toe oorwegend eensydig
en staats georienteerd, en gekenmerk deur persoonlike belange, en nie dié van
die bevolking nie.
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The crimes committed by UN peacekeepers in Africa: a reflection on jurisdictional and accountability issuesKalwahali, Kakule 27 June 2013 (has links)
This thesis investigates both substantive and procedural issues pertaining to allegations of crimes committed by UN peacekeepers in three African countries, Somalia, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of Congo. Under the current UN Model Status-of-Forces Agreements, criminal jurisdiction over peacekeepers rests with their sending States. However, although the UN has no criminal jurisdiction, it has been the Office of Internal Oversight Services that has conducted investigations. It is argued that every Status of Force Agreement and every Memorandum of Understanding should contain specific clauses obligating Troop-Contributing Countries to prosecute and the UN to follow-up.
If rape, murder, assault, and any other crimes by UN peacekeepers go unpunished, the message sent to the victims is that peacekeepers are above the law. Rape is the most commonly committed crime by peacekeepers, but is usually considered as an isolated act. The procedural issue of prosecuting peacekeepers is investigated in order to establish whether troops can be caught under the ambits of the criminal law of the Host State to hold UN troops criminally accountable for their acts. The laws relative to the elements of each crime and the possible available defences under the three Host States, and the criminal law of South Africa as a Troop-Contributing Country, are discussed. The apparent lack of prosecution is investigated and existing cases of prosecution discussed. Alternatives to the unwillingness by States with criminal jurisdiction under the Status of Forces Agreement or under the Memorandum of Understanding are considered. Considering the current rules related to crimes committed by peacekeepers, the argument put forward is that crimes by peacekeepers must be dealt with completely and transparently though a Convention aiming at barring Troop-Contributing Countries who do not meet their obligations under international law from participating in future operations of peace.
This thesis, furthermore, suggests a tripartite court mechanism to fill the lacunae in the law relating to the prosecution of peacekeepers. It considers the issues of reserving jurisdiction over peacekeepers to the Troop-Contributing Countries which are reluctant to prosecute repatriated alleged perpetrators. The victims’ importance in criminal proceedings and their their right to a remedy are highlighted. / Criminal & Procedural Law / LL.D.
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The AU/UN hybrid peace operation in Africa : a new approach to maintain international peace and security / Barend Louwrens PrinslooPrinsloo, Barend Louwrens January 2012 (has links)
The perpetual conflict in Darfur, Sudan, which started anew in 2003, had dire
humanitarian consequences and threatened international peace and security. The UN
Security Council, which has the primary responsibility for maintaining international
peace and security, adopted Resolution 1769 on 31 July 2007 and authorised a 26 000
person-strong joint African Union/United Nations hybrid operation in Darfur
(UNAMID) to take over from AMIS (the African Union peace operation in Darfur).
UNAMID was established with dual command and control linked to both the African
Union and the United Nations and both organisations would have an equal say in its
mandate and operations. Given this unique and unprecedented arrangement between
a regional organisation and the United Nations in terms of maintaining international
peace and security, the aim of this research was to:
• Understand and describe the political motivations/reasons why the United
Nations formed a hybrid peace operation with the African Union;
• Establish in which way the aforementioned impacted on future efforts of the
United Nations to maintain international peace and security, especially on the
African continent; and, based on this,
• To determine whether or not hybrid operations were a viable alternative for
the United Nations to maintain international peace and security.
By means of a thorough analysis of the theoretical underpinnings of international
peace and security, an assessment of the peace and security architecture of the United
Nations and the African Union, an investigation into the origins of the Darfur conflict,
an examination of the structure and mandate of UNAMID, and through an empirical
investigation, a new theoretical proposition is provided in the conclusion of the thesis.
It is concluded that the UNAMID model, in practical terms, is not an optimal
mechanism for the United Nations to use to maintain international peace and security
because it suffers from numerous internal political inequities and operational
inadequacies. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Political Studies))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012
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The AU/UN hybrid peace operation in Africa : a new approach to maintain international peace and security / Barend Louwrens PrinslooPrinsloo, Barend Louwrens January 2012 (has links)
The perpetual conflict in Darfur, Sudan, which started anew in 2003, had dire
humanitarian consequences and threatened international peace and security. The UN
Security Council, which has the primary responsibility for maintaining international
peace and security, adopted Resolution 1769 on 31 July 2007 and authorised a 26 000
person-strong joint African Union/United Nations hybrid operation in Darfur
(UNAMID) to take over from AMIS (the African Union peace operation in Darfur).
UNAMID was established with dual command and control linked to both the African
Union and the United Nations and both organisations would have an equal say in its
mandate and operations. Given this unique and unprecedented arrangement between
a regional organisation and the United Nations in terms of maintaining international
peace and security, the aim of this research was to:
• Understand and describe the political motivations/reasons why the United
Nations formed a hybrid peace operation with the African Union;
• Establish in which way the aforementioned impacted on future efforts of the
United Nations to maintain international peace and security, especially on the
African continent; and, based on this,
• To determine whether or not hybrid operations were a viable alternative for
the United Nations to maintain international peace and security.
By means of a thorough analysis of the theoretical underpinnings of international
peace and security, an assessment of the peace and security architecture of the United
Nations and the African Union, an investigation into the origins of the Darfur conflict,
an examination of the structure and mandate of UNAMID, and through an empirical
investigation, a new theoretical proposition is provided in the conclusion of the thesis.
It is concluded that the UNAMID model, in practical terms, is not an optimal
mechanism for the United Nations to use to maintain international peace and security
because it suffers from numerous internal political inequities and operational
inadequacies. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Political Studies))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012
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The crimes committed by UN peacekeepers in Africa: a reflection on jurisdictional and accountability issuesKalwahali, Kakule 27 June 2013 (has links)
This thesis investigates both substantive and procedural issues pertaining to allegations of crimes committed by UN peacekeepers in three African countries, Somalia, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of Congo. Under the current UN Model Status-of-Forces Agreements, criminal jurisdiction over peacekeepers rests with their sending States. However, although the UN has no criminal jurisdiction, it has been the Office of Internal Oversight Services that has conducted investigations. It is argued that every Status of Force Agreement and every Memorandum of Understanding should contain specific clauses obligating Troop-Contributing Countries to prosecute and the UN to follow-up.
If rape, murder, assault, and any other crimes by UN peacekeepers go unpunished, the message sent to the victims is that peacekeepers are above the law. Rape is the most commonly committed crime by peacekeepers, but is usually considered as an isolated act. The procedural issue of prosecuting peacekeepers is investigated in order to establish whether troops can be caught under the ambits of the criminal law of the Host State to hold UN troops criminally accountable for their acts. The laws relative to the elements of each crime and the possible available defences under the three Host States, and the criminal law of South Africa as a Troop-Contributing Country, are discussed. The apparent lack of prosecution is investigated and existing cases of prosecution discussed. Alternatives to the unwillingness by States with criminal jurisdiction under the Status of Forces Agreement or under the Memorandum of Understanding are considered. Considering the current rules related to crimes committed by peacekeepers, the argument put forward is that crimes by peacekeepers must be dealt with completely and transparently though a Convention aiming at barring Troop-Contributing Countries who do not meet their obligations under international law from participating in future operations of peace.
This thesis, furthermore, suggests a tripartite court mechanism to fill the lacunae in the law relating to the prosecution of peacekeepers. It considers the issues of reserving jurisdiction over peacekeepers to the Troop-Contributing Countries which are reluctant to prosecute repatriated alleged perpetrators. The victims’ importance in criminal proceedings and their their right to a remedy are highlighted. / Criminal and Procedural Law / LL.D.
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