Esta dissertação visa analisar as transformações ocorridas nas políticas habitacionais para favelas implementadas no Brasil a partir dos anos 1990, após a crise do modelo de remoções e construção massiva de conjuntos habitacionais nas periferias das cidades e da consolidação das urbanizações de favela como política oficial. Esse processo foi antecedido pelo fechamento do Banco Nacional de Habitação, pela nova constituição brasileira e pelo ajuste fiscal proposto pelas agências internacionais, causando mudanças significativas na capacidade de investimento dos governos locais e alterando o perfil das políticas habitacionais brasileiras. Essas novas políticas passaram a contemplar não somente a intervenção física, mas também várias ações sócio-econômicas, diluindo a questão habitacional dentro do contexto da nova questão social, resultando na diminuição de investimentos no setor da habitação de interesse social. Para exemplificar esse caso, será apresentado o processo de construção do programa integrado de inclusão social desenvolvido pela Prefeitura de Santo André a partir de 1997, baseado em programas de urbanização de favelas desenvolvidas no final dos anos 1980 na mesma cidade. / This dissertation is aimed at analyzing the transformations that have taken place in housing policies for slums implemented in Brazil as of the 90’s, after the crisis of the model of removal and massive construction of housing complexes in the outskirts of cities and the consolidation of slum upgrading as an official policy. This process was subsequent to the closure of the National Housing Bank, to the new brazilian constitution and to the tax adjustment process proposed by international agencies, causing significant changes in the ability to invest of local governments, thus changing the profile of brazilian housing policies. These new policies include physical intervention in addition to several social-economic actions, diluting the housing issue within the context of the new social issue, resulting in a decrease of investments in the social interest housing sector. As an example, we will present the development process of the integrated social inclusion program carried out by the Municipality of Santo André as of 1997, based on slum upgrading programs developed in the late 80’s in the same city.

A urbanização de favelas vem sendo disseminada mundialmente como uma solução para reduzir boa parte de seus problemas, exigindo para tanto, um maior conhecimento das características sócio-econômico-ambientais das mesmas. O levantamento destas características deve obter o melhor resultado a partir de censos específicos, sendo que para Municípios de médio a grande porte, estes censos demandam uma logística complexa e cara, justificando-se a busca de soluções alternativas. Procurou-se neste trabalho desenvolver uma metodologia de adequação dos dados dos censos do IBGE para este fim, por meio da quantificação do contingente de domicílios e população das favelas com menos de 50 domicílios, não computados pelo censo nos aglomerados subnormais. Foram analisados os dados dos censos de 1991 e 2000 para o Município de São Paulo, a base cartográfica utilizada pelo IBGE, a base cartográfica das favelas do município desenvolvida pela sua Prefeitura e uma imagem digital de 2000. É proposta uma metodologia para corrigir a área e a densidade populacional obtidos com os dados do IBGE de forma a permitir estimativas corrigidas para o Município, para os distritos e para as favelas. Podem-se obter informações de população, domicílios, chefes de família, renda, escolaridade, sexo, idade, atendimento de serviços públicos de água, esgoto e coleta de resíduos sólidos e demais itens constantes do censo demográfico. Neste trabalho, foi estimada a população favelada total do Município em 972 mil habitantes para 2000, diferindo em 8,3 % dos 897 mil levantados pelo IBGE nos aglomerados subnormais. Esta diferença de estimativa, quando tomados os valores por distritos, varia de 0,0% (Jardim São Luis) a 114,6% (Vila Leopoldina). / The slums upgrading has been globally disseminated as a solution to reduce good part of their problems, demanding a larger knowledge of their socio-economical-environmental characteristics. The survey of these characteristics should be better obtained with specific censuses, but for medium to big size cities, these censuses are complex and expensive, justifying the search for alternative solutions. The development of a methodology to adjust the data of IBGE censuses for this purpose was sought in this work, through the quantification of the contingent slums homes and inhabitants with less than 50 households, not considered on the census subnormal agglomerates. The São Paulo censuses data from 1991 and 2000, the correspondent IBGE cartographic base, the slums cartographic base developed by the city government and a digital image from 2000 were analyzed. A methodology is proposed to correct area and inhabitant density obtained with the data of IBGE to allow corrected estimates for the whole city, for its districts and for the slums. One can have information about population, households, head of families, income, education, sex, age, public services of water, sewer and garbage collection and other items obtained with the demographic census. The estimate of São Paulo slums inhabitants obtained in this work was 972 thousand for 2000, differing 8.3% from IBGE estimate of 897 thousand inhabitants on the subnormal agglomerates. This estimate difference, when district values are considered, varies from 0.0% (Jardim São Luis) to 114.6% (Vila Leopoldina).

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo investigar os efeitos trazidos pelo padrão 4C para a produção de café no Brasil. Mais especificamente analisar quais tipos de melhorias (upgrading) foram trazidas aos produtores que adotaram o padrão 4C. As melhorias podem ser classificadas em econômicas, sociais e ambientais. Para isso foi utilizada uma abordagem metodológica qualitativa de estudo de caso. A primeira etapa da pesquisa correspondeu a uma revisão sistemática de literatura, em que foi possível formular proposições. Em seguida foram realizadas entrevistas com agentes da cadeia de valor do café - meso-instituições, cooperativas e produtores. Através de entrevistas, análise de documentos e reportagens sobre o assunto publicados em jornais e revistas especializadas, foram levantados dados que foram analisados com o auxílio do software de análise qualitativa Atlas TI. Os resultados indicam que grande parte das melhorias podem ser caracterizadas como upgrading ambiental. Além disso, os resultados mostram que a adoção do padrão 4C fez com que os produtores organizassem melhores seus processos de produção e tivessem maior controle das atividades relacionados ao cultivo de café com padrão 4C. / The present work had as objective to investigate the effects brought by the 4C standard for Brazilian coffee agriculture. More specifically, analyze what types of improvements (upgradings) brought to producers that adopt the 4C standard. Improvements can be classified as economic, social and environmental. For this, a qualitative methodological approach of case studies was used. The first stage of the research corresponded to a systematic literature review, in which it was possible at the end to formulate the propositions. Interviews were then conducted with various agents within the coffee value chain - meso-institutions, cooperatives and producers. Through interviews, document analysis and articles published in specialized journals and journals, data were collected that were analyzed using the qualitative analysis software Atlas TI. The results indicate that most of the improvements can be characterized as environmental upgrading. In addition, the results show that the adoption of the 4C standard made farmers better organize their production processes and have more control of activities related to 4C coffee cultivation.

A presente pesquisa analisa as intervenções realizadas no âmbito do Programa Social e Ambiental dos Igarapés de Manaus - PROSAMIM, ocorridas entre os anos de 2006 e 2014 na cidade de Manaus. O programa teve como áreas de intervenção os igarapés da região central da cidade, historicamente ocupados por moradias em palafitas, afetadas pelas cheias do Rio Negro, e se caracterizou pela implantação de grandes dispositivos de macrodrenagem que produziram reassentamentos e atendimentos habitacionais diversos. O estudo parte da recuperação histórica sobre a urbanização da cidade em associação ao tema da precariedade urbana nesta porção da Amazônica Ocidental, em grande medida afetada pela oscilação do Rio Negro. Mereceram destaque na análise do programa, as soluções de drenagem urbana e habitacionais implantadas pelo PROSAMIM ao longo de suas diferentes etapas, além de um debate sobre as repercussões sociais ambientais das intervenções, oficialmente utilizadas para a legitimação dos objetivos do programa. / The present study proposes an approach to the PROSAMIM - Social and Environmental Program of the Igarapés of Manaus - PROSAMIM, occurring between the years 2006 and 2014 in the city of Manaus. The program had for intervention areas the igarapés (watercourses) of the central region of the city, historically occupied by dwellings on stilts, affected by the floods of Rio Negro, characterized by the implantation of great devices of macrodrainage that produced equivalent amounts of residential resettlements. The study addresses a historical recovery on the urbanization of the city in association with the theme of urban precariousness in this part of the Western Amazon, to a great extent affected by the oscillation of the Rio Negro. The analysis of the program, the urban drainage and housing solutions implemented by PROSAMIM throughout its different stages, and a debate on the environmental social repercussions of the program, officially used to legitimize the program\'s objectives, were highlighted.

Esta dissertação tem como objetivo estudar o trabalho social em processos de remanejamento da população moradora de favelas para Conjuntos Habitacionais de Interesse Social. Para tanto, foram estudados quatro empreendimentos promovidos pelas prefeituras de Osasco e São Paulo entre os anos de 2004-2014, nos quais o trabalho social ocupou posição central. O trabalho social em habitação social, área historicamente ligada ao serviço social, contou durante o período estudado, com aumento de recursos e maior institucionalização, na medida em que se tornou cada vez mais regrado por documentos governamentais. Essa maior consolidação tem sido simultânea à chegada de técnicos oriundos de outras áreas profissionais, entre as quais a arquitetura. Neste contexto observou-se uma reconfiguração da política de atendimento habitacional para os moradores da favela e um acréscimo na escassez de terrenos aptos a receber conjuntos habitacionais. Esse novo cenário demanda do trabalho social novos procedimentos de atuação em consonância com as novas políticas, o que tem provocado a exigência de novas especialidades que se valem de inúmeros e variados discursos. O trabalho busca entender o processo de saída da favela e entrada no conjunto habitacional, atentando para o quadro atual da produção da moradia de interesse social, percebendo como estes discursos são aceitos, rejeitados, incorporados, por técnicos e moradores, formando uma representação da vida comunitária. / This thesis aims to discuss social work on relocation processes of people living in \"favelas to housing estates. For such, we studied four housing projects promoted by the municipalities of Osasco and São Paulo between 2004 and 2014, in which social work played a key role. Social work and housing fields are historically linked: the former was met, during the timespan we targeted, rising public funding and bigger institutionalization, in that it also met with more regulation by official state documents. This bigger consolidation has been concurrent with the arrival of other professional areas, architecture among them. At this setting, we observed a \"favela\"-living people housing policy reconfiguration and a shortage rise of free lots able to receive housing projects. This new scenario demands new procedures from social work, in line with the new policies, something that has also demanded new expertises, built upon various different discourses. Our work, paying attention on current housing production scenario, tries to present an understanding of this favela-departure and estate-arrival process, apprehending how these discourses are accepted, rejected, incorporated, both by professionals and by dwellers, building a community life representation.

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2015-10-09T12:57:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MARCO ANTONIO VIANA BORGES_.pdf: 1694587 bytes, checksum: 95e65aed3d2d64c7560ccb296a60162b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-10-09T12:57:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MARCO ANTONIO VIANA BORGES_.pdf: 1694587 bytes, checksum: 95e65aed3d2d64c7560ccb296a60162b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-05-26 / Nenhuma / To operate in global supply chains, there is need for development of capabilities to integrate different companies, from different countries with diverse cultures, economic and technological level. The semiconductor industry fits into a scenario of global production with a supply chain spread worldwide, seeking cost efficiency, mass production and flexibility. Brazil stands out in the global economy as an emerging country and has promoted public policies and incentives for the competitiveness of semiconductor chain in the country. The guidelines are made by public policies for the development of national production and tax incentives in order to attract foreign companies that are able to produce and develop the capabilities needed to create competitiveness. Considering that Brazil intends to move from a high consumer of microelectronics items to a competitive player in the semiconductor industry, this research aims to analyze what capabilities are needed by companies to become players in a global supply chain. The theoretical framework proposed for this investigation is designed to evaluate capabilities in a global supply chain. It proposes that the upgrading level results from capabilities developed by the companies and also influenced by political and economic factors. Productive, relational and innovative elements compose the set of global supply chain capabilities of this study. The method is descriptive-exploratory, using multiple case studies carried out in four Brazilian design centers. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and document analysis. NVivo® supported data coding and analyses. The results demonstrate that Brazilian industrial policy affects the development of global supply chain capabilities of the national design houses, especially in terms of organizational and R&D processes. As consequence, the companies developed productive and relational capabilities and most of them are still in a process upgrading level. The development of global market and strengthening of innovative capabilities can lead companies to other upgrading levels and move the design houses up in the semiconductor global chain.

Technological upgrading, as the key engine of Chinese economic development, does not take place in isolation, but is largely dependent on access to external knowledge sources. FDI has long been regarded as an external knowledge source because of its intra- and intercity technological spillovers. Meanwhile, both foreign expansion time-based characteristics and industrial structures could affect technological upgrading, but there is a heated debate about whether they enhance FDI spillovers in host cities. In this PhD thesis, I integrate these two streams of literature into a theoretical framework, and hope to investigate how foreign expansion time-based characteristics and industrial structures moderate both intra- and intercity relationships between inward FDI and technological upgrading in Chinese cities. Moreover, I link cluster theory to FDI spillovers, and establish a theoretical model in which government and market orientations can affect knowledge transfers and disseminations between domestic and foreign firms. Overall, this research aims to extend the existing literature by bridging literature of FDI spillovers, foreign expansion process, and industrial structures from a contingency perspective. It deepens our understandings about both intra- and intercity dimensions of FDI technological spillovers in explaining host city technological upgrading. Based on specific panel datasets from the Chinese Urban Statistical Yearbooks and the Annual Industrial Survey Database, I adopt Pooled OLS and Spatial Durbin Model to explore intra- and intercity externalities of foreign expansion process and industrial structures in FDI spillovers. My results indicate that FDI spillovers contribute to both intra- and inter-city technological upgrading in China. Irregular foreign expansion process diminishes FDI spillovers within a given city, but facilitates intercity knowledge dissemination. Cities with a high degree of related variety can reap benefits from FDI technological spillovers. However, such empirical results may change between different urban groups, Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and Shanghai-Yangtze River Delta respectively. Therefore, the findings of this PhD thesis not only provide convincing evidence for the debate regarding the relationship between FDI and host city technological upgrading, but also highlight government and market orientations to assist with policy making in the future.

Stringent Northern private food standards have created onerous requirements for horticulture farmers in Kenya who wish to supply global value chains (GVC) and production networks (GPNs) governed by global lead firms. Simultaneously, Southern (regional) supermarkets have emerged over the last few decades leading to the formation of regional production networks (RPNs), which provide a new market opportunity and require meeting different regional private and public standards. Both Northern and regional standards are increasingly including complex environmental requirements that risk farmer exclusion from participation in both global and regional markets. This is exacerbated by bio-physical aspects of climate variability and extremes that impinge on crop quality and yield. A key problem therefore arises from the ability of farmers across not only GPNs but also RPNs and local production networks (LPNs) to cope with different environmental upgrading and downgrading pressures, emerging from standards and bio-physical aspects. The overarching research question this thesis seeks to address is: What are the dynamics of environmental upgrading, embeddedness and governance for farmers in global, regional and local production networks? This thesis seeks to make three contributions to the GPN and GVC literatures. The first is integrating the natural environment through a concept I call re-environmentalization. I suggest farmers dis-embed from previous relationships and interactions with their environment/land and re-embed into new socio-ecological relationships in GPNs, RPNs or LPNs. The second contribution enriches production network and value chain analysis by adding a dimension of €changing epistemologies€™ wherein I explicate understandings of governance through the lens of a farmer. I view governance as something that 'is experienced'€™ rather than focus on the lead firms'€™ perspective of '€˜governing'€™. I question the linearity of upgrading, studying what it means to a farmer, instead of assuming that all upgrades are beneficial. The third contribution is to compare how re-environmentalization and governance, effect a farmers' ability to environmentally upgrade heterogeneously across global, regional and local production networks, thereby going beyond the North-South analysis prevalent in GPN literature. The thesis is based on field research in Kenya involving 102 key informant interviews, 6 focus group discussions and a survey of 579 farmers across four counties (Murang'a, Machakos, Nyandarua, Meru) producing snow peas, garden peas, avocados and mangoes. The analysis uses a mixed method approach, drawing on econometric models along with qualitative data to provide triangulated and robust comparisons across production networks. The empirical findings of the research indicate that the trajectories of environmental upgrading/ downgrading are complex and dynamic across farmers in GPNs, RPNs and LPNs. This is because the process through which farmers re-environmentalize into GPNs is contested, as relationships with Northern firms'€™ breed dis-trust and inhibit the use of tacit knowledge. This prevents farmers from performing environmental upgrading in a sustainable way. Furthermore, I debunk the implicit assumption that economically upgrading, by adhering to Northern and regional standards is sustainable, and instead show that these standards can trigger environmental downgrading. RPN farmers, because of their entrepreneurial capacity and smoother process of re-environmentalizing into regional networks, compared to farmers in GPNs, are able to internalize knowledge and environmentally upgrade more sustainably. Finally, LPN farmers perform the least environmental upgrades, due to minimal support from other network actors. Overall, I establish that it is critical to incorporate environmental dimensions in production network and value chain analysis.

Esse trabalho analisa as condições que tornaram possível, e aceitável, a percepção de que favelas diferentes, mas contíguas entre si, fossem apreendidas como uma unidade territorial nomeada do Complexo do Alemão. Tal perspectiva remete a fins da década de 1970 e início dos anos 1980, período reconhecido pela literatura urbana carioca como aquele no qual a solução para o problema da favela, por parte do poder público, passa a ser um conjunto de intervenções diversas, às quais se convencionou nomear de urbanização, em detrimento da política de remoção. Dentre outros elementos, essa reorientação da ação governamental, por um lado, vai desencadear uma abundante produção de informações sobre esses territórios, através da montagem de um quadro técnico qualificado que buscava todo o tempo responder a questão que veio a se colocar para o governo municipal com essa mudança: como urbanizar? Por outro, reflete, também, a influência das transformações na agenda urbana interacional na gestão da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, bem como na de outros municípios do país. A investigação desses aspectos levantou uma dúvida sobre o caráter realmente transformador das políticas de urbanização inicialmente levadas a cabo por um prefeito, Israel Klabin, que era um homem de negócios de sucesso e íntimos de atores econômicos e políticos, nacionais e internacionais. Com entrevistas, pesquisa documental e em jornais da época, propõe-se entender as politicas de urbanização sob a ótica da governamentalização desses territórios, ou, em outras palavras, como uma tecnologia de gestão da população e dos espaços favelados. / This thesis analyses the conditions that made possible and acceptable the perception that different favelas, but contiguous in each other, were perceived as a territorial unit named Complexo do Alemão. This perspective brings to the late 1970s and early 1980s, period recognized by the urban carioca literature as the period in which the solution to the favela problem, by the public authorities, becomes a set of many interventions, which was conventionally named as urbanization, in detriment of the removal policy. This reorientation of the public authorities, by one side, triggers an abundant production of information about this territories, through the assembly of a qualified technical condition, that seeked at all times to answer the question that was put to the municipal government with this change: how to urbanize? On other hand, reflects, between other motivations, the influence of the transformation in the international urban agenda in the urban management of the city of Rio de Janeiro, but also in other cities of the country. The investigation of these aspects raised a doubt on the real transformer character of the urbanization policies initially carried out by a mayor, Israel Klabin, that was a successful businessman and close to economic and political actors, national and international. With interviews, documental research and in newspapers of the period, it proposes to understand the urbanization policies by the perspective of the governmentalization of these territories, or, in other words, as a management technology of the population and slum areas of favela.

Esta dissertação tem como objetivo estudar o trabalho social em processos de remanejamento da população moradora de favelas para Conjuntos Habitacionais de Interesse Social. Para tanto, foram estudados quatro empreendimentos promovidos pelas prefeituras de Osasco e São Paulo entre os anos de 2004-2014, nos quais o trabalho social ocupou posição central. O trabalho social em habitação social, área historicamente ligada ao serviço social, contou durante o período estudado, com aumento de recursos e maior institucionalização, na medida em que se tornou cada vez mais regrado por documentos governamentais. Essa maior consolidação tem sido simultânea à chegada de técnicos oriundos de outras áreas profissionais, entre as quais a arquitetura. Neste contexto observou-se uma reconfiguração da política de atendimento habitacional para os moradores da favela e um acréscimo na escassez de terrenos aptos a receber conjuntos habitacionais. Esse novo cenário demanda do trabalho social novos procedimentos de atuação em consonância com as novas políticas, o que tem provocado a exigência de novas especialidades que se valem de inúmeros e variados discursos. O trabalho busca entender o processo de saída da favela e entrada no conjunto habitacional, atentando para o quadro atual da produção da moradia de interesse social, percebendo como estes discursos são aceitos, rejeitados, incorporados, por técnicos e moradores, formando uma representação da vida comunitária. / This thesis aims to discuss social work on relocation processes of people living in \"favelas to housing estates. For such, we studied four housing projects promoted by the municipalities of Osasco and São Paulo between 2004 and 2014, in which social work played a key role. Social work and housing fields are historically linked: the former was met, during the timespan we targeted, rising public funding and bigger institutionalization, in that it also met with more regulation by official state documents. This bigger consolidation has been concurrent with the arrival of other professional areas, architecture among them. At this setting, we observed a \"favela\"-living people housing policy reconfiguration and a shortage rise of free lots able to receive housing projects. This new scenario demands new procedures from social work, in line with the new policies, something that has also demanded new expertises, built upon various different discourses. Our work, paying attention on current housing production scenario, tries to present an understanding of this favela-departure and estate-arrival process, apprehending how these discourses are accepted, rejected, incorporated, both by professionals and by dwellers, building a community life representation.