This study contributes to the developing countries' public policy discourse by linking outcomes of the past and present urban housing policies in Tanzania to both the organisational structures and work methods of the state and to environmental factors. By tracing the historical development of urban housing policy formulation and implementation in Tanzania, the study provides a comprehensive and systematic analysis of the factors responsible for the poor performance of urban housing policies in Tanzania. The study is also important because it locates the policy development within the general literature of urbanisation and housing in the developing countries and within theoretical debates relating to policy explanation in these countries. The study documents a detailed case study of a specific project (the National Sites and Services and Squatter Upgrading Project - NSSP) aimed at addressing urban housing problems in Tanzania and uses this to identify a range of politico-administrative issues which affect policy formulation and implementation in Tanzania. In pursuing this task the study adds to the understanding of the factors affecting policy performance in developing countries experiencing constraints and contextual variables similar to those of Tanzania.

<p>Upgradering av biogas med tekniken vattenabsorption är vanligt i Sverige. Elva biogasanläggningar med tillsammans fjorton uppgraderingsanläggningar använder sig av tekniken. Problem med igensättning av fyllkroppar i absorptionskolonnen, samt i ett fall i desorptionskolonnen är vanligt förekommande och har en negativ effekt på uppgraderingen av rågas till fordonsgas. Fem av de nio anläggningarna i denna studie har problem med mikrobiell tillväxt på fyllkropparna. Syftet med denna rapport var att identifiera den mikrobiella tillväxten och avgöra vilka faktorer som reglerar den för att kunna rådge driftsansvariga hur man motverkar tillväxt.</p><p>En enkät skickades ut och studiebesök gjordes för att samla information om anläggningarna. Fosfolipidfettsyra (PLFA)-analyser utfördes för att bestämma mikrobiell biomassa och de organismer, som kan indikeras av de PLFA som är s.k. biomarkörer.</p><p>Prover samlades in från fyra uppgraderingsanläggningar: Jönköping, Kristianstad, Linköping och Uppsala. Proverna som samlades in var till utseendet olika, allt från gult slem från Linköping till röd-brun gegga som liknade kaffe-sump från Uppsala. I proverna från Linköping och Uppsala detekterades biomarkörer för metanoxiderande bakterier (metanotrofer) av typ I. Metanotrofer finns i jord, vatten och luft i miljöer med tillgång till metan och syre. I Jönköpingsproverna detekterades biomarkörer actinomyceter som är en vanligt förekommande bakterie i avloppsreningsverkens luftningsbassänger. Den mikrobiella tillväxten som samlades in från Kristianstad räckte enbart till ett prov och därför är det resultatet ej tillförlitligt.</p><p>I samtliga prover detekterades svamp (fungi) som förmodligen etablerats efter andra organismer.</p><p>Faktorer som kan anses påverka den mikrobiella tillväxten är processvattnets kvalitet, pH och temperatur. Rent vatten (dricksvatten) innehåller mindre mängd organiskt material, samtliga anläggningar som använder sig av avloppsvatten upplever problem. Lågt pH är gynnsamt för att minska den mikrobiella tillväxten eftersom de flesta organismer trivs bäst vid neutralt pH. Låg temperatur är gynnsam eftersom lösligheten för koldioxid och divätesulfid är större vid lägre temperaturer, vilket gynnar uppgraderingen av biogas.</p> / <p>Upgrading of biogas performed using the technique absorption with water wash is common in Sweden where eleven biogas plants, comprising a total of fourteen upgrading plants use this technique. However problems with microbial growth on the pall-rings in the absorption column, and in one case in the desorption column, have negative impact on upgrading the raw gas to vehicle gas. Five of the nine biogas plants studied here have experienced problems with microbial growth. The objective of this report was to identify the microbial growth and determine possible factors regulating microbial growth in order to give advice to process management.</p><p>A questionnaire was sent out and visits were made to the upgrading plants to collect information about the plants. A phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis was performed to determine microbial biomass and community structure, for which PLFA biomarkers are one type of indicator.</p><p>Samples were analysed from four upgrading plants: Jönköping, Kristinstad, Linköping and Uppsala. The cultures collected were visually different, varying from yellow and slimy to reddish brown with the consistency of coffee grounds. In the Linköping and Uppsala samples, biomarkers for methane-oxidising bacteria (type I methanotrophs) were detected. Methanotrophs live in environments with access to methane and oxygen and are inhibited by e.g. acetylene. In the Jönköping samples biomarkers indicating the bacteria actinomycetes common in the water of aeration tanks in sewage treatment plants, were detected. In Kristianstad there was only enough culture for one sample, so no reliable result was obtained. Fungi were detected in all samples and probably established after other organisms.</p><p>Factors affecting development of microbial growth were found to be water quality, pH and temperature of the process water. Clean water (drinking water) contains less organic material than cleaned water from sewage treatment plants. All plants using water from sewage treatment plants have experienced microbial growth. Low pH is beneficial for reducing microbial growth since most organisms prefer a neutral environment.</p><p>Low temperature is beneficial for minimising microbial growth since the solubility of carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulphide increases with decreasing temperature.</p>

<p>For produced biogas to be usable as vehicle fuel it has to be upgraded to a higher energy content. This is accomplished by elevation of the methane concentration through removal of carbon dioxide. Absorption with water wash is the most common upgrading method used in Sweden today. The upgrading technique is based on the fact that carbon dioxide is more soluble in water than methane. Upgrading plants that utilises this method have problems with microbial growth in the system. This growth eventually leads to a stop in operation due to the gradually drop in upgrading capacity.</p><p>The aim of this thesis were to evaluate the possibility to through some kind of water treatment maintain an acceptable level of growth or altogether prevent it in order to maintain an acceptable process capacity and thereby avoid the need to clean. Through collection of literature the implementation possibilities were evaluated with regard to efficiency, economic sustainability and if there would be a release of any harmful substances.</p><p>In order to prevent the microbial growth in the columns the treatment should either focus on removing microorganisms or limit the accessible nutrients. For the single pass system it is concluded that the treatment should reduce the biofilm formation and be employed in an intermittent way. Among the evaluated treatments focusing on the reduction of microorganisms the addition of peracetic acid seems to be the most promising one. For the regenerating system the treatment method could focus on either one. As for the single pass system peracetic acid could be added to reduce the amount of microorganism. To reduce the amount of organic matter an advanced oxidation process could be deployed with the advantage that it also could remove the microorganisms.</p> / <p>För att kunna använda den producerade biogasen som fordonsgas måste dess energiinnehåll höjas. Detta åstadkoms genom avskiljning av koldioxid så att metankoncentrationen ökar. Den vanligaste förekommande uppgraderingstekniken i Sveriges är absorption med vatten, som bygger på att koldioxid är mer lösligt än metan i vatten under tryck. Uppgraderingsanläggningarna har mikrobiell tillväxt på fyllkropparna i absorptionskolonnen, vilket ofrånkommligen orsakar en lägre uppgraderingskapacitet och slutligen är ett stopp i produktionen nödvändig för kunna tvätta fyllkropparna. Anläggningarna som recirkulerar processvattnet kan även ha tillväxt i kolonnen, där den lösta koldioxiden tas bort.</p><p>Syftet med detta arbete var att genom en litteraturstudie undersöka om det vore möjligt att undvika eller åtminstone hålla tillväxten under en acceptabel nivå genom någon typ av vattenrening. De olika reningsmetoderna utvärderades med avseende på möjlighet att implementeras i det befintliga uppgraderings systemet, effektivitet, möjliga utsläpp och ekonomisk hållbarhet.</p><p>För att begränsa tillväxt i kolonnerna ska vattenreningen antingen fokusera på att ta bort mikroorganismer eller begränsa tillgången på näringsämnen för bakterierna som når kolonnerna via biogasen, luften som används för att ta bort koldioxiden från vattnet, eller via vattnet. För uppgraderingsanläggningar där processvattnet bara passerar kolonnen en gång rekommenderas en reningsmetod som fokuserar på reducera bildandet av biofilmen. Av de utvärderade metoderna ter sig perättiksyra som det bästa alternativet. För system med recirkulerande processvatten skulle reningsmetoden fokusera på antingen reduktion av mikroorganismer, organiskt material eller både och. Som för anläggningar med icke-cirkulerande vatten verkar perättiksyra vara det bästa alternativet för reduktion av mikroorganismer. En avancerad oxidationsprocess skulle kunna användas för att reducera mängden mikroorganismer och organiskt material.</p>

Agglomerate formation is a common phenomenon that can cause operating problems in the fluid coking reactor. When agglomerates form they provide longer diffusion paths of the reaction products through the liquid layers and liquid bridges within the agglomerate, which leads to higher mass transfer resistance, trapping of the reaction products and increasing the undesired coke formation reactions. Surviving agglomerates in the reactor can also cause fouling of the reactor interior and defluidization of the bed. The ultimate coke yield was determined for agglomerates of Athabasca vacuum residue and solid particles by heating on Curie-point alloy strips in an induction furnace at 503 oC and 530 oC and in a fluidized bed reactor at 500 oC until all toluene-soluble material was converted. Coke yields from agglomerates were compared to the results from reacting thin films of vacuum residue. The average coke yield from the agglomerates was 23%, while the coke yield from thin films of 20 m thickness was 11%, which supports the role of mass transfer in coke formation reactions. The ultimate coke yield was insensitive to vacuum residue concentration, agglomerate size, reaction temperature and agglomerate disintegration. The temperature profile within agglomerates was measured by implanting a thermocouple at the agglomerate center, and a heat transfer model was used to describe the temperature variation with time. The effective thermal diffusivity of the agglomerates was 0.20 x 10-6 m2/s. Control experiments on reactions in thin liquid films confirmed that heating rates in the range of 14.8 to 148 K/s had no effect on the ultimate yield of coke

Why China emphasize on the development of electronics industry? Does it work? This paper analyzes the FDI policy of China¡¦s strategic industry, especially electronics industry. To maintain high economic growth, China treats electronics industry as strategic industry to upgrade other industries by its information and communication technology. Electronics industry, however, is weak on key technologies and components itself, not to mention technology upgrading. The result of this research is helpful on understanding the advantages and disadvantages China brings to foreign-invested companies in the near future. Besides, the result can be used as a China investment manual.

Combustion assisted gravity drainage (CAGD) is an integrated horizontal well air injection process for recovery and upgrading of heavy oil and bitumen from tar sands. Short-distance air injection and direct mobilized oil production are the main features of this process that lead to stable sweep and high oil recovery. These characteristics identify the CAGD process as a high-potential oil recovery method either in primary production or as a follow-up process in reservoirs that have been partially depleted. The CAGD process combines the advantages of both gravity drainage and conventional in-situ combustion (ISC). A combustion chamber develops in a wide area in the reservoir around the horizontal injector and consists of flue gases, injected air, and mobilized oil. Gravity drainage is the main mechanism for mobilized oil production and extraction of flue gases from the reservoir. A 3D laboratory cell with dimensions of 0.62 m, 0.41 m, and 0.15 m was designed and constructed to study the CAGD process. The combustion cell was fitted with 48 thermocouples. A horizontal producer was placed near the base of the model and a parallel horizontal injector in the upper part at a distance of 0.13 m. Peace River heavy oil and Athabasca bitumen were used in these experiments. Experimental results showed that oil displacement occurs mainly by gravity drainage. Vigorous oxidation reactions were observed at the early stages near the heel of the injection well, where peak temperatures of about 550ºC to 690ºC were recorded. Produced oil from CAGD was upgraded by 6 and 2ºAPI for Peace River heavy oil and Athabasca bitumen respectively. Steady O2 consumption for both oil samples confirmed the stability of the process. Experimental data showed that the distance between horizontal injection and production wells is very critical. Close vertical spacing has negative effect on the process as coke deposits plug the production well and stop the process prematurely. CAGD was also laboratory tested as a follow-up process. For this reason, air was injected through dual parallel wells in a mature steam chamber. Laboratory results showed that the process can effectively create self-sustained combustion front in the previously steam-operated porous media. A maximum temperature of 617ºC was recorded, with cumulative oil recovery of 12% of original oil in place (OOIP). Post-experiment sand pack analysis indicated that in addition to sweeping the residual oil in the steam chamber, the combustion process created a hard coke shell around the boundaries. This hard shell isolated the steam chamber from the surrounding porous media and reduced the steam leakage. A thermal simulator was used for history matching the laboratory data while capturing the main production mechanisms. Numerical analysis showed very good agreement between predicted and experimental results in terms of fluid production rate, combustion temperature and produced gas composition. The validated simulation model was used to compare the performance of the CAGD process to other practiced thermal recovery methods like steam assistance gravity drainage (SAGD) and toe to heel air injection (THAI). Laboratory results showed that CAGD has the lowest cumulative energy-to-oil ratio while its oil production rate is comparable to SAGD.

Upgradering av biogas med tekniken vattenabsorption är vanligt i Sverige. Elva biogasanläggningar med tillsammans fjorton uppgraderingsanläggningar använder sig av tekniken. Problem med igensättning av fyllkroppar i absorptionskolonnen, samt i ett fall i desorptionskolonnen är vanligt förekommande och har en negativ effekt på uppgraderingen av rågas till fordonsgas. Fem av de nio anläggningarna i denna studie har problem med mikrobiell tillväxt på fyllkropparna. Syftet med denna rapport var att identifiera den mikrobiella tillväxten och avgöra vilka faktorer som reglerar den för att kunna rådge driftsansvariga hur man motverkar tillväxt. En enkät skickades ut och studiebesök gjordes för att samla information om anläggningarna. Fosfolipidfettsyra (PLFA)-analyser utfördes för att bestämma mikrobiell biomassa och de organismer, som kan indikeras av de PLFA som är s.k. biomarkörer. Prover samlades in från fyra uppgraderingsanläggningar: Jönköping, Kristianstad, Linköping och Uppsala. Proverna som samlades in var till utseendet olika, allt från gult slem från Linköping till röd-brun gegga som liknade kaffe-sump från Uppsala. I proverna från Linköping och Uppsala detekterades biomarkörer för metanoxiderande bakterier (metanotrofer) av typ I. Metanotrofer finns i jord, vatten och luft i miljöer med tillgång till metan och syre. I Jönköpingsproverna detekterades biomarkörer actinomyceter som är en vanligt förekommande bakterie i avloppsreningsverkens luftningsbassänger. Den mikrobiella tillväxten som samlades in från Kristianstad räckte enbart till ett prov och därför är det resultatet ej tillförlitligt. I samtliga prover detekterades svamp (fungi) som förmodligen etablerats efter andra organismer. Faktorer som kan anses påverka den mikrobiella tillväxten är processvattnets kvalitet, pH och temperatur. Rent vatten (dricksvatten) innehåller mindre mängd organiskt material, samtliga anläggningar som använder sig av avloppsvatten upplever problem. Lågt pH är gynnsamt för att minska den mikrobiella tillväxten eftersom de flesta organismer trivs bäst vid neutralt pH. Låg temperatur är gynnsam eftersom lösligheten för koldioxid och divätesulfid är större vid lägre temperaturer, vilket gynnar uppgraderingen av biogas. / Upgrading of biogas performed using the technique absorption with water wash is common in Sweden where eleven biogas plants, comprising a total of fourteen upgrading plants use this technique. However problems with microbial growth on the pall-rings in the absorption column, and in one case in the desorption column, have negative impact on upgrading the raw gas to vehicle gas. Five of the nine biogas plants studied here have experienced problems with microbial growth. The objective of this report was to identify the microbial growth and determine possible factors regulating microbial growth in order to give advice to process management. A questionnaire was sent out and visits were made to the upgrading plants to collect information about the plants. A phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis was performed to determine microbial biomass and community structure, for which PLFA biomarkers are one type of indicator. Samples were analysed from four upgrading plants: Jönköping, Kristinstad, Linköping and Uppsala. The cultures collected were visually different, varying from yellow and slimy to reddish brown with the consistency of coffee grounds. In the Linköping and Uppsala samples, biomarkers for methane-oxidising bacteria (type I methanotrophs) were detected. Methanotrophs live in environments with access to methane and oxygen and are inhibited by e.g. acetylene. In the Jönköping samples biomarkers indicating the bacteria actinomycetes common in the water of aeration tanks in sewage treatment plants, were detected. In Kristianstad there was only enough culture for one sample, so no reliable result was obtained. Fungi were detected in all samples and probably established after other organisms. Factors affecting development of microbial growth were found to be water quality, pH and temperature of the process water. Clean water (drinking water) contains less organic material than cleaned water from sewage treatment plants. All plants using water from sewage treatment plants have experienced microbial growth. Low pH is beneficial for reducing microbial growth since most organisms prefer a neutral environment. Low temperature is beneficial for minimising microbial growth since the solubility of carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulphide increases with decreasing temperature.

For produced biogas to be usable as vehicle fuel it has to be upgraded to a higher energy content. This is accomplished by elevation of the methane concentration through removal of carbon dioxide. Absorption with water wash is the most common upgrading method used in Sweden today. The upgrading technique is based on the fact that carbon dioxide is more soluble in water than methane. Upgrading plants that utilises this method have problems with microbial growth in the system. This growth eventually leads to a stop in operation due to the gradually drop in upgrading capacity. The aim of this thesis were to evaluate the possibility to through some kind of water treatment maintain an acceptable level of growth or altogether prevent it in order to maintain an acceptable process capacity and thereby avoid the need to clean. Through collection of literature the implementation possibilities were evaluated with regard to efficiency, economic sustainability and if there would be a release of any harmful substances. In order to prevent the microbial growth in the columns the treatment should either focus on removing microorganisms or limit the accessible nutrients. For the single pass system it is concluded that the treatment should reduce the biofilm formation and be employed in an intermittent way. Among the evaluated treatments focusing on the reduction of microorganisms the addition of peracetic acid seems to be the most promising one. For the regenerating system the treatment method could focus on either one. As for the single pass system peracetic acid could be added to reduce the amount of microorganism. To reduce the amount of organic matter an advanced oxidation process could be deployed with the advantage that it also could remove the microorganisms. / För att kunna använda den producerade biogasen som fordonsgas måste dess energiinnehåll höjas. Detta åstadkoms genom avskiljning av koldioxid så att metankoncentrationen ökar. Den vanligaste förekommande uppgraderingstekniken i Sveriges är absorption med vatten, som bygger på att koldioxid är mer lösligt än metan i vatten under tryck. Uppgraderingsanläggningarna har mikrobiell tillväxt på fyllkropparna i absorptionskolonnen, vilket ofrånkommligen orsakar en lägre uppgraderingskapacitet och slutligen är ett stopp i produktionen nödvändig för kunna tvätta fyllkropparna. Anläggningarna som recirkulerar processvattnet kan även ha tillväxt i kolonnen, där den lösta koldioxiden tas bort. Syftet med detta arbete var att genom en litteraturstudie undersöka om det vore möjligt att undvika eller åtminstone hålla tillväxten under en acceptabel nivå genom någon typ av vattenrening. De olika reningsmetoderna utvärderades med avseende på möjlighet att implementeras i det befintliga uppgraderings systemet, effektivitet, möjliga utsläpp och ekonomisk hållbarhet. För att begränsa tillväxt i kolonnerna ska vattenreningen antingen fokusera på att ta bort mikroorganismer eller begränsa tillgången på näringsämnen för bakterierna som når kolonnerna via biogasen, luften som används för att ta bort koldioxiden från vattnet, eller via vattnet. För uppgraderingsanläggningar där processvattnet bara passerar kolonnen en gång rekommenderas en reningsmetod som fokuserar på reducera bildandet av biofilmen. Av de utvärderade metoderna ter sig perättiksyra som det bästa alternativet. För system med recirkulerande processvatten skulle reningsmetoden fokusera på antingen reduktion av mikroorganismer, organiskt material eller både och. Som för anläggningar med icke-cirkulerande vatten verkar perättiksyra vara det bästa alternativet för reduktion av mikroorganismer. En avancerad oxidationsprocess skulle kunna användas för att reducera mängden mikroorganismer och organiskt material.

The invention of personal computers (PCs) brings a lot of convenience for many people¡¦s life. For a PC, its essential core is the operation system (OS) which is the most basic as well as important information system (IS). Because operation system is a requisite for each PC, many software companies have striven to develop and promote their own OSs. As well known, Microsoft is the most powerful company of OS and it dominated the market in the world. Microsoft is keeping designing new PC¡¦s OSs and promoting them with all its strength. It develops new version OS to fit the trade of information technology standard and users¡¦ requirements in specific product life cycle. In past, when Microsoft announced new OS version, they are quickly accepted and replaced to old ones. However, there is a strange situation for its latest OS Win 7 recently. Win 7 isn¡¦t quickly accepted to replace old version OS Win XP. The number of PC users whose platform is Win XP is still very large, and most of them have little willing to upgrade. It is a big problem for an OS company. However, this is also an interesting phenomenon and worth studying in academic. The issue is: why users would not like to upgrade a newer and more effective OS? This study focuses on the issue and tries to discover factors affecting upgrading intention and behavior. According to related research and actual observation, several critical constructs are applied such as switching costs, product qualities of relative advantages and over performance, and compatibilities. Moreover, environment factors like social influence and after-sales services expectations, and fashion effects. Demographic variables are included into the research model at the same time. Hypotheses are proposed after reviewing related studies and empirical survey. To verify this model and prove these hypotheses, PLS is applied to analyze and explain the result. On the other hand, discriminant analysis is also used to view the Win XP group and Win 7 group. The key discriminant function is made to distinguish and forecast these two kinds of groups. This study empirically validated and confirmed our research model by PLS and discriminant analysis. Furthermore, the relationships of factors those affecting upgrading intentions and behavior are verified and integrated. The findings are able to support OS suppliers to actually implement their product design. In academic, this study complement the field of IS switching about vertical upgrade to certain IS.

Traditional residential buildings constitute an important part of Turkey&rsquo / s cultural heritage. However, in most of the cases, these buildings face with the problems of arbitrary alterations disregarding their values, abandonment, neglect and even demolition. To prevent these problems, they need to be &#039 / upgraded&#039 / to the contemporary life, while sustaining their values and cultural significance. During this &#039 / upgrading&#039 / process, the most common and important problems are faced with during the re-functioning of the existing spaces and the provision of the service spaces according to the contemporary living standards and expectations of users. Therefore, this thesis proposes the process, content, method and criteria for conservation and design for upgrading traditional residential buildings to the contemporary life, focusing on the existing and expected functional layout and new service spaces. The proposed method is assessed on three selected cases from Istiklal District, Ankara. Based on the proposed process, content, method and design/conservation criteria within this thesis, the functional layouts are studied and the service spaces are designed, including implementation details for the selected cases. As a conclusion, this thesis revealed that the spatial properties of the traditional residential buildings can offer even more than the spaces that the inhabitants can expect from a contemporary house, while the service spaces with contemporary standards can also be provided with a conscientious approach.