O trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar técnicas de disciplinamento do uso do solo urbano visando a preservação do meio ambiente. Inicialmente, é discutido o interrelacionamento entre a urbanização e o meio ambiente, mostrando como as características ambientais influem no processo de urbanização ou são alteradas pelo mesmo. Entre as alterações resultantes do desenvolvimento urbano é ressaltada a poluição ambiental em suas diversas modalidades: do solo, da água, do ar, acústica e visual. A seguir, são propostas técnicas de disciplinamento do uso e ocupação do solo urbano a serem aplicadas como medidas de controle preventivo destas modalidades de poluição. São recomenadadas medidas de preservação do meio ambiente na disposição de resíduos sólidos e líquidos, para controle da erosão, como proteção da qualidade de águas superficiais e subterrâneas, como controle da poluição do ar e acústica, ou como proteção dos recursos de valor paisagístico, ambiental e cultural. Finalmente, é apresentada uma metodologia de planejamento urbano visando a preservaçao do meio ambiente onde são discutidos os aspectos técnicos, legais, institucionais, econômicos e sociais do processo. O trabalho baseia-se em pesquisa bibliográfica e na observação de programas de disciplinamento do uso do solo de cidades brasileiras e americanas. / This work discusses land use control techniques for urban environment preservation. First, the relatiohship between urbanization and environment is discussed. It is showed how environmental characteristics affect urbanizatioh and how urbanization affects environment. Some kinds of environmental pollution, are discussed: solid wastes disposal problems, water pollution, air pollution, noise, and visual quality impacts. After, some land use control techniques are proposed for the preventive control of these kinds of pollution, related solid and liquid wastes disposal, erosion control , groundwater and surface water protection, air pollution and noise control, landscape, environmental and historic resources preservation. Finaly, it is proposed an urban planning model for environmental protection. Technical, legal, economic and social aspects of planning are discussed. This work is based on bibliographic research and observatlon of land use control programs of brazilian and american cities.

There are extensive empirical studies on the impacts and effectiveness of Smart Growth policies; however, very few of them consider the perspective of individual decision makers and, to this author's knowledge, none have studied developers as location-aware decision-making agents. This study tries to fill this gap partially by assessing the impacts of Portland's smart growth policies on developers' location choice behavior with developer-based location choice models. The dissertation has two purposes. By assessing the impacts of Smart Growth policies on individual home developer's location choice, it provides a micro- and behavioral foundation for the understanding of Smart Growth policies. As a bi-state metropolitan area located on the border between Oregon and Washington, the Portland region provides a unique environment that allows my research to examine whether home developers react to Smart Growth policies differently in the two states with different land use policy systems. The dissertation also aims to create a developer-based land development forecast model, which can be used as a scenario analysis tool for the Portland region's long-term land use and transportation planning. Besides the developer location choice model mentioned above, the components of this comprehensive developer-based land development model also include a time series regression model that predicts annual new housing supply in the region and a model that synthesizes housing projects in a forecast year. The study shows that home developers in the Portland metropolitan area are sensitive to most Smart Growth policies that have been implemented in the region, but they react to them differently across the border between Oregon and Washington. Single-family home (SFH) and multi-family home (MFH) developers show different preferences for location attributes. The most significant predictors of where a developer will choose to locate a project are the locations of previous projects. After controlling for all of the other factors discussed above, there remains a strong preference for developing SFH units outside of the UGB in both Oregon and Washington sides of the Portland metropolitan area. Latent class models have been developed to detect taste variations among home developers in the SFH and MFH markets separately. Estimation results show clear taste variations across developers and housing projects with respect to site attributes in their location choice. With other variables in the segmentation model being the same, project size provides a better fit to the data than developer size, indicating that developers have taste variations among their different projects. Large size SFH projects developed by contractor-owners are more likely to be within the UGB and their locations tend to have higher residential density, housing diversity, transportation accessibility, road density, and land price. With most MFH projects within the UGB, estimation results show that large size MFH projects prefer the locations with higher residential density, housing diversity, mixed use, road density, land price, average household income, and proportion of young and middle age households. The three-step new housing supply and location choice forecast model seem to be able to capture the basic trend of housing market and land development in the Portland region. Three different aggregate housing supply forecast models, an conditional time series regressive model, a unconditional time series regression model, and an auto-regression integrated moving average (ARIMA) model were tested and their advantages and disadvantages were discussed. Both the SFH and MFH project synthesis models can simulate housing projects well for a forecast year. Three location choice models were developed to allocate synthesized housing projects into space. The three models are characterized separately as: (1) assumed market homogeneity and atomization of development projects; (2) deterministic market segmentation and synthesis of projects by size; and (3) probabilistic market segmentation and synthesis of projects by size, using a latent class approach. Examination of forecast results shows that all three models can successfully capture the basic spatial pattern of housing development in the region; however, the spatial distribution of MFH development is lumpier and more unpredictable. While Models 2 and 3 are more sophisticated and make more sense from a theoretical perspective, they do not return better forecast results than Model 1 due to some practical issues. Models 2 and 3 would be expected to perform better when those practical issues are solved, at least partially, in future research.

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Urban represents one of the most dynamic areas in the global change context. To support rational policies for sustainable urban development, remote sensing technologies such as Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) enjoy increasing popularity for collecting up-to-date and reliable information such as urban land cover/land-use. With the launch of advanced spaceborne SAR sensors such as RADARSAT-2, multitemporal fully polarimetric SAR data in high-resolution become increasingly available. Therefore, development of new methodologies to analyze such data for detailed and accurate urban mapping is in demand.   This research investigated multitemporal fine resolution spaceborne polarimetric SAR (PolSAR) data for detailed urban land cover mapping. To this end, the north and northwest parts of the Greater Toronto Area (GTA), Ontario, Canada were selected as the study area. Six-date C-band RADARSAT-2 fine-beam full polarimetric SAR data were acquired during June to September in 2008. Detailed urban land covers and various natural classes were focused in this study.   Both object-based and pixel-based classification schemes were investigated for detailed urban land cover mapping. For the object-based approaches, Support Vector Machine (SVM) and rule-based classification method were combined to evaluate the classification capacities of various polarimetric features. Classification efficiencies of various multitemporal data combination forms were assessed. For the pixel-based approach, a temporal-spatial Stochastic Expectation-Maximization (SEM) algorithm was proposed. With an adaptive Markov Random Field (MRF) analysis and multitemporal mixture models, contextual information was explored in the classification process. Moreover, the fitness of alternative data distribution assumptions of multi-look PolSAR data were compared for detailed urban mapping by this algorithm.   Both the object-based and pixel-based classifications could produce the finer urban structures with high accuracy. The superiority of SVM was demonstrated by comparison with the Nearest Neighbor (NN) classifier in object-based cases. Efficient polarimetric parameters such as Pauli parameters and processing approaches such as logarithmically scaling of the data were found to be useful to improve the classification results. Combination of both the ascending and descending data with appropriate temporal span are suitable for urban land cover mapping. The SEM algorithm could preserve the detailed urban features with high classification accuracy while simultaneously overcoming the speckles. Additionally the fitness of the G0p and Kp distribution assumptions were demonstrated better than the Wishart one. / <p>QC 20110315</p>

Existing travel patterns in Windhoek are influenced by the past land use policy of restricted urban development in the former townships ofKatutura and Khomasdal. Thus residents in these townships are faced with longer distances to reach quality urban servtces. This thesis examined the impact on travel demand of changes in land use policies aimed at stimulating growth in the two areas using the HLFM computer model. The results showed that, policy induced land use changes may stimulate population and employment growth in the neglected areas, but with no effects on the present travel patterns. The model needs to be refined to fit the peculiarity of the study area. Nevertheless, information provided in the thesis could be used in assessing areas where development trends will go if any ofthe land use policy tested in the study is adopted. / Geography / M.A. (Geography)

Existing travel patterns in Windhoek are influenced by the past land use policy of restricted urban development in the former townships ofKatutura and Khomasdal. Thus residents in these townships are faced with longer distances to reach quality urban servtces. This thesis examined the impact on travel demand of changes in land use policies aimed at stimulating growth in the two areas using the HLFM computer model. The results showed that, policy induced land use changes may stimulate population and employment growth in the neglected areas, but with no effects on the present travel patterns. The model needs to be refined to fit the peculiarity of the study area. Nevertheless, information provided in the thesis could be used in assessing areas where development trends will go if any ofthe land use policy tested in the study is adopted. / Geography / M.A. (Geography)

As cidades evoluem através da expansão de seu território e de transformações no uso do solo existente. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar a influência da evolução econômica e da legislação urbana nas transformações do uso do solo residencial na área central do Município de São Paulo entre 1860 e 1999. / Cities develop through the territorial expansion and transformations in existing urban land use. The objective of this study is to analyze the influence of economic evolution and urban legislation on residential land use transformations in the central area of São Paulo between 1860 and 1999.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-02-16T12:26:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Paula Goyos Browne.pdf: 1022443 bytes, checksum: 1971f4babcf0667fd18919603e8090fb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-16T12:26:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Paula Goyos Browne.pdf: 1022443 bytes, checksum: 1971f4babcf0667fd18919603e8090fb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-09 / The present work deals with the division of urban areas under the condominium regime of lots, appreciating them from the perspective of Urban Law. Firstly, we find that lots condominiums are a form of urban expansion that is not appreciated by the law of land subdivision, Law 6.766/ 79 and, neither, by the condominiums law in buildings, Law 4.591/ 64. It is a hybrid modality that involves both public and private interests, and affects both private law and public law. This is private law with regard to the right to property, and its developments, regulated in particular by civil law. Nevertheless, it is an institute of public law, since it impacts on the urban space that is studied mainly by the urban law, but also by other branches of law such as administrative law and environmental law. The characteristics of the condominiums and the modalities of urban land subdivision were studied, highlighting the similarities and differences of these developments and pointing out that the condominiums of lots do not fit into any modality and require their own regulation. We emphasize the importance of the role played by municipalities in the regulation of urban space and the normative function of the State Courts of Justice, so that the implementation of lots condominiums is carried out in a controlled manner, with requirements and approvals that attenuate the impacts of Segregation in the right to the city. It was necessary to analyze other modalities of closed residential projects to differentiate and understand the legal discipline of lots condominiums. Finally, we have seen that the validity and application of constitutional and legal provisions permit the regularity of the condominiums of lots, in accordance with the established municipal norms, with the regulation of the General Office of Justice and with the premises of Urban Law / O presente trabalho trata da divisão de glebas urbanas sob o regime de condomínio de lotes, apreciando-os na perspectiva do Direito Urbanístico. Em primeiro lugar verificamos que os condomínios de lotes são uma forma de expansão urbana que não é apreciada pela lei de parcelamento do solo, Lei 6.766/79 e, tampouco, pela lei de condomínios em edificações, a Lei 4.591/64. É modalidade híbrida que envolve interesses públicos e privados, sendo afeta tanto ao Direito Privado como ao Direito Público. Trata-se de direito privado no que tange ao direito de propriedade, e seus desdobramentos, regulado em especial pelo direito civil. Não obstante, é instituto de direito público, já que impacta no espaço urbano que é estudado principalmente pelo do direito urbanístico, mas também por outros ramos do direito como o direito administrativo e o direito ambiental. Foram estudadas as características dos condomínios e as modalidades de parcelamento do solo urbano, destacando as semelhanças e diferenças destes empreendimentos e apontando que os condomínios de lotes não se enquadram em nenhuma modalidade e exige regulamentação própria. Destacamos a relevância do papel cumprido pelos municípios na regulamentação do espaço urbano e a função normativa da Corregedoria Geral de Justiça dos estados, a fim de que à implantação dos condomínios de lotes seja realizada de forma controlada, com requisitos e aprovações que atenuem os impactos da segregação no direito à cidade. Foi necessária a análise de outras modalidades de empreendimentos residenciais fechados para diferenciarmos e compreendermos a disciplina jurídica dos condomínios de lotes. Finalmente, vimos que a vigência e aplicação dos dispositivos constitucionais e legais permitem a regularidade dos condomínios de lotes, desde que em consonância com as normas municipais estabelecidas, com a regulamentação da Corregedoria Geral de Justiça e com as premissas do Direito Urbanístico

As cidades evoluem através da expansão de seu território e de transformações no uso do solo existente. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar a influência da evolução econômica e da legislação urbana nas transformações do uso do solo residencial na área central do Município de São Paulo entre 1860 e 1999. / Cities develop through the territorial expansion and transformations in existing urban land use. The objective of this study is to analyze the influence of economic evolution and urban legislation on residential land use transformations in the central area of São Paulo between 1860 and 1999.

American urban neighborhoods are a patchwork; the spatial arrangement of types is a reflection of the dominant transportation technology at the time of their development. The earliest suburban areas were made accessible by fixed route systems such as the electric streetcar, followed by the widespread adoption of the automobile; each transportation epoch resulted in characteristic patterns of land use. This study uses aerial photographic coverage of Portland, Oregon from the years 1925, 1936, and 1945, a time of decline for the once popular trolley lines and dramatic increase in automobile usage, to monitor change within the residential areas of Portland's east side over a twenty year period. Classic economic models of the time acknowledged transportation as a force shaping the city; modem ideas in urban planning such as Traditional Neighborhood Design and Transit Oriented Development look to pre-automobile urban form as a means to reduce automobile use and its negative implications. This study uses variables of housing density and street connectivity derived from the aerial photography; the measured values of these variables are then considered for their spatial and temporal distribution using statistical comparisons. The results are compared to ideas within the urban models and current thinking about urban morphology. While generally consistent with the expected patterns, deviations and differences between the two variables are considered for their implications. Models offer a simplified version of the growth of American cities, considering only a few of the many aspects of a dynamic environment. By isolating on these variables of density and connectivity, a greater understanding of their role in arriving at the modem residential urban environment may be reached, and this understanding can add to the discourse in current planning debates.