South Africa has a deeply entrenched relationship with the global Disability Rights Movement and the social model of disability, the roots of which were nascent as early as 1964 in Nelson Mandela’s Rivonia Trial speech. Since South Africa’s transition to democracy in 1994, steps have been taken through legislation and policy to give expression to disability rights. The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 recognises disability equality together with race and gender equity and other rights. In 2007, South Africa was one of the first countries to sign the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD), and the UNCRPD was established as a national objective through the White Paper on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, 2015 (WPRPD). The Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act, 2000 references universal design, universal access and reasonable accommodation as tools to achieve disability equality through safe, equal and dignified access. From 2008, new regulations were applied to public buildings, public space, transport and housing, and new infrastructure standards were introduced to promote accessibility. The DoT’s Moving South Africa study (1999) identified barriers to all forms of transport for special categories of passengers. In 2007, the Department of Transport (DoT) developed the Public Transport Strategy to help guide, support and monitor municipalities in implementing accessible public transport systems, and 13 major municipalities were selected to test the implementation of the Integrated Public Transport Network (IPTN): Johannesburg, Cape Town, Tshwane, Ekurhuleni, Nelson Mandela Bay, Buffalo City, eThekwini, Polokwane, Rustenburg, Mbombela, Msunduzi, and Mangaung. A thirteenth was added in 2013/4, George. The Public Transport Network Grant (PTNG) was aimed at helping municipalities to accelerate the construction and improvement of accessible, affordable, integrated, efficient and sustainable public transport networks within the 20-year timeframe provided in Moving South Africa. The National Land Transport Act, 2009 mandates universal access in public transport. In 2016, in pursuit of this aim, the DoT published the Comprehensive Integrated Transport Plan, as well as the first standards for pedestrian crossings in line with WPRPD requirements. The DoT developed the Universal Design Access Plan (UDAP) for the 13 IPTN municipalities to record and measure progress towards a universally accessible transport system. This master’s dissertation examines and evaluates the implementation of universally accessible transport systems in the 13 IPTN municipalities, between 2010 and 2020, within this context. / Dissertation (MTRP) University of Pretoria, 2021. / Department of Transport / Town and Regional Planning / MTRP / Unrestricted

Objetivos: Apresentar características do processo migratório de Bolivianos no Município de São Paulo, explorando, num contexto de saúde global, a relação entre os Sistemas de saúde do Brasil e da Bolívia; destacando os respectivos processos históricos, noções de acesso universal e semelhanças que possam vir a ser fundamentais na compreensão da problemática específica da alta incidência de Tuberculosos entre bolivianos residentes na capital do Estado de São Paulo. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo de abordagem qualitativa e exploratória em que foi realizado um levantamento teórico bibliográfico capaz de apresentar a problemática do tema. Dentre os métodos foi utilizado o descritivo e a pesquisa histórica para caracterizar os processos de implementação e reforma dos sistemas de saúde do Brasil e da Bolívia. Resultados: As fortes correntes migratórias internacionais levam a uma discussão do papel do Estado na garantia dos direitos do migrante, dentre eles, o acesso universal a saúde. Neste trabalho foi possível caracterizar a dinâmica do mundo em constante modificação e ausência de fronteiras no contexto da saúde globalizada. Usando como base o imigrante Boliviano com Tuberculose no Município de São Paulo, analisou-se os Sistemas de Saúde Universal Brasil e Bolívia. Por fim, através deste trabalho foi possível perceber que após o processo migratório há uma combinação de fatores que propiciam o aumento de TB nesta comunidade. / Objective: We attempted to present some of the characteristics of the migratory process of Bolivians in São Paulo. We attempted to observe the relationship between the health systems of Brazil and Bolivia. We observe the historical processes of creation of two health systems; highlight how countries perceive universal access to healthcare. And we highlight the similarities and differences of the two health systems. The purpose is that this will serve to help understand the high incidence of tuberculosis in the Bolivian citizens living in Sao Paulo. Methods: This is a qualitative and exploratory study. This study conducted a bibliographical theoretical research. This served to explore the issue of Bolivians in São Paulo. The main method used was a descriptive and historical research. This allowed the characterization of the processes of implementation and reform of health systems in Bolivia and Brazil. Results: This study shows that international migration flows have resulted in a renewed discussion of the role of the state in ensuring the rights of migrants. This discussion was particularly seen in the problem of universal access to healthcare. In this work it was possible to characterize the dynamics of the ever-changing world. We also observed the lack of geographical boundaries in the context of global health. When looking at the case of Bolivian immigrants with tuberculosis in São Paulo, we analyzed the relevance of the differences between Universal Health Systems in 9 Brazil and Bolivia. Finally, this worked allowed to realize that the migratory process of Bolivians to Sao Paulo consists of a combination of factors that potentiate the increase of tuberculosis in this immigrant community.

Forty-seven gifted and non-gifted African American and Caucasian students in grades third through fifth were rated by their teachers on the Universal Academic, Cognitive, Creativity, and Emotion Screening Scale (UACCESS) (McCallum & Bracken, in press). Internal consistency was high with Chronbach’s alphas ranging from .97 to .99 and correlation coefficients for the six scales ranged from .42 to .92. Factorial MANOVA’s for each composite scale showed no significant score differences between African American and Caucasian students. There was a significant difference in scores based on placement, with higher scores in favor of gifted students on both the General Aptitude Composite (Wilk’s Lambda=. 70, F(3,41) = 5.87, p <. 01 and the Specific Academic Aptitude Composite (Wilk’s Lambda=. 73, F(3,41) = 5.03, p <. 01. There were no interaction effects for placement x race. A discriminant analysis using the six UACCESS scales resulted in 76.6% of participants being correctly classified as gifted or non-gifted. There were no score differences across gender. Based on the results of this study, the UACCESS shows some promise as an effective gifted screening instrument to supplement the referral/nomination process.

This dissertation considers the interactions of users who have been diagnosed with Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of blindness in adults 65 years and older. The investigation focused on the quantification of behaviors and strategies used by this growing subset of computer users. Participants diagnosed with AMD and age-matched controls without any ocular disease completed a series of visual search, icon selection and manipulation tasks with desktop or handheld PCs. Participants searched, selected and manipulated familiar playing card icons under varied icon set sizes, inter-icon spacing, icon sizes and auditory feedback. A comprehensive account of the interaction was made using a collection of efficiency, accuracy and information processing metrics. While all participants demonstrated a high rate for successful task completion, analyses revealed participants' overall task efficacy to be coupled with features of the interface and also strongly linked with measures of ocular health and personal factors. The outcomes of this study contribute to a growing body of work which informs a framework of performance thresholds for critical graphical user interface interactions based on visual profile, interface features and supplemental non-visual cues, including the following: The impact of auditory feedback on task interaction and information processing for visually impaired versus visually healthy older adults; The observed of use of the mouse pointer or stylus as means to direct attention during visual search and the implications of manual dexterity on visual search; The presence of speed accuracy trade-offs in handheld PC interaction performance for individuals based on their contrast sensitivity and near visual acuity; The shifting impact of increased icon spacing on visual search and movement times, versus its role in the accuracy of icon release; The utility for non-clinically acquired summaries of visual health to effectively predict performance decrements in handheld or desktop interaction; Emergent differences between handheld and desktop interaction and the most influential visual factors informing performance on each; and Empirical evidence that older adults, even with visual impairments can interact with small handheld displays, in spite of the size images.

Objetivos: Apresentar características do processo migratório de Bolivianos no Município de São Paulo, explorando, num contexto de saúde global, a relação entre os Sistemas de saúde do Brasil e da Bolívia; destacando os respectivos processos históricos, noções de acesso universal e semelhanças que possam vir a ser fundamentais na compreensão da problemática específica da alta incidência de Tuberculosos entre bolivianos residentes na capital do Estado de São Paulo. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo de abordagem qualitativa e exploratória em que foi realizado um levantamento teórico bibliográfico capaz de apresentar a problemática do tema. Dentre os métodos foi utilizado o descritivo e a pesquisa histórica para caracterizar os processos de implementação e reforma dos sistemas de saúde do Brasil e da Bolívia. Resultados: As fortes correntes migratórias internacionais levam a uma discussão do papel do Estado na garantia dos direitos do migrante, dentre eles, o acesso universal a saúde. Neste trabalho foi possível caracterizar a dinâmica do mundo em constante modificação e ausência de fronteiras no contexto da saúde globalizada. Usando como base o imigrante Boliviano com Tuberculose no Município de São Paulo, analisou-se os Sistemas de Saúde Universal Brasil e Bolívia. Por fim, através deste trabalho foi possível perceber que após o processo migratório há uma combinação de fatores que propiciam o aumento de TB nesta comunidade. / Objective: We attempted to present some of the characteristics of the migratory process of Bolivians in São Paulo. We attempted to observe the relationship between the health systems of Brazil and Bolivia. We observe the historical processes of creation of two health systems; highlight how countries perceive universal access to healthcare. And we highlight the similarities and differences of the two health systems. The purpose is that this will serve to help understand the high incidence of tuberculosis in the Bolivian citizens living in Sao Paulo. Methods: This is a qualitative and exploratory study. This study conducted a bibliographical theoretical research. This served to explore the issue of Bolivians in São Paulo. The main method used was a descriptive and historical research. This allowed the characterization of the processes of implementation and reform of health systems in Bolivia and Brazil. Results: This study shows that international migration flows have resulted in a renewed discussion of the role of the state in ensuring the rights of migrants. This discussion was particularly seen in the problem of universal access to healthcare. In this work it was possible to characterize the dynamics of the ever-changing world. We also observed the lack of geographical boundaries in the context of global health. When looking at the case of Bolivian immigrants with tuberculosis in São Paulo, we analyzed the relevance of the differences between Universal Health Systems in 9 Brazil and Bolivia. Finally, this worked allowed to realize that the migratory process of Bolivians to Sao Paulo consists of a combination of factors that potentiate the increase of tuberculosis in this immigrant community.

The Tswaing Meteorite Crater, formed 220 000 years ago, on the farm of Zoutpan, (or also known as the Pretoria Saltpan), had been a topographic and geological riddle for a long period of time. The gathering of salt from the crater was its main attraction for many groups that flocked to the crater, which later became an important beacon of infrastructure, becoming the largest producer of Soda and Salt in the Transvaal in the early 1900’s. Knowledge is an intangible quality of the cultural landscape and its history which can be lost in the blink of an eye if it is not preserved, commemorated and conserved for future generations. Through the investigation of Inclusive Design and the application of its principles, the narrative which is Tswaing, can be made accessible to all by revealing the concealed narrative of the place, tangible and intangible, through time. The afterthought or lack of design for disabled individuals can be seen in many projects. By ensuring accessibility is part of the design process from the onset of the project, valuable resources are not needlessly wasted later. As a result the cultural landscape and its secrets can be uncovered and shared with all. / Dissertation ML(Prof )--University of Pretoria, 2014 / gm2014 / Architecture / ML(Prof) / Unrestricted

The Tswaing Meteorite Crater, formed 220 000 years ago, on the farm of Zoutpan, (or also known as the Pretoria Saltpan), had been a topographic and geological riddle for a long period of time. The gathering of salt from the crater was its main attraction for many groups that flocked to the crater, which later became an important beacon of infrastructure, becoming the largest producer of Soda and Salt in the Transvaal in the early 1900’s. Knowledge is an intangible quality of the cultural landscape and its history which can be lost in the blink of an eye if it is not preserved, commemorated and conserved for future generations. Through the investigation of Inclusive Design and the application of its principles, the narrative which is Tswaing, can be made accessible to all by revealing the concealed narrative of the place, tangible and intangible, through time. The afterthought or lack of design for disabled individuals can be seen in many projects. By ensuring accessibility is part of the design process from the onset of the project, valuable resources are not needlessly wasted later. As a result the cultural landscape and its secrets can be uncovered and shared with all. / Dissertation ML(Prof)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Architecture / unrestricted

This dissertation includes four papers— two conceptual and two empirical— on universal health coverage introduced in global health as a policy concept to improve access to health care. The conceptual papers review the selection process for the Sustainable Development Goal indicator on universal health coverage and propose parameters to guide an evaluation framework for universal health coverage. The first two papers show that including participants from as many sections of the health sector and policy community is recommended in policy formulation and evaluation, and recognize that decision-making might be slower as a result. While the first two papers focus on the third Sustainable Development Goal to achieve universal health coverage, the following two empirical papers focus on the sixth Millennium Development Goal which committed to provide universal access to treatment and care for people living with HIV. The first empirical paper shows how physicians in six Eastern Caribbean countries (Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Grenada, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia and St. Vincent and the Grenadines) cope with the lack of resources for treatment and care. Access was implemented broadly emphasizing the availability of HIV treatment and care while ensuring that everyone who needed antiretrovirals did not incur out-of-pocket costs. In most cases, this meant receiving care in the public system which was mostly centralized and where people living with HIV had concerns about their privacy being compromised in societies where HIV stigma was prevalent. The second empirical paper shows that in St. Lucia, third-line antiretrovirals could be unaffordable to as much as 98 % of the population, depending on how affordability is measured. The papers collectively demonstrate how the Millennium Development Goals provided an opportunity for policy learning by comparing the implementation of universal access for HIV treatment and care with universal health coverage in the Sustainable Development Goals. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / The dissertation recognizes the challenges with defining and measuring universal health coverage and with providing access to treatment and care for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the Eastern Caribbean. The first conceptual paper documents the process of selecting indicators for universal health coverage in the Sustainable Development Goals. The second conceptual paper advances recommendations for evaluating universal health coverage. The following two studies then empirically assess the challenges with access to health care for people living with HIV in the Eastern Caribbean. The third paper shows how physicians cope with the lack of appropriate resources and highlights the issue of privacy for patients. The fourth paper uses data from St. Lucia to assess the affordability of antiretrovirals and highlights the difficulties of measuring financial affordability.

Public Administration & Management / D.P.A.

CAMARGO, Ednaldo J. S. Programa Luz para Todos da eletrificação rural à universalização do acesso à energia elétrica. Da necessidade de uma política de Estado, 2010, 127 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Energia) Programa de Pós-Graduação em Energia da Universidade de São Paulo, 2010 A criação do Programa Luz para Todos, em 11 de novembro de 2003, por meio da Lei 10.762, e sua regulamentação pelo Decreto 4.873, da mesma data, trouxe novos temas para o âmbito do estudo da eletrificação rural. O Programa luz para Todos acumulou em sua estruturação uma somatória de conhecimentos e experiências anteriores, com um arranjo financeiro que possibilitou uma solução até então inédita para o atendimento do morador pobre das áreas rurais: a total gratuidade da ligação. Esta solução foi possível graças a um arranjo financeiro que envolveu diversas partes. O Governo Federal, com recursos de dois fundos setoriais a RGR Reserva Global de Reversão e a CDE Conta de Desenvolvimento Energético, sendo a CDE lançada a fundo perdido, como subvenção e a RGR na forma de financiamento, os Governos Estaduais e os agentes concessionários e permissionários, não havendo qualquer participação financeira de parte do consumidor a ser ligado. Este arranjo tripartite varia dependendo do impacto tarifário que a ligação ou conjunto de ligações gerar para o agente executor da obra, assim, eventualmente o percentual de CDE pode ser superior ao da RGR ou mesmo o valor do governo do Estado pode ser igual ao da CDE. Essa estrutura de custo viabilizou em pouco mais de seis anos a ligação de mais de dois milhões e cem mil domicílios muitos deles que jamais poderiam ser atendidos de outra forma, pois que mais de 60% desses atendimentos foram em famílias com renda familiar inferior a um salário mínimo. O problema que se coloca é que o Programa tem prazo para acabar: 31 de dezembro de 2.010 e o quadro que se vislumbra é o retorno às normas anteriores ao Programa que possuem viés excludente. O principal problema apontado é o retorno às normas da Resolução 456, de 29 de novembro de 2000. Esta regulação estabelece que o atendimento da concessionária se dá até o limite da propriedade, decorrendo que, a partir desse ponto, todos os custos são suportados pelo consumidor que solicitou o serviço. Durante a vigência do Programa Luz para Todos estas normas estiveram suspensas para as ligações efetuadas sob a égide do Programa, pois o Decreto que regulamentou a Lei que criou o Programa efetuou uma transferência de titularidade normativa, determinando que o Ministério de Minas e Energia criaria um Manual de Operacionalização com as normas para a efetivação do Programa, deste modo suspendeu a aplicabilidade das normas que fossem conflitantes com o Manual de Operacionalização. Com o fim do Programa e o retorno do quadro regulatório anterior se prevê uma situação de exclusão, pelo que são propostas alterações normativas para transformar o que é Programa de Governo em Política de Estado e, assim, garantir que as futuras gerações não sejam vítimas de um sistema elétrico baseado na exclusão dos moradores pobres das áreas rurais.. / CAMARGO, Ednaldo J. S. Luz para Todos - from rural electrification to universal access to electricity. The need for a state policy, 2010, 131 p. Dissertation (Master in Energy) - Post-Graduation in Energy at the Universidade de São Paulo, 2010 The creation of Luz para Todos Program, at November, 11, 2003, through Law 10.762, and its regulation by Decree 4.873, at the same day, brought new themes for the study of rural electrification. The Luz para Todos Program accumulated in their structure a sum of knowledge and previous experience with a financial solution that enabled a hitherto unprecedented solution for meeting the resident poor rural areas: a totally free connection. This solution was possible through a financial arrangement involving various parties. The Federal Government, with funds from two sector funds - RGR Reserve Global Reversion and CDE - Energy Development Account, CDE released the grant and RGR in the form of funding, the state governments and agents dealers and authorized the absence of any contribution of the consumer to be connected. This tripartite arrangement varied depending on the tariff impact that the connection or set of links would generate for the executive agent of the work, so eventually the percentage of CDE could be higher than the RGR or the value of the state government could be equal to the CDE. This cost structure made possible in just over six years the connection of more than two million one hundred thousand homes, many of which could never be met otherwise, for more than 60% of these visits were in families with income less than minimum wage. The problem that arises is that the program has a term to end: December 31, 2010 and the picture that is emerging is the return to the pre program regulations that are exclusionary. The main problem cited is return to the norms of Resolution 456 of 29 November 2000. This regulation requires the attendance of the licensee is given to the extent of the property, with the result that, from that point, all costs are borne by the consumer who requested the service. During the term of Luz para Todos Program these rules have been suspended for calls made under the auspices of the Program. Because the Decree implementing the Law that created the program effected a transfer of ownership regulations, determining that the Ministry of Mines and Energy would an Operating Manual to the standards for the realization of the program, thus suspended the applicability of the rules that would conflict with the Operating Manual. With the end of the program and return the previous regulatory framework provides for an exclusion, so that legislative changes are proposed to transform what is government\'s programs in state policy and thus ensure that future generations do not suffer a electric system based on the exclusion of the poor residents of rural areas