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Within the context of the contribution that urban infill development makes to urban wholeness, this thesis examines three specific sites in the city of Charlotte, North Carolina. The thesis tests the impact upon these sites of certain environmental design theories and principles developed primarily during the twentieth century. Subsequently, it examines what effect the infilling of these sites has upon the urban wholeness of the surrounding city. / Master of Science

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A (re)produção das metrópoles para a venda no mercado mundial ocorre através da produção de novas formas espaciais associadas à urbanização contemporânea. Até então reconhecidamente espaço produzido pela indústria, agora a metrópole tende a conformar-se pela dispersão relativa da atividade produtiva. No bojo desse movimento, novos processos e estratégias são engendrados, voltados à reestruturação urbana, reproduzindo a metrópole de acordo com novas estratégias que apontam para a produção do Centro, ora em deterioração, como nova centralidade. Estas estratégias apontam para a recuperação de áreas urbanas degradadas, de modo a trazer de volta aos centros ou outras áreas em vias de revitalização as classes sociais com maior poder aquisitivo. Para isso, neste momento, a cultura é instrumentalizada como produto e lógica potencializada por uma ideologia desenvolvimentista. Assim, o objeto de nossa pesquisa consiste no estudo das políticas espaciais voltadas à revitalização de centros urbanos, políticas que atuam sob o discurso culturalista articuladas pelo Estado e pelo capital para a superação das barreiras existentes à valorização do valor e à circulação do capital. Neste sentido, dá-se a relação entre o Político e o econômico no processo de produção de novos espaços, utilizando-se de ideologias que ganham materialidade nas novas formas e relações engendradas na área central da metrópole. Dessa forma, nosso objetivo principal é discutir os termos nos quais a cultura aparece no interior do processo de (re)produção do espaço urbano a partir do Centro. Temos então como hipótese o seguinte: esses empreendimentos apoiados em um álibi cultural que criam marcos nas novas paisagens de poder e de dinheiro que se constituem no Rio de Janeiro e em São Paulo são elementos-chave para decifrar a mudança estrutural pela qual passamos atualmente e, particularmente, um novo momento da urbanização brasileira. Imprescindível nesta empreitada é resgatar os fundamentos históricos do processo de urbanização do Rio de Janeiro, das origens à atualidade, tendo a Lapa como recorte privilegiado nesta análise. São Paulo insere-se nesta investigação ao final do trabalho através de um estudo sobre a revitalização da área conhecida como Cracolândia, na periferia do Centro. Coloca-se, então, a necessidade de um paralelo com São Paulo a fim de apontar tendência no movimento da reprodução hoje. / The (re)production of the metropolises for sale on the world market works through the production of new spatial forms associated with contemporary urbanization. Industry formerly organized urban space in known patterns, but now the metropolis is shaped by a relative dispersion of industrial activity. In the wake of this movement, new processes and strategies have been engineered, geared towards urban restructuring, and reproducing the metropolis according to new strategies targeted at the production of the Downtown, currently in decline, as \"new centrality. These strategies focus on the recovery of degraded urban areas in order to entice social classes with greater purchasing power back to the downtowns or other revitalizing areas. To realize these strategies, culture is manipulated as a product, and is bolstered within the logic of an ideology of development. Thus, the object of this research is the study of spatial policies aimed at revitalizing urban areas policies that work within the cultural discourse articulated by the State and capital to overcome existing barriers to the valorization of the value and the circulation of capital. By extension, we see the relationship between political and economic processes of production of new spaces, using ideologies materialized in new forms and relations engendered in the central area of the metropolis. Our principle goal is to discuss the terms within which culture appears in the interior of the process of (re)production of urban space starting from the urban core. We hypothesized that projects supported by a cultural \"alibi\" that create landmarks in the new landscapes of power and money in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo are key to discover the structural change within which we are currently living and, particularly, a new stage of Brazilian urbanization. Indispensable in this endeavor is to rescue the historical process of urbanization in Rio de Janeiro, from its origins to the present moment, highlighting Lapa as a privileged site in this analysis. São Paulo also forms part of the investigation; toward the end of the work we study revitalization of the area known as Cracolândia, in the Downtown outskirts. Comparative study of the two cases strengthens our analysis of contemporary trends in the reproduction of urban space.

A dissertação estuda a relação das políticas patrimoniais do Centro Antigo de Curitiba com o processo de planejamento urbano da capital paranaense. O período estudado parte da elaboração de planos urbanísticos pelos arquitetos Jorge Wilheim, Jaime Lerner, Cyro Corrêa Lyra e por urbanistas do Instituto de Pesquisa e Planejamento Urbano de Curitiba (IPPUC), entre 1965 e 1970, e se estende até a implantação dos planos durante as duas primeiras gestões de Jaime Lerner como prefeito, entre 1971e 1983. É nesse contexto que o Centro Antigo de Curitiba passa por revitalizações e ações de reconhecimento e proteção do seu patrimônio urbano, como: a criação do Setor Histórico de Curitiba e o tombamento da Paisagem Urbana da Rua XV de Novembro; e ainda intervenções viárias, de pedestrianização, e de revitalização, as quais visavam introduzir usos voltados ao turismo, cultura e lazer. Tais intervenções foram executadas em um cenário político e econômico favorável a grandes obras urbanísticas, durante o Regime Militar, as quais foram caracterizadas pela utilização de diversas estratégias políticas, técnicas e de city-marketing, com o intuito de atrair investidores, indústrias e turistas para dinamizar a economia do município. Ao longo dessa trajetória, porém, diversas tensões, contradições e conflitos são evidenciados, como a exclusão de bens e áreas importantes para a história da cidade do perímetro de proteção do Setor Histórico; demolições e alargamentos viários; a remoção de usos populares e moradores das áreas revitalizadas; e ainda os fortes embates com a população local. Empreendemos, então, nossos esforços para compreender, analisar e discutir essas questões, apoiando-se fortemente na revisão bibliográfica de autores da historiografia da preservação do patrimônio cultural e do planejamento urbano, em fontes primárias de documentos e em entrevistas com alguns dos principais agentes envolvidos. Desse modo, a pesquisa se insere no âmbito das discussões relativas à preservação de conjuntos históricos no Brasil, e proporciona uma contribuição especial para a avaliação da articulação entre as políticas patrimoniais e o planejamento urbano no contexto brasileiro. / The dissertation studies the relationship between the cultural heritage policies of the historic center of Curitiba and the urban planning process of the capital of Paraná. The period studied starts from the elaboration of urban plans prepared by architects such as Jorge Wilheim, Jaime Lerner, Cyro Corrêa Lyra and by urban planners from the Institute of Urban Planning and Research of Curitiba (IPPUC), between1965 and 1970. The period studied also includes the implementation of plans during the first administrations of the Mayor Jaime Lerner, between 1971 and 1983. It was in this context that the historic center underwent revitalizations and actions to recognize and to protect its urban heritage, which includes: the creation and protection of the Historical Sector of Curitiba by the municipality; the protection of the Urban Landscape of XV de Novembro street by the state government; and also architectural and urban interventions to order the road system, to pedestrianize some central streets and to ennoble revitalized areas through the introduction of touristic, cultural and leisure uses. These interventions were carried out in a favorable political and economic context to large urban projects, during the Military Regime, which were characterized by several political, technical and city-marketing strategies, with the purpose of attracting investors, industries and tourists to develop the economy of the municipality. Throughout this trajectory, however, some tensions, contradictions and conflicts are evidenced, such as the exclusion of important areas for urban history from the protection perimeter of the Historical Sector; demolitions to prioritize the road system; removal of popular uses and residents from the revitalized areas; and strong conflicts with the local population. We undertake our efforts to understand, analyze and discuss these issues, strongly supported by the bibliographical review of authors of historiography of the conservation of cultural heritage and urban planning, primary sources of documents and interviews with some of the main actors involved. In this way, the research is considered part of the discussion on conservation of historical sites in Brazil, and provides a special contribution to the evaluation of the articulation between heritage policies and urban planning.

A dissertação estuda a relação das políticas patrimoniais do Centro Antigo de Curitiba com o processo de planejamento urbano da capital paranaense. O período estudado parte da elaboração de planos urbanísticos pelos arquitetos Jorge Wilheim, Jaime Lerner, Cyro Corrêa Lyra e por urbanistas do Instituto de Pesquisa e Planejamento Urbano de Curitiba (IPPUC), entre 1965 e 1970, e se estende até a implantação dos planos durante as duas primeiras gestões de Jaime Lerner como prefeito, entre 1971e 1983. É nesse contexto que o Centro Antigo de Curitiba passa por revitalizações e ações de reconhecimento e proteção do seu patrimônio urbano, como: a criação do Setor Histórico de Curitiba e o tombamento da Paisagem Urbana da Rua XV de Novembro; e ainda intervenções viárias, de pedestrianização, e de revitalização, as quais visavam introduzir usos voltados ao turismo, cultura e lazer. Tais intervenções foram executadas em um cenário político e econômico favorável a grandes obras urbanísticas, durante o Regime Militar, as quais foram caracterizadas pela utilização de diversas estratégias políticas, técnicas e de city-marketing, com o intuito de atrair investidores, indústrias e turistas para dinamizar a economia do município. Ao longo dessa trajetória, porém, diversas tensões, contradições e conflitos são evidenciados, como a exclusão de bens e áreas importantes para a história da cidade do perímetro de proteção do Setor Histórico; demolições e alargamentos viários; a remoção de usos populares e moradores das áreas revitalizadas; e ainda os fortes embates com a população local. Empreendemos, então, nossos esforços para compreender, analisar e discutir essas questões, apoiando-se fortemente na revisão bibliográfica de autores da historiografia da preservação do patrimônio cultural e do planejamento urbano, em fontes primárias de documentos e em entrevistas com alguns dos principais agentes envolvidos. Desse modo, a pesquisa se insere no âmbito das discussões relativas à preservação de conjuntos históricos no Brasil, e proporciona uma contribuição especial para a avaliação da articulação entre as políticas patrimoniais e o planejamento urbano no contexto brasileiro. / The dissertation studies the relationship between the cultural heritage policies of the historic center of Curitiba and the urban planning process of the capital of Paraná. The period studied starts from the elaboration of urban plans prepared by architects such as Jorge Wilheim, Jaime Lerner, Cyro Corrêa Lyra and by urban planners from the Institute of Urban Planning and Research of Curitiba (IPPUC), between1965 and 1970. The period studied also includes the implementation of plans during the first administrations of the Mayor Jaime Lerner, between 1971 and 1983. It was in this context that the historic center underwent revitalizations and actions to recognize and to protect its urban heritage, which includes: the creation and protection of the Historical Sector of Curitiba by the municipality; the protection of the Urban Landscape of XV de Novembro street by the state government; and also architectural and urban interventions to order the road system, to pedestrianize some central streets and to ennoble revitalized areas through the introduction of touristic, cultural and leisure uses. These interventions were carried out in a favorable political and economic context to large urban projects, during the Military Regime, which were characterized by several political, technical and city-marketing strategies, with the purpose of attracting investors, industries and tourists to develop the economy of the municipality. Throughout this trajectory, however, some tensions, contradictions and conflicts are evidenced, such as the exclusion of important areas for urban history from the protection perimeter of the Historical Sector; demolitions to prioritize the road system; removal of popular uses and residents from the revitalized areas; and strong conflicts with the local population. We undertake our efforts to understand, analyze and discuss these issues, strongly supported by the bibliographical review of authors of historiography of the conservation of cultural heritage and urban planning, primary sources of documents and interviews with some of the main actors involved. In this way, the research is considered part of the discussion on conservation of historical sites in Brazil, and provides a special contribution to the evaluation of the articulation between heritage policies and urban planning.

This study is primarily about the theory of uneven geographical development. In an era when it is proclaimed that, through globalization, the world has become flat, the unevenness of economic and social development is often overlooked or suppressed. As the nexus between global and local processes, the urban space often becomes the site of conflict between those defining the hegemonic narrative of the space, from a global and flat perspective; and those experiencing heterogenous local narratives, whose uneven positions are reinforced by this hegemonic narrative. This study explores the conditions of uneven geographical development in the urban space of central Florida. Focusing primarily on the Reedy Creek Improvement District (RCID), better known by much of the world as Walt Disney World, and on Celebration, the community developed by the Disney Corporation in the 1990s, the relationship between urban development and tourism, the defining economic sector in the region, are explored in the context of space-place, global-local narratives. This is done using the four conditions of David Harvey's Theory of Uneven Geographical Development. First, the history of sociopolitical processes within the urban space are explored as creating a framework upon which contemporary uneven geographical development could be built. Second, the development and continued power of the RCID in central Florida are examined within the context of accumulation by dispossession. Third, Celebration as a consumed company town is examined in the context of accumulation across space-time. Finally, the relationships between the RCID and Celebration, and the rest of the central Florida region, are developed in the context of struggles occurring simultaneously across multiple scales. This study shows that the theory of uneven geographical development applies well to a region that is heavily dependent upon the tourist sector for its economy, and thereby works to control the narrative of that space to continue attracting consumers. It also shows that, while the theory of uneven geographical development works well for a space that is a primary global tourist sink, it needs additional theoretical sophistication in order to better suit rapidly changing global processes.

This thesis is a critical evaluation of the methods of community engagement used by the Hillsborough County City-County Planning Commission during the creation and implementation of the West Tampa Economic Development Plan. Data for this research was conducted in West Tampa, a neighborhood in Tampa, Florida. In the spring of 2005, the Planning Commission began working with the residents, business and property owners in West Tampa to develop the neighborhood's economic development plan. Using the community engagement methods of surveys, mailed and posted community announcements, community meetings, focus groups and interviews, the Planning Commission created an economic development plan which reflected the needs and concerns of the residents, business and property owners and worked to limit their displacement from the redevelopment of the neighborhood. Although these methods were designed to create avenues of participation for all segments of West Tampa's population, the neighborhood's new immigrant, Spanish speaking residents and business owners were not involved in the Planning Commission's community engagement efforts. By focusing specifically in West Tampa's Latino business district, known as "Boliche Boulevard," a long-time nickname given to the area by Tampa's Cuban immigrants, data from this research identifies the reasons for this population's absence in the creation and implementation of West Tampa's economic development plan. The use of the traditional anthropological methods of participant observation, semi-structured interviews and archival research revealed the history of Boliche Blvd.'s relationship with West Tampa, the neighborhood's civic institutions and Tampa city government and how these relationships impacted the business owners' willingness and ability to participate in West Tampa's economic development plan. The Planning Commission's limited understanding of the social relationships which exist between Boliche Blvd., West Tampa and the larger City of Tampa impaired their ability to successfully reach this population with their existing community engagement methods. This research stresses the need for city-county planning agencies to critically evaluate their community engagement efforts when conducting economic development projects in diverse, multi-lingual urban neighborhoods. Community engagement must be tailored to target different language and culture groups in order to achieve successful participation from the entire neighborhood population.