A utilização de técnicas integradas de análise de proveniência sedimentar, incluindo a petrografia quantitativa utilizando o método Gazzi-Dickinson, a análise convencional de minerais pesados, a análise da composição química de granadas (análise varietal) e a geocronologia U-Pb (LAM-ICPMS-MC) em zircão, permitiram a identificação das áreas-fonte e o padrão de suprimento sedimentar dos arenitos de água profunda maastrichtianos que constituem os reservatórios do Campo de Jubarte, Bacia de Campos. Os arenitos são pobremente selecionados, com grãos sub-angulares a angulares, denotando rápido transporte. Apresentam composição original rica em feldspatos (arcósios sensu Folk, 1968) e pobre em fragmentos líticos de textura fina, proveniente de terrenos soerguidos de embasamento (sensu Dickinson, 1985). As assembléias de minerais pesados indicam proveniência a partir de rochas metamórficas de alto e médio grau, derivadas de metapelitos aluminosos metamorfisados em altas temperaturas e pressões baixas a médias, de granitos e subordinadamente de rochas máficas (metabasitos), pertencentes ao Domínio Tectônico Cabo Frio e ao terreno Oriental (domínio Costeiro) do orógeno Ribeira.A direção principal de suprimento sedimentar foi de sudoeste para nordeste, interpretada com base na identificação dos terrenos-fonte com abundante cianita no Domínio Tectônico Cabo Frio. Foi descartado o suprimento de sedimentos provenientes de noroeste, coincidente com a direção estrutural da faixa cataclasada de Colatina. As seqüências de quarta e quinta ordem analisadas não mostram variação na composição essencial, embora apresentem uma variação discreta na razão apatita:turmalina, que por isto apresenta potencial para ser utilizada como correlação entre os corpos de arenito dentro do campo. O índice ZTR baixo, combinado com a ausência de fragmentos metassedimentares e minerais pesados de baixo grau sugerem que ao final do Cretáceo os processos erosivos já haviam removido completamente as rochas supracrustais de baixo grau, expondo os terrenos plutônicos infracrustais. A composição quartzo-feldspática resultante favoreceu a qualidade dos reservatórios. A análise integrada dos dados sugere uma área-fonte tectonicamente ativa, relativamente próxima da bacia, submetida a um soerguimento rápido que permitiu a erosão de grandes volumes de sedimentos sob um regime de intemperismolimitado. Assim que erodidos das rochas-fonte os sedimentos foram transportados desde curtos rios de montanha e/ou leques aluviais rapidamente para águas profundas. A variação de alta freqüência da razão apatita:turmalina indica derivação direta dos arenitos do Campo de Jubarte a partir de um sistema aluvial relativamente próximo. / The application of integrated techniques of provenance analysis, including quantitative petrography using the Gazzi-Dickinson point-counting method, conventional heavy mineral analysis, garnet mineral chemistry and U-Pb zircon geochronology, allowed the identification of source-rocks and the sedimentary supply pattern for the Maastrichtian deep-water reservoir sandstones of the Jubarte Field, Campos Basin. The sandstones are poorly-sorted with angular to sub-angular grains denoting fast transportation. They present a detrital composition rich in feldspars (arkoses sensu Folk, 1968) and poor in finely-crystalline lithic fragments, with provenance from continental blocks of uplifted basement (sensu Dickinson, 1985). The heavy mineral assemblages indicate provenance from high-grade metamorphic rocks, derived from aluminous metapelites metamorphosed at high temperatures and low to medium pressures, from granites and from subordinate mafic rocks (metabasites), belonging to the Cabo Frio Tectonic Domain and the Oriental (Costeiro) terrain of the Ribeira orogen. The main sedimentary supply route during late Cretaceous was from southwest to northeast, indicated mainly by the presence of kyanite in the Cabo Frio Domain source-rocks. A possible dispersal pattern from northwest to southeast, coinciding with the Colatina shear zone, can be discarded. The fourth and fifth-order depositional sequences analyzed show no variation in major composition through time, although displaying a discrete variation of the apatite:tourmaline ratio, which thus present potential to be used as a parameter for sandstone correlation within the field. A low ZTR index coupled to the absence of low-grade heavy minerals and meta-sedimentary rock fragments suggest that at late Cretaceous the erosive processes had already removed the supracrustal, low-grade meta-sedimentary rocks, exposing the infracrustal plutonic terrains. The resulting quartz-feldspathic composition favored the quality of the reservoirs. The integrated analysis of compositional data suggests a tectonically-active source-area located close to the basin, where rapid tectonic uplift produced a large amount of sediments under a weathering-limited regime of erosion. Soon after being eroded from the bedrocks, these sediments were transported from short mountain rivers and/or by alluvial fans, directly to deep-water. The high-frequency variation inapatite:tourmaline ratio support direct derivation of Jubarte sandstones from a relatively proximal alluvial system.

A utilização de técnicas integradas de análise de proveniência sedimentar, incluindo a petrografia quantitativa utilizando o método Gazzi-Dickinson, a análise convencional de minerais pesados, a análise da composição química de granadas (análise varietal) e a geocronologia U-Pb (LAM-ICPMS-MC) em zircão, permitiram a identificação das áreas-fonte e o padrão de suprimento sedimentar dos arenitos de água profunda maastrichtianos que constituem os reservatórios do Campo de Jubarte, Bacia de Campos. Os arenitos são pobremente selecionados, com grãos sub-angulares a angulares, denotando rápido transporte. Apresentam composição original rica em feldspatos (arcósios sensu Folk, 1968) e pobre em fragmentos líticos de textura fina, proveniente de terrenos soerguidos de embasamento (sensu Dickinson, 1985). As assembléias de minerais pesados indicam proveniência a partir de rochas metamórficas de alto e médio grau, derivadas de metapelitos aluminosos metamorfisados em altas temperaturas e pressões baixas a médias, de granitos e subordinadamente de rochas máficas (metabasitos), pertencentes ao Domínio Tectônico Cabo Frio e ao terreno Oriental (domínio Costeiro) do orógeno Ribeira.A direção principal de suprimento sedimentar foi de sudoeste para nordeste, interpretada com base na identificação dos terrenos-fonte com abundante cianita no Domínio Tectônico Cabo Frio. Foi descartado o suprimento de sedimentos provenientes de noroeste, coincidente com a direção estrutural da faixa cataclasada de Colatina. As seqüências de quarta e quinta ordem analisadas não mostram variação na composição essencial, embora apresentem uma variação discreta na razão apatita:turmalina, que por isto apresenta potencial para ser utilizada como correlação entre os corpos de arenito dentro do campo. O índice ZTR baixo, combinado com a ausência de fragmentos metassedimentares e minerais pesados de baixo grau sugerem que ao final do Cretáceo os processos erosivos já haviam removido completamente as rochas supracrustais de baixo grau, expondo os terrenos plutônicos infracrustais. A composição quartzo-feldspática resultante favoreceu a qualidade dos reservatórios. A análise integrada dos dados sugere uma área-fonte tectonicamente ativa, relativamente próxima da bacia, submetida a um soerguimento rápido que permitiu a erosão de grandes volumes de sedimentos sob um regime de intemperismolimitado. Assim que erodidos das rochas-fonte os sedimentos foram transportados desde curtos rios de montanha e/ou leques aluviais rapidamente para águas profundas. A variação de alta freqüência da razão apatita:turmalina indica derivação direta dos arenitos do Campo de Jubarte a partir de um sistema aluvial relativamente próximo. / The application of integrated techniques of provenance analysis, including quantitative petrography using the Gazzi-Dickinson point-counting method, conventional heavy mineral analysis, garnet mineral chemistry and U-Pb zircon geochronology, allowed the identification of source-rocks and the sedimentary supply pattern for the Maastrichtian deep-water reservoir sandstones of the Jubarte Field, Campos Basin. The sandstones are poorly-sorted with angular to sub-angular grains denoting fast transportation. They present a detrital composition rich in feldspars (arkoses sensu Folk, 1968) and poor in finely-crystalline lithic fragments, with provenance from continental blocks of uplifted basement (sensu Dickinson, 1985). The heavy mineral assemblages indicate provenance from high-grade metamorphic rocks, derived from aluminous metapelites metamorphosed at high temperatures and low to medium pressures, from granites and from subordinate mafic rocks (metabasites), belonging to the Cabo Frio Tectonic Domain and the Oriental (Costeiro) terrain of the Ribeira orogen. The main sedimentary supply route during late Cretaceous was from southwest to northeast, indicated mainly by the presence of kyanite in the Cabo Frio Domain source-rocks. A possible dispersal pattern from northwest to southeast, coinciding with the Colatina shear zone, can be discarded. The fourth and fifth-order depositional sequences analyzed show no variation in major composition through time, although displaying a discrete variation of the apatite:tourmaline ratio, which thus present potential to be used as a parameter for sandstone correlation within the field. A low ZTR index coupled to the absence of low-grade heavy minerals and meta-sedimentary rock fragments suggest that at late Cretaceous the erosive processes had already removed the supracrustal, low-grade meta-sedimentary rocks, exposing the infracrustal plutonic terrains. The resulting quartz-feldspathic composition favored the quality of the reservoirs. The integrated analysis of compositional data suggests a tectonically-active source-area located close to the basin, where rapid tectonic uplift produced a large amount of sediments under a weathering-limited regime of erosion. Soon after being eroded from the bedrocks, these sediments were transported from short mountain rivers and/or by alluvial fans, directly to deep-water. The high-frequency variation inapatite:tourmaline ratio support direct derivation of Jubarte sandstones from a relatively proximal alluvial system.

In this thesis, the results of microfossil, biofacies, and geochemical analyses (µXRF) of the Upper Cretaceous (Turonian) Ferron – Notom delta, Utah, USA are reported and discussed. The Notom delta is the oldest of three clastic deltas in the Ferron Sandstone Member, Mancos Shale Formation. Foraminifera and testate amoebae were recovered from ninety-eight mudstone samples among five well-exposed outcrops (Caineville North, Steamboat, Blue Hills, Neilson Wash, and Coalmine Wash). Detailed observations showed foraminifera, and testate amoebae tests have undergone post-burial compression (flattening), dissolution, and transport/reworking; therefore, identification of these assemblages to their species level is difficult. The micropaleontological analysis of the Ferron-Notom delta consists of three studies. Morphogroup analysis was applied on foraminifera and testate amoebae, where a relationship between the test morphology and habitat was established. Morphogroup analysis resulted in four main morphogroups and eleven morphotypes and were assigned to life mode, environment, and feeding strategies. Three foraminifera morphogroups and one testate amoebae morphogroup were established indicate a range of environments, from shallow shelf to shallow shelf to lagoon/estuary environments. Biofacies analysis using the morphotypes was applied on three outcrops (Caineville North, Steamboat, and Blue Hills). We use the morphotypes to define the four main biofacies using cluster analysis, and biodiversity indices. Four biofacies showed marine and fluvial (freshwater) influences. Salinity and OM indices were derived from the relationship of foraminifera morphotypes (BiS, TrS, TS) and testate amoebae morphotypes (Ta-F, Ta-D, Ta-S) that follows lithofacies trends. Because of the under-representation of calcareous foraminifera (due to taphonomic and/or diagenetic factors), the biodiversity indices are treated herein as relative measures. Despite this taphonomic bias, the agglutinated foraminifera and testate amoebae morphogroups show trends with salinity both among the outcrops and stratigraphically within the outcrops. The Blue Hills outcrop represents the most landward and lowest salinity environment (tidally-influenced backwater), Steamboat is more coast proximal with a higher salinity of the delta front and fluvial estuarine environments, and the Caineville North outcrop represents the most coast proximal (fluvial/estuarine to deltaic/prodeltaic) with salinities ranging from low to medium. It appears that the landward transport and coastward of tests was a significant source of taphonomic bias. Nonetheless, the assemblages provide useful depositional information that correlates with previously documented lithofacies data. A salinity index based on a ratio of trochospiral taxa versus testate amoebae was found to provide a useful measure of coastal proximity that matches lithofacies trends. The µXRF analysis was conducted on twenty-nine mudstone samples from the Caineville North outcrop to examine elemental proxies for paleo-salinity (Sr/Ba), organic matter (K/S), redox (V/Ni), and sediment sources (Zr/Rb, Ti/Fe, Ti/Ca). Twenty-nine surface mudstone samples collected from four lithofacies representing prodelta, delta front, fluvial valley fill and shelf environments. Fourteen elements (Ti, Fe, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ni, Rb, Zr, S, V, Cu, Mn, Si, and K) were used to calculate proxy ratios to detect variations in terrigenous sediments, carbonate production, salinity, grain size, and fluvial inputs in the Caineville North outcrop. Elemental data showed good correspondence between the elemental data and the lithofacies and microfossil indices. Sr/Ba and Ca/Fe showed relationships with carbonate content and proximity to the shoreline. The paleo-salinity proxy (Sr/Ba) did not respond to salinity, but was more responsive to lithological change of carbonate content. The microfossil salinity index seems to be a more accurate paleo-salinity indicator. The proxy for fluvial input of sediment (Zr/Rb and Ti/Fe) agree well with the lithofacies trends, and Zr/Rb and Ti/Fe showed highest values within the fluvial valley fill facies, with higher variability of Ti/Fe compared to the other lithofacies (prodelta, delta front, and shelf), corresponding to response to the proximity of the depositional sites to a fluvial sediment source. The redox proxy V/Ni matched the previously derived microfossil OM index ("bolivind-type" taxa) showing a strong relationship between eutrophication and redox trends. The study aims to establish important baseline geochemical compositions of sediment sources to establish patterns and trends with sediment succession in the deeper basin (offshore; i.e. Mancos Shale). Potentially, these nearshore to fluvial trends will provide important geochemical data to assess changes in paleoclimate, and sea-level in offshore sediment successions. / Dissertation / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

The post-Triassic Nautiloidea are not as popular theme within fossils cephalopods research as for example ammonites. They are not very abundant in the fossil records except some rare localities and areas, their morphology is quite conservative and due to the usually poor preservation, their determination and assigning to the species even to genera level is often complicated. Exceptional are taxa with very specific morphology and short stratigraphic and endemic occurrence, which are even suitable for biostratigraphic interpretations. Problematic is also the often poor taxonomical representation of the type material and revision of many taxa is needed. Still nautilids are often represented by reasonable amount in the paleontological collections of natural history museums due to the long history of fossils collecting. Also the scientific literature has been dedicating at least some space to this group since 19 century. The aim of this study is to create an overview about the post- Triassic, especially Upper Cretaceous nautiolidea in the European region of epicontinental seas and prepare a good basement for extensive study of this group. Due to this aim the study is primarily focused on determination of morphological features and also problematic with their interpretation according to the variable...

The presented PhD thesis is compiled as a commentary to four published papers, which deal with planktonic assamblages of the Upper Jurassic and Cretaceous, namely with calcareous nannofossils and calpionellids. The first part of the dissertation thesis describes the main characteristics of the studied fossil groups with focus on their morphology, palaeoecology, evolution and systematics. The chapter of calcareous nannoplankton gives special attention to the biostratigraphicaly important genus Nannoconus Kampter 1931. Next chapters describe the methods of the laboratory processing of the sediments and the geological settings of the studied areas. The thesis is focused on two areas. At first the selected localities in the Bohemian Cretaceous Basin, i.e. Upper Turonian and Upper Coniacian, are described. Generally, the Upper Cretaceous platform sediments of the middle European basins are rich in calcareous nannoplankton. These fossils represent important marker for biostratigraphical and palaeoecological interpretations. The second part describes carbonate rocks of the Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous of the Tethyan area. In this case, calcareous nannoplankton and calpionellids are an essential part of the modern multidisciplinary form of the Jurassic- Cretaceous (J/K) boundary interval research....

No description available.

For decades the Upper Cretaceous Lower Tuscaloosa Formation of the U.S. Gulf Coast has been considered an onshore hydrocarbon play with no equivalent offshore deposits. A better understanding of the Lower Tuscaloosa sequence stratigraphic and paleogeographic framework, source-to-sink depositional environments, magnitude of fluvial systems, regional trends in reservoir quality, and structural influences on its deposition along with newly acquired data from offshore wells has changed this decades-long paradigm of the Lower Tuscaloosa as simply an onshore play. The mid-Cenomanian unconformity, underlying the Lower Tuscaloosa, formed an extensive regional network of incised valleys. This incision and accompanying low accommodation allowed for sediment bypass and deposition of over 330 m thick gravity-driven sand-rich deposits over 400 km from their equivalent shelf edge. Subsequently a transgressive systems tract comprised of four fluvial sequences in the Lower Tuscaloosa Massive sand and an overlying estuarine sequence (Stringer sand) filled the incised valleys. Both wave- and tide-dominated deltaic facies of the Lower Tuscaloosa are located at the mouths of incised valleys proximal to the shelf edge. Deltaic and estuarine depositional environments were interpreted from impoverished trace fossil suites of the Cruziana Ichnofacies and detailed sedimentological observations. The location and trend of valleys are controlled by basement structures. Lower Tuscaloosa rivers were 3.8m – 7.8m deep and 145m – 721m wide comparable to the Siwalik Group outcrop and the modern Missouri River. These systems were capable of transporting large amounts of sediment indicating the Lower Tuscaloosa was capable of transporting large amounts of sediments to the shelf edge for resedimentation into the deep offshore. Anomalously high porosity (>25%) and permeability (>1200md) in the Lower Tuscaloosa at stratigraphic depths below 20,000 ft. are influenced by chlorite coating the detrital grains. Chlorite coatings block quartz nucleation sites inhibiting quartz cementation. Chlorite coats in the Lower Tuscaloosa are controlled by the presence and abundance of volcanic rock fragments supplying the ions needed for the formation of chlorite. Chlorite decrease to the east in sediments derived from the Appalachian Mountains. An increase in chlorite in westward samples correlates with an increase of volcanic rock fragments derived from the Ouachita Mountains. / text

The Klikov Formation (Upper Cretaceous) represents the lowest stratigraphic unit of the South Bohemian basins. It provides record of continental deposits related to fluvial processes. Analysis of facies and architectures supplemented with paleocurrents data provided a basis for interpretation of depositional system exposed underground on the locality Hosín-Orty. In this study identifies sedimentary facies corresponding to high-energy river environmnent with dominance of traction current deposition are identified. Next to this, facies corresponding to low-energy deposition from suspension is preserved. From the perspective of architecture analysis depositional record represent active river channels and their fills eventuelly fills of abandoned channels. Low dispersion of paleocurrent values is consistent with a low-sinuosity river. Vertical aggradation of channels, dominance of river bars in channel-fill, downstream accretion, absence of ripples, point-bars, lateraly accreted patterns and floodplain deposits correspond with braided river environment. Stratigraphic units A, B, C, D, E, F corresponding to fluvial environment or environment of abandoned channel were distinguished. The direction of river flow is interpreted to northeast in unit A, and northwest in unit B, respectively. Autogenic and...

La dynamique des courants de turbidité est fortement contrôlée par la morphologie du fond marin. Les turbidites issues de ces courants constituent des réservoirs d’hydrocarbures très importants dans les bassins sédimentaires à travers le monde. L'objectif principal de ce travail est de comprendre comment le paleorelief a contrôlé la géométrie et l'architecture des réservoirs turbiditiques, en utilisant comme zone d'étude les réservoirs du Crétacé d'un champ pétrolier du bassin de Campos (offshore du Brésil), où la tectonique a été en partie dominée par l'halocinèse. La méthodologie utilisée dans cette thèse a couplé deux approches. La première a inclus à la fois la description des séquences sédimentaires, à partir de données de sismique-réflexion et de puits, et les restaurations structurales. Six horizons régionaux et quatre unités-réservoirs ont été identifiés et cartographiés afin de construire un modèle géologique multi-2D. Ces surfaces ont ensuite été aussi restaurées. Les résultats de cette étape suggèrent que les failles liées à l'halocinèse ont contraint la paléotopographie pour le dépôt des réservoirs plus anciens et que des structures tectoniques et un canyon ont formés les contraintes paléotopographiques pour la distribution des réservoirs plus jeunes. La seconde approche a été l'analyse du rôle des paramètres des écoulements en effectuant des simulations numériques du type stratigraphique (Dionisos) et des automates cellulaires (CATS). Une surface restaurée, considérée comme référence pour le dépôt des unités-réservoirs a été utilisée comme paléotopographie pour les simulations CATS. Le modèle numérique a été contraint par les données réservoirs. Cette utilisation inédite des simulations 3D avec des automates cellulaires dans une étude de cas réel concernant des dépôts marins anciens a produit des résultats réalistes par rapport aux exemples modernes connus. Elle a également fourni des résultats plus exploitables à l'échelle de réservoir que les modèles numériques de type "stratigraphique". Ce travail met en évidence l'importance des interactions tectonique-sédimentation et de la paléotopographie pour la distribution de réservoirs turbiditiques. / The dynamic of gravity-driven turbidity currents is strongly influenced by the morphology of the seafloor. The resulting turbidites constitute important hydrocarbon reservoirs in sedimentary basins throughout the world. The main objective of the present work is thus to understand the way the paleorelief controls turbidite reservoir architectures, with application in a specific study area with Cretaceous reservoirs in Campos Basin (Brazilian offshore). The tectonics in this Basin was partly controlled by halokinesis. The first approach was describing the local Cretaceous sedimentary sequence architecture, from seismic and well data, and performing structural restorations. Six regional horizons and four reservoir-scale units were identified and mapped in order to build a multi-2D geological model. Structural restorations highlighted the structural evolution and allowed the related horizon palaeotopography to be obtained. The results of this work step suggest that the halokinesis-related listric faults regulated the distribution of the basal reservoirs. Moreover, at the top of the Albian carbonates, a canyon was identified, which, in association with the tectonic structures, forms the palaeotopographic constraints for the upper reservoir geometry. The second approach was analyzing the role of flow controlling parameters by performing stratigraphic (Dionisos) and cellular automata-based (CATS) numerical simulations. The latter provided a more appropriate reservoir scale-simulation process than Dionisos. A restored surface, considered as reference for the deposition of the reservoir units, was used as the palaeotopography for CATS simulations, having as constraints the reservoir data. This pioneer use of cellular automata simulations in a real subsurface case study produced coherent results when compared with the actual reservoir distribution. This work sheds light on the importance of tectonic-sedimentation interactions and of palaeotopography for the distribution of turbidite reservoirs.

Use of Re-Os systematics in sulfides from the Bagdad porphyry Cu-Mo deposit provide information on the timing of mineralization and the source of the ore -forming elements. Analyzed samples of pyrite, chalcopyrite and molybdenite mainly from the quartz monzonite and porphyritic quartz monzonite units are characterized by a moderate to strong potassic alteration (secondary biotite and K- feldspar). Rhenium concentrations in molybdenite are between 330 and 730 ppm. Two molybdenite samples from the quartz monzonite and porphyritic quartz monzonite provide a Re-Os isotope age of 71.7 ± 0.3 Ma. A third sample from a molybdenite vein in Precambrian rocks yields an age of 75.8 ± 0.4 Ma. These molybdenite ages support previous suggestions of two mineralization episodes in the Bagdad deposit. An early event at 76 Ma and a later episode at 72 Ma. Pyrite Os and Re concentrations range between 0.008-0.016 and 3.9-6.8 ppb, respectively. Chalcopyrite contains a wide range of Os (6 to 91 ppt) and Re (1.7 to 69 ppb) concentrations and variable ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os ratios that range between 0.13 to 22.27. This variability in the chalcopyrite data may be attributed to different copper sources, one of them the Proterozoic volcanic massive sulfides in the district, or to alteration and remobilization of Re and Os. Analyses from two pyrite samples yield an eight point isochron with an age of 77 ± 15 Ma and an initial ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os ratio of 2.12. This pyrite Re-Os isochron age is in good agreement with the molybdenite ages. We interpret the highly radiogenic initial 1870s/188Os as an indication that the source of Os and, by inference, the ore-forming elements for the Bagdad deposit, was mainly the crust. This conclusion agrees with previous Pb and Nd isotope studies and supports the notion that a significant part of the metals and magmas have a crustal source.