0 / SPK / specialcollections@tulane.edu

The blurry, undefined edge of a city “is a philosophical region, where city and landscape overlap, existing without choice or expectation.” 1 This urban condition hardly ever influences the city’s core, leaving the periphery isolated, autonomous, and untapped. In this blurry zone, architectural opportunities present themselves. In New Orleans, a small Vietnamese community called Versailles lives in this undefined realm at the eastern boundary of the city. Its residents are removed from the core, disconnected by sheer distance, and wedged between ecology and industry. Typically, “that which literally lies on the margins often gets figuratively marginalized,” 2 but this community is resilient, taking full advantage of its overlap with the natural environment. A product of a forced migration in the wake of Saigon’s fall in 1975, this community drew on local parallels to Vietnamese climate and fishing commerce, allowing newcomers to morph this neighborhood into their own. Yet the scars of heavy industry still plague Versailles, which has endured a fraught history with nearby landfills. This thesis seeks to create productive frictions between community, ecology, and industry through exploring a blended topography where construction and landscape are commingled. This will allow for the architecture to be both anchored and stretched. The Eco-Line - part composting and gardening hub, part cultural and economic incubator, part ecological and recreational park - weaves a new edge of experience on New Orleans’s periphery. As opposed to forcing a connective intervention inward on New Orleans, the Eco-Line hugs the easternmost edge of Versailles, exploring a new urban condition that blends with the natural environment. / 0 / SPK / specialcollections@tulane.edu

0 / SPK / specialcollections@tulane.edu

Since post-war reconstruction, Beirut has been experiencing a building boom, which spreadrapidly outward from the city's historic and war-torn centre to the rest of the Lebanese capital. In the process, old houses and buildings have been systematically demolished to make space forlarge towers, excluding much of the urban population. State policies and market forcesconverge to make real estate a pillar of the neoliberal economy, while offering no housing,social or economic policies to redress its gentrifying effects. This thesis scopes the conditions thatproduce decayed residences since the mid-1990s. It asks: What have these circumstancesprompted urban dwellers to do with their houses in decay? How are dwellers in differentpositions of entitlement to property differently enabled to respond to decay and impendingrenewal, in the quest for continued dwelling in the city? What sentiments and strategiesemerge from this interplay? And how have social relationships and notions of dwelling, and ofdecay been reconfigured in the process? From fieldwork among downwardly mobile tenantsand landowners, urban practitioners and a cultural collective in neighbourhoods where urbanrenewal is approaching, I propose, "institutionalised neglect" as a concept to capture thecircumstances that expedite the decay of old houses. I argue that this neglect keeps landavailable for real estate profit making while making urban renewal inevitable. In chaptersthat deal with inheritance, eviction, material decay, nostalgia and the exceptional conditionsof a commoning experiment, I reveal that dwellers' sensibilities are oriented towards prolongeddwelling close to the city centre, whether by endurance of the neoliberal building regime orattempts to extract gains from its straining conditions.

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Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2016-10-04T16:57:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Moisés de Freitas Cunha.pdf: 3769994 bytes, checksum: 2d38933dd3bb654bc3b07f92e8e76f6c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-04T16:57:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Moisés de Freitas Cunha.pdf: 3769994 bytes, checksum: 2d38933dd3bb654bc3b07f92e8e76f6c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-20 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work aims to analyze issues as HOUSING and NEIGHBORHOOD5 in São Paulo, having as core concepts the presence of ethnic and symbolic (psychic income6, for instance) factors for the assessing of urban degradation. In other terms, how the presence of people considered “outsiders” (ELIAS & SCOTSON, 2000) can influence and impact the decisions of “established” ones as per the acquisition and/or maintenance of real estate, resulting in the (de)valuation of housing entrepreneurship. It also proposes the analysis of the attitudes towards “outsiders”, as per stigmas (“Culture of Poverty”) and ideologies of domination “...racial segregation as essential to the maintenance of racial supremacy...” (HARRIS, 2003), as those imposed after the second half of the XIX century, according to Norbert Elias, Erving Goffman and Oscar Lewis, respectively. It also aims to test the “Thomas Theorem”7 as a possible explaining axis for the understanding of sources of stigma and prejudice against people seen as “outsiders” in modern cities. Starting from a case study of a vertical condominium in the borough “Belém” in São Paulo city, interviews with dwellers were carried out to apprehend the meaning of the attitudes of alterity/urban degradation. This study also aims to better think and, if possible, propose corrective approaches, either collective or individual, almost under the terms of Habermas in “emancipatory fragments”, or even by means of Jean Paul Sartre approach, i.e.: “it doesn‟t matter what was done to me, what matters is what I do with what was done to me…” / Este trabalho propõe-se a analisar a questão da habitação e vizinhança2 em São Paulo, tendo como conceitos nucleares a presença de fatores étnicos, simbólicos (renda psíquica3, por exemplo) na avaliação da degradação urbana. Em outros termos, como a presença de pessoas consideradas “outsiders” (ELIAS e SCOTSON, 2000) pode influenciar e impactar decisões de “estabelecidos” quanto a aquisição e ou manutenção de propriedades imobiliárias, resultando na (des)valorização de empreendimentos habitacionais. Propõe também a análise das atitudes para com “outsiders”, quanto a estigmas (“Culture of Poverty”) e ideologias de dominação “... racial segregation as essential to the maintenance of racial supremacy...” (HARRIS, 2003) como aqueles impostos a partir da segunda metade do século XIX, nos termos de Norbert Elias, Erving Goffman e Oscar Lewis, respectivamente. Visa-se também testar o “Teorema de Thomas”4 como possível eixo explicativo na compreensão de fontes de estigma, do preconceito contra pessoas vistas como “outsiders” nas cidades atuais. A partir de um estudo de caso em um condomínio vertical do bairro do Belém em São Paulo foram realizadas entrevistas com moradores para apreender o significado das atitudes de alteridade/degradação urbanas. Visa-se também, com este estudo, melhor pensar e, se possível, propor abordagens corretivas, coletivas ou individuais, quase nos moldes de “fragmentos emancipatórios” de Habermas, ou ainda uma abordagem de Jean Paul Sartre que diz: “... não importa o que fizeram de mim, o que importa é o que eu faço com o que fizeram de mim...”

In the late twentieth century, global economic forces changed the face of many North American cities. Cities which were built upon industry, that had provided both job certainty and economic vitality, faced questions of survival in response to shrinking population and urban blight. Unprepared for these drastic changes and unable to address them survival gave way to resignation. Buffalo, New York is an example of a once successful and vital city that continues to experience de-population due to the collapse of its industries. The collapse not only created economic repercussions but also effected the city’s built environment. Many of the Buffalo’s urban monuments, testaments to the ambition of the city, now sit empty; as do the working class neighbourhoods that surround them. The Thesis examines the role which architecture can play in understanding, strategizing and re-envisioning the life of deteriorating cities. Focusing on the City of Buffalo, the design centers on the New York Central Terminal. It proposes a radical repurposing of the Terminal to create a new urban hub which will spur the re-building of the city’s urban fabric. The design outlines a staged 25 year strategy for the de-construction of sparse areas and the strengthening of critical urban networks, thus creating a strong framework upon which a new physical fabric for the city can build and develop overtime. The Terminal, once a significant rail hub is re-envisioned as a revitalized hub for the new city. A key connective point within this urban framework, it encapsulates a variety of program moved from the surrounding neighbourhood to the site. The Terminal will act as an architectural catalyst for change, working within the larger urban strategy to spur a natural re-growth and densification of the city. The thesis presents the radical re-thinking of the architect’s role in the twenty-first century. As current economies and industries face change the urban climate is adapting from one of constant growth to one of strategic re-use. Skeletons of once successful cities lay across the North American landscape. Their urban artifacts: the grain mill, steel manufacturing plant and rail yards, which once supported whole cities as both providers of employment and definers of cultural identity, now stand as empty reminders of a prosperous past. The Thesis shows how these buildings , like the New York Central Terminal can be given a renewed cultural significance and powerful roles within the revived urban life of their cities.

In the late twentieth century, global economic forces changed the face of many North American cities. Cities which were built upon industry, that had provided both job certainty and economic vitality, faced questions of survival in response to shrinking population and urban blight. Unprepared for these drastic changes and unable to address them survival gave way to resignation. Buffalo, New York is an example of a once successful and vital city that continues to experience de-population due to the collapse of its industries. The collapse not only created economic repercussions but also effected the city’s built environment. Many of the Buffalo’s urban monuments, testaments to the ambition of the city, now sit empty; as do the working class neighbourhoods that surround them. The Thesis examines the role which architecture can play in understanding, strategizing and re-envisioning the life of deteriorating cities. Focusing on the City of Buffalo, the design centers on the New York Central Terminal. It proposes a radical repurposing of the Terminal to create a new urban hub which will spur the re-building of the city’s urban fabric. The design outlines a staged 25 year strategy for the de-construction of sparse areas and the strengthening of critical urban networks, thus creating a strong framework upon which a new physical fabric for the city can build and develop overtime. The Terminal, once a significant rail hub is re-envisioned as a revitalized hub for the new city. A key connective point within this urban framework, it encapsulates a variety of program moved from the surrounding neighbourhood to the site. The Terminal will act as an architectural catalyst for change, working within the larger urban strategy to spur a natural re-growth and densification of the city. The thesis presents the radical re-thinking of the architect’s role in the twenty-first century. As current economies and industries face change the urban climate is adapting from one of constant growth to one of strategic re-use. Skeletons of once successful cities lay across the North American landscape. Their urban artifacts: the grain mill, steel manufacturing plant and rail yards, which once supported whole cities as both providers of employment and definers of cultural identity, now stand as empty reminders of a prosperous past. The Thesis shows how these buildings , like the New York Central Terminal can be given a renewed cultural significance and powerful roles within the revived urban life of their cities.

As cidades possuem grande dificuldade em lidar com espaços que perderam significado devido às mudanças decorrentes do seu próprio desenvolvimento, sejam elas sociais, políticas, econômicas ou culturais. A maior incidência destes locais na cidade contemporânea é em zonas outrora industriais, que sofreram o processo de desindustrialização. Muitas cidades no mundo têm se organizado a planejarem‐se de uma forma ampliada, colocando seus projetos em ação por meio de novas formas de governar. Estas incluem novas formas de articulações que são criadas em combinação entre os setores público e privado, e organizadas por meio de um planejamento estratégico. Entretanto, mesmo estas articulações público‐privadas e grandes planejamentos são, por muitas vezes, complexos de serem colocados em prática em países em desenvolvimento, como é o caso do Brasil. Vemos alguns casos que diferem destes planejamentos e ocorrem por meio de atitudes menos ortodoxas. São experiências que não esperam por um planejamento formal do governo ou de suas articulações e começam a se organizar para a ocupação de zonas em subutilização. O primeiro modelo destas experiências demonstrado neste trabalho ocorre pelo pioneirismo de empreendedores da iniciativa privada que se antecipam às tendências mercadológicas e apostam na ocupação de imóveis em zonas industriais degradadas. Estes pioneiros reconhecem o potencial destas zonas ricas em infraestrutura urbana, próximas a locais nos quais existe vitalidade e investem grandes montantes de capital onde a grande maioria dos empreendedores ainda não cogita investir. Usualmente, há uma tendência de outros empreendedores ocuparem estas áreas ao verificarem o sucesso dos primeiros empreendimentos. Cada novo empreendimento acaba gerando um núcleo de revitalização que vai se diluindo pelo entorno até a zona estar completamente revitalizada. O exemplo da revitalização do MEATPACKING DISTRIC em Nova York ilustrará o caso, com o reforço de um projeto de rearquitetura de uma antiga infraestrutura ferroviária, transformada um parque que funciona como catalisador deste processo de revitalização. Na antiga zona industrial de Porto Alegre, denominada 4º distrito, o estudo de caso da antiga Fábrica FIATECI, transformada em um complexo de uso misto, indica uma tendência à revitalização da zona nos moldes acima descritos. O segundo modelo ocorre com a verificação das necessidades da comunidade ou de um despertar criativo de alguns grupos, assim, surgem práticas que podem ser caracterizadas como “bottom‐up”, ou de baixo para cima. Os exemplos da ocupação de uma antiga indústria em Portugal, e outra no Rio de Janeiro, transformada em dois parques criativos, nos quais se mantêm totalmente as características industriais do contexto e inserem-se atividades ligadas à economia criativa, comprovam as potencialidades destas ações. Igualmente, no 4º distrito de Porto Alegre, surge, por meio de um grupo de atores da área criativa, a iniciativa de reutilização fora dos padrões imobiliários de um antigo e deteriorado conjunto edificado que serviu de moradia de aluguel para os funcionários das fábricas da região. A proposta do grupo é a reciclagem de uso do conjunto de forma a agrupar comércio local, moradia temporária e salas comerciais ligadas à área criativa com zonas de convivência comuns. De modo geral, servirá como núcleo revitalizador desta antiga zona industrial. A fim de angariar fundos para a viabilização do projeto, que não vem alavancado por alguma incorporadora, por tratar‐se de um tipo de empreendimento que, aos olhos empresariais, não é altamente rentável, os idealizadores do projeto já iniciaram a utilização do espaço, mesmo em precárias condições, a fim de envolver a comunidade de modo cativo ao projeto. As atividades ocorrem de maneiras variadas a fim de apropriarem‐se do espaço de maneira semipública, abrindo os jardins para quem circula e, logo, criarem urbanidade para o entorno. Este modelo serve como laboratório social para experimentação de usos e soluções que porventura poderão ser incorporados ao projeto quando finalizado. Esta é uma nova forma de intervenção que parte do pressuposto de que a utilização do espaço possa moldá‐lo. A intenção deste trabalho é demonstrar alternativas criativas e novas possibilidades para, de uma forma sustentável, reconstruir a cidade dentro da cidade. / Cities have great difficulty in dealing with spaces that have lost meaning due to changes resulting from its own development, whether social, political, economic or cultural. The highest incidence of these sites in the contemporary city is in formerly industrial areas, which suffered deindustrialization process. Many cities in the world has been organized in a way to plan it in a broad way, putting their projects into action through new ways of governing. These include new forms of joints that are created in combination of public and private sector and organized through a strategic planning. However, even these public-private joint and big plans are often complex by being put into practice in developing countries, such as Brazil. We see some of these cases differ from planning and occur through less orthodox attitudes. These are experiences that do not wait for a formal planning of the government or its joints and begin to organize to occupy zones in underutilization. The first model of these experiments demonstrated in this work takes place through the pioneering entrepreneurs of the private sector that anticipate market trends and betting on real estate occupancy in brownfield areas. These pioneers recognize the potential of these areas of high urban infrastructure, close to the places where there is vitality and invest large amounts of capital where the vast majority of entrepreneurs still do not consider investments. Usually there is a tendency of other entrepreneurs occupy these areas when considering the success of the first projects. Each new venture ends up generating a revitalization core that will dilute the surrounding area to be completely revitalized. The example of the revitalization of MEATPACKING DISTRIC in New York illustrate the case, with the strengthening of a re-architecture design of an old railway infrastructure, transformed a park that acts as a catalyst of this revitalization process. In the old industrial area of Porto Alegre, called 4th district the case study old FIATECI Factory, transformed into a complex of mixed use, indicates a tendency to revitalize the area in the above described manner. The second model is a verification of community needs or a creative awakening of some groups, there are practices that can be characterized as "bottom-up", or from the bottom up. Examples of the occupation of an old industry in Portugal, and another in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, transformed into two creative parks where fully maintain the industrial characteristics of the context and forms part of activities related to the creative economy proves the potential of these actions. Also, in the 4th District of Porto Alegre district, comes across a group of actors in the creative area, a reuse initiative out real state patterns of an old and deteriorated group of buildings that served as rental housing for employees of factories in the region. The group's proposal is recycling use of the set so as to local shops, temporary housing and commercial space connected to the creative area with common use areas. This project, generally, will serve as revitalizing core of this former industrial site. In order to raise funds for the viability of the project, which is not leveraged by any developer because it is a type of business that is not highly profitable for big investors, the creators of the project have already started the use of space, even in poor conditions in order to involve the community to the project. Activities take place in various ways in order to people to appropriate the space: opening the gardens for pedestrians and hence create urbanity for the surroundings. This model serves as a social laboratory for experimentation of uses and solutions that perhaps could be incorporated into the project when it is completed. This is a new form of intervention assumes that the use of space can mold it. The intention of this work is to demonstrate creative alternatives and new possibilities for sustainably rebuild the city within the city.

As cidades possuem grande dificuldade em lidar com espaços que perderam significado devido às mudanças decorrentes do seu próprio desenvolvimento, sejam elas sociais, políticas, econômicas ou culturais. A maior incidência destes locais na cidade contemporânea é em zonas outrora industriais, que sofreram o processo de desindustrialização. Muitas cidades no mundo têm se organizado a planejarem‐se de uma forma ampliada, colocando seus projetos em ação por meio de novas formas de governar. Estas incluem novas formas de articulações que são criadas em combinação entre os setores público e privado, e organizadas por meio de um planejamento estratégico. Entretanto, mesmo estas articulações público‐privadas e grandes planejamentos são, por muitas vezes, complexos de serem colocados em prática em países em desenvolvimento, como é o caso do Brasil. Vemos alguns casos que diferem destes planejamentos e ocorrem por meio de atitudes menos ortodoxas. São experiências que não esperam por um planejamento formal do governo ou de suas articulações e começam a se organizar para a ocupação de zonas em subutilização. O primeiro modelo destas experiências demonstrado neste trabalho ocorre pelo pioneirismo de empreendedores da iniciativa privada que se antecipam às tendências mercadológicas e apostam na ocupação de imóveis em zonas industriais degradadas. Estes pioneiros reconhecem o potencial destas zonas ricas em infraestrutura urbana, próximas a locais nos quais existe vitalidade e investem grandes montantes de capital onde a grande maioria dos empreendedores ainda não cogita investir. Usualmente, há uma tendência de outros empreendedores ocuparem estas áreas ao verificarem o sucesso dos primeiros empreendimentos. Cada novo empreendimento acaba gerando um núcleo de revitalização que vai se diluindo pelo entorno até a zona estar completamente revitalizada. O exemplo da revitalização do MEATPACKING DISTRIC em Nova York ilustrará o caso, com o reforço de um projeto de rearquitetura de uma antiga infraestrutura ferroviária, transformada um parque que funciona como catalisador deste processo de revitalização. Na antiga zona industrial de Porto Alegre, denominada 4º distrito, o estudo de caso da antiga Fábrica FIATECI, transformada em um complexo de uso misto, indica uma tendência à revitalização da zona nos moldes acima descritos. O segundo modelo ocorre com a verificação das necessidades da comunidade ou de um despertar criativo de alguns grupos, assim, surgem práticas que podem ser caracterizadas como “bottom‐up”, ou de baixo para cima. Os exemplos da ocupação de uma antiga indústria em Portugal, e outra no Rio de Janeiro, transformada em dois parques criativos, nos quais se mantêm totalmente as características industriais do contexto e inserem-se atividades ligadas à economia criativa, comprovam as potencialidades destas ações. Igualmente, no 4º distrito de Porto Alegre, surge, por meio de um grupo de atores da área criativa, a iniciativa de reutilização fora dos padrões imobiliários de um antigo e deteriorado conjunto edificado que serviu de moradia de aluguel para os funcionários das fábricas da região. A proposta do grupo é a reciclagem de uso do conjunto de forma a agrupar comércio local, moradia temporária e salas comerciais ligadas à área criativa com zonas de convivência comuns. De modo geral, servirá como núcleo revitalizador desta antiga zona industrial. A fim de angariar fundos para a viabilização do projeto, que não vem alavancado por alguma incorporadora, por tratar‐se de um tipo de empreendimento que, aos olhos empresariais, não é altamente rentável, os idealizadores do projeto já iniciaram a utilização do espaço, mesmo em precárias condições, a fim de envolver a comunidade de modo cativo ao projeto. As atividades ocorrem de maneiras variadas a fim de apropriarem‐se do espaço de maneira semipública, abrindo os jardins para quem circula e, logo, criarem urbanidade para o entorno. Este modelo serve como laboratório social para experimentação de usos e soluções que porventura poderão ser incorporados ao projeto quando finalizado. Esta é uma nova forma de intervenção que parte do pressuposto de que a utilização do espaço possa moldá‐lo. A intenção deste trabalho é demonstrar alternativas criativas e novas possibilidades para, de uma forma sustentável, reconstruir a cidade dentro da cidade. / Cities have great difficulty in dealing with spaces that have lost meaning due to changes resulting from its own development, whether social, political, economic or cultural. The highest incidence of these sites in the contemporary city is in formerly industrial areas, which suffered deindustrialization process. Many cities in the world has been organized in a way to plan it in a broad way, putting their projects into action through new ways of governing. These include new forms of joints that are created in combination of public and private sector and organized through a strategic planning. However, even these public-private joint and big plans are often complex by being put into practice in developing countries, such as Brazil. We see some of these cases differ from planning and occur through less orthodox attitudes. These are experiences that do not wait for a formal planning of the government or its joints and begin to organize to occupy zones in underutilization. The first model of these experiments demonstrated in this work takes place through the pioneering entrepreneurs of the private sector that anticipate market trends and betting on real estate occupancy in brownfield areas. These pioneers recognize the potential of these areas of high urban infrastructure, close to the places where there is vitality and invest large amounts of capital where the vast majority of entrepreneurs still do not consider investments. Usually there is a tendency of other entrepreneurs occupy these areas when considering the success of the first projects. Each new venture ends up generating a revitalization core that will dilute the surrounding area to be completely revitalized. The example of the revitalization of MEATPACKING DISTRIC in New York illustrate the case, with the strengthening of a re-architecture design of an old railway infrastructure, transformed a park that acts as a catalyst of this revitalization process. In the old industrial area of Porto Alegre, called 4th district the case study old FIATECI Factory, transformed into a complex of mixed use, indicates a tendency to revitalize the area in the above described manner. The second model is a verification of community needs or a creative awakening of some groups, there are practices that can be characterized as "bottom-up", or from the bottom up. Examples of the occupation of an old industry in Portugal, and another in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, transformed into two creative parks where fully maintain the industrial characteristics of the context and forms part of activities related to the creative economy proves the potential of these actions. Also, in the 4th District of Porto Alegre district, comes across a group of actors in the creative area, a reuse initiative out real state patterns of an old and deteriorated group of buildings that served as rental housing for employees of factories in the region. The group's proposal is recycling use of the set so as to local shops, temporary housing and commercial space connected to the creative area with common use areas. This project, generally, will serve as revitalizing core of this former industrial site. In order to raise funds for the viability of the project, which is not leveraged by any developer because it is a type of business that is not highly profitable for big investors, the creators of the project have already started the use of space, even in poor conditions in order to involve the community to the project. Activities take place in various ways in order to people to appropriate the space: opening the gardens for pedestrians and hence create urbanity for the surroundings. This model serves as a social laboratory for experimentation of uses and solutions that perhaps could be incorporated into the project when it is completed. This is a new form of intervention assumes that the use of space can mold it. The intention of this work is to demonstrate creative alternatives and new possibilities for sustainably rebuild the city within the city.