Detta arbete syftar till att undersöka hur blå-grön infrastruktur kan användas som en metod för översvämningsskydd vid hamnomvandlingar av industriområden som en del i att öka städers resilience. Forskningsdesignen som används är en fallstudie av fenomenen blå-grön infrastruktur och urban flooding. Arbetets teoretiska ramverk utgörs av non-equilibrium-paradigmets syn på begreppet resilience. Resilience definieras här som ett system som påverkas av externa och interna processer samtidigt som det har en förmåga till kontinuerlig anpassning samt en fortlöpande funktionalitet. Av arbetets analys framkommer att vid implementering av blå-grön infrastruktur är helheten större än summan av delarna. Det är därför centralt att alla delar av det blå-gröna infrastruktursystemet fyller en funktion i sig själva så väl som i förhållande till varandra. Detta är den viktigaste aspekten som måste uppfyllas om blå-grön infrastruktur ska kunna möta de krav som urban flooding och havsnära exploatering ställer. / This studie aim to investegate how blue-green infrastructure can be used as a method for urban flood-prevention in redevelopments of former harbors as a part of increasing the resilience capacity of urban areas. The method is a case study of the fenomenon blu-green infrastructure and urban flooding. The studies theoretical framework is the non-equilibrium paradigm view of resilience. In this studie resilience is viewed as a system that is influenced by internal and external processes as well as retaining the capacity of constant adaptation and functionality.  As a result of the studies analysis it is shown that when implementing blue-green infrastructure the idea of that the whole is bigger than total of the parts is vital. The system that aims to cope with urban flooding has to be functional as a cohesive system as well as in the separate parts. This is the most important idea if blu-green infrastructure is to be useful in coping with the consequences of urban flooding as well as ensuring a more resilient future.

The planet is currently experiencing a massive shift in the migration of people towards highly populous metropolitan regions which offer a better quality of life, which has resulted in rapid development and expansion. Meanwhile, the recent studies on climate change have shed light on precipitation events becoming increasingly wetter and intense. This rapid change in the land use patterns coupled with the climate change has increased the risk of flooding and puts the massive investment in the infrastructure, economy, and human life at a greater risk than ever before. This study aims to analyze the impacts of the stormwater infrastructure on the hydrology and hydraulics of highly urbanized environments. Traditional flood modeling approaches of independent hydrologic and hydraulic models have progressed into more complex models which can integrate the surface and sub-surface along with their interactions as the understanding of these physical processes and the availability of computational power has increased. A fully integrated hydro-systems model based on a distributed modeling approach is developed for a portion of the City of Minneapolis in Minnesota, USA which incorporates the surface hydraulics, stormwater infrastructure, vadose zone and a dynamic water table which realistically represents all the hydrologic and hydraulics processes. The result of this study shows the incorporation of the stormwater infrastructure in the integrated model leads to lower flood inundation areas, reduced vadose zone storage and lowered groundwater table for design flows as well as real events. The model displayed consistent results for the impact of stormwater infrastructure when tested across varied antecedent soil conditions. Ultimately this study proposes the implementation of a fully integrated hydro-systems modeling approach which link the hydrology and the hydraulics of the surface, sub-surface and stormwater infrastructure systems for a better representation of the flood hydrodynamics in urbanized regions.

O estudo apresentado fundamenta-se no evento extremo ocorrido em março de 1967, na Bacia do Rio Santo Antônio, no Município de Caraguatatuba, Brasil, tendo por objetivo esclarecer os reais impactos do fenômeno de debris flows, ou corridas de detritos, produzido por precipitações intensas. Os riscos intangíveis de vítimas humanas e tangíveis de danos materiais associados a tal evento na região são muito maiores nos dias de hoje, devido ao crescimento demográfico e à implantação de grandes empreendimentos industriais, como os do setor petrolífero, com reduzidos e, muitas vezes inexistentes, sistemas de defesa. Considerando tais fatores, a região necessita de estudos detalhados que possibilitem a elaboração de planos diretores mais eficazes, com objetivas diretrizes para a tomada de decisões, planos de contingência, regulação da distribuição da população, medidas estruturais mitigadoras e remediadoras. Para chegar aos resultados do estudo, foi definido o modelo digital do terreno a partir de análises topográficas, geográficas, hidrográficas e de uso e ocupação do território. A simulação de um evento similar ao ocorrido em 1967 resultou em valiosas informações para a definição de planos de evacuação, diretrizes de zoneamento, critérios de desmobilização, planos diretores para o município e implantação de obras de defesa. / The study here proposed aims to define the real impacts of the debris flows phenomenona, caused by a very intense rainfall, based on the disaster occurred in March of 1967, in Caraguatatuba, Brazil. The risk regarding mainly human casualties and material losses associated to such events in the region is higher nowadays, due to the increasing population rates and the settling of large companies such as oil industry, with reduced defense measures and works. Considering these factors, the region needs more detailed studies that will enable more effective master plans, decision making guidelines, contingency plans, population distribution regulation and structures of mitigation and remediation. In order to achieve these results, it was defined a digital terrain model through analysis of topographic, geographic, hydrographic and soil occupation data. The simulation of a similar extreme event as of 1967\'s on this model will result in valuable information to define evacuation plans, zoning guidelines, demobilization criteria, master plans and structural defenses.

Este trabalho investigou o comportamento dos resíduos sólidos ao longo de soleiras laterais de reservatórios de detenção urbanos (piscinões). Esses reservatórios foram projetados segundo uma abordagem puramente hidráulica, que consiste no armazenamento de água de chuva, resultando em amortecimento de pico de cheias e minimizando a questão das inundações, porém um impacto não considerado é o grande acúmulo de resíduos sólidos no interior dessas estruturas. Para estudar o fenômeno e na tentativa de quantificação do montante que se acumula nos reservatórios em relação aos resíduos veiculados pelos rios, foi construído um modelo físico representativo de um córrego urbano, provido de um vertedor lateral que dá acesso a um piscinão. Realizaram-se simulações, que consistiram no lançamento de resíduos no canal e na observação do seu comportamento na passagem pela soleira lateral. Algumas alternativas de direcionamento dos resíduos também foram testadas, através da implantação de vigas defletoras, cujos resultados comprovaram a sua eficiência no direcionamento dos resíduos para o piscinão ou canal. Por fim, as investigações realizadas resultaram em contribuições importantes para a gestão dos sistemas de contenção de cheias das grandes cidades. / The present research investigates the mechanisms of silting in detention reservoirs use for control of urban flooding caused by garbage, debris and rejects transported by urban runoff. Unfortunately the design of this reservoirs was based in hydraulics only, and the transport of siltation material by rivers was not considered. To study the phenomenon and in order to quantify the amount of accumulated waste according to total waste carried by rivers, a representative pilot scale model was built, provided with a lateral channel-shaped spillway that access the detention reservoir. Simulations have been ran, and the analysis method was to obtain a correlation between the waste entrainment rate from the side weir and the hydraulics variables. Some alternatives regarding the aiming of the waste were also tested by the implantation of deflector beams, whose efficiency in the aiming of waste to the reservoir or canal was proved. Finally, the inquires generated in the present research resulted in important contributions regarding the management of flood containment systems in big cities.

O estudo apresentado fundamenta-se no evento extremo ocorrido em março de 1967, na Bacia do Rio Santo Antônio, no Município de Caraguatatuba, Brasil, tendo por objetivo esclarecer os reais impactos do fenômeno de debris flows, ou corridas de detritos, produzido por precipitações intensas. Os riscos intangíveis de vítimas humanas e tangíveis de danos materiais associados a tal evento na região são muito maiores nos dias de hoje, devido ao crescimento demográfico e à implantação de grandes empreendimentos industriais, como os do setor petrolífero, com reduzidos e, muitas vezes inexistentes, sistemas de defesa. Considerando tais fatores, a região necessita de estudos detalhados que possibilitem a elaboração de planos diretores mais eficazes, com objetivas diretrizes para a tomada de decisões, planos de contingência, regulação da distribuição da população, medidas estruturais mitigadoras e remediadoras. Para chegar aos resultados do estudo, foi definido o modelo digital do terreno a partir de análises topográficas, geográficas, hidrográficas e de uso e ocupação do território. A simulação de um evento similar ao ocorrido em 1967 resultou em valiosas informações para a definição de planos de evacuação, diretrizes de zoneamento, critérios de desmobilização, planos diretores para o município e implantação de obras de defesa. / The study here proposed aims to define the real impacts of the debris flows phenomenona, caused by a very intense rainfall, based on the disaster occurred in March of 1967, in Caraguatatuba, Brazil. The risk regarding mainly human casualties and material losses associated to such events in the region is higher nowadays, due to the increasing population rates and the settling of large companies such as oil industry, with reduced defense measures and works. Considering these factors, the region needs more detailed studies that will enable more effective master plans, decision making guidelines, contingency plans, population distribution regulation and structures of mitigation and remediation. In order to achieve these results, it was defined a digital terrain model through analysis of topographic, geographic, hydrographic and soil occupation data. The simulation of a similar extreme event as of 1967\'s on this model will result in valuable information to define evacuation plans, zoning guidelines, demobilization criteria, master plans and structural defenses.

Este trabalho investigou o comportamento dos resíduos sólidos ao longo de soleiras laterais de reservatórios de detenção urbanos (piscinões). Esses reservatórios foram projetados segundo uma abordagem puramente hidráulica, que consiste no armazenamento de água de chuva, resultando em amortecimento de pico de cheias e minimizando a questão das inundações, porém um impacto não considerado é o grande acúmulo de resíduos sólidos no interior dessas estruturas. Para estudar o fenômeno e na tentativa de quantificação do montante que se acumula nos reservatórios em relação aos resíduos veiculados pelos rios, foi construído um modelo físico representativo de um córrego urbano, provido de um vertedor lateral que dá acesso a um piscinão. Realizaram-se simulações, que consistiram no lançamento de resíduos no canal e na observação do seu comportamento na passagem pela soleira lateral. Algumas alternativas de direcionamento dos resíduos também foram testadas, através da implantação de vigas defletoras, cujos resultados comprovaram a sua eficiência no direcionamento dos resíduos para o piscinão ou canal. Por fim, as investigações realizadas resultaram em contribuições importantes para a gestão dos sistemas de contenção de cheias das grandes cidades. / The present research investigates the mechanisms of silting in detention reservoirs use for control of urban flooding caused by garbage, debris and rejects transported by urban runoff. Unfortunately the design of this reservoirs was based in hydraulics only, and the transport of siltation material by rivers was not considered. To study the phenomenon and in order to quantify the amount of accumulated waste according to total waste carried by rivers, a representative pilot scale model was built, provided with a lateral channel-shaped spillway that access the detention reservoir. Simulations have been ran, and the analysis method was to obtain a correlation between the waste entrainment rate from the side weir and the hydraulics variables. Some alternatives regarding the aiming of the waste were also tested by the implantation of deflector beams, whose efficiency in the aiming of waste to the reservoir or canal was proved. Finally, the inquires generated in the present research resulted in important contributions regarding the management of flood containment systems in big cities.

abstract: Motivated by the need for cities to prepare and be resilient to unpredictable future weather conditions, this dissertation advances a novel infrastructure development theory of “safe-to-fail” to increase the adaptive capacity of cities to climate change. Current infrastructure development is primarily reliant on identifying probable risks to engineered systems and making infrastructure reliable to maintain its function up to a designed system capacity. However, alterations happening in the earth system (e.g., atmosphere, oceans, land, and ice) and in human systems (e.g., greenhouse gas emission, population, land-use, technology, and natural resource use) are increasing the uncertainties in weather predictions and risk calculations and making it difficult for engineered infrastructure to maintain intended design thresholds in non-stationary future. This dissertation presents a new way to develop safe-to-fail infrastructure that departs from the current practice of risk calculation and is able to manage failure consequences when unpredicted risks overwhelm engineered systems. This dissertation 1) defines infrastructure failure, refines existing safe-to-fail theory, and compares decision considerations for safe-to-fail vs. fail-safe infrastructure development under non-stationary climate; 2) suggests an approach to integrate the estimation of infrastructure failure impacts with extreme weather risks; 3) provides a decision tool to implement resilience strategies into safe-to-fail infrastructure development; and, 4) recognizes diverse perspectives for adopting safe-to-fail theory into practice in various decision contexts. Overall, this dissertation advances safe-to-fail theory to help guide climate adaptation decisions that consider infrastructure failure and their consequences. The results of this dissertation demonstrate an emerging need for stakeholders, including policy makers, planners, engineers, and community members, to understand an impending “infrastructure trolley problem”, where the adaptive capacity of some regions is improved at the expense of others. Safe-to-fail further engages stakeholders to bring their knowledge into the prioritization of various failure costs based on their institutional, regional, financial, and social capacity to withstand failures. This approach connects to sustainability, where city practitioners deliberately think of and include the future cost of social, environmental and economic attributes in planning and decision-making. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Sustainability 2018

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Due to the global warming and climate change, an increased frequency of high intensity rains and other disasters are expected all around the world. To predict this change in climate the IPCC has created a set of climate scenarios, RCPs, that will try to predict the future climate based on how much we are able to adapt and mitigate the effects we as a species have on the environment. This master thesis will seek to explore the possibility to use urban planning tools to help mitigate the increased effects and sizes of floods due to the global warming. To achieve this, a case study of Luleå is done, where urban indicators are used to improve the resilience of the city. This is combined with a policy study to see how Luleå compare to other cities in their policies that affect flood protection and mitigation. To have a strong flood protection system in a city several factors need to be considered. One of the biggest factors is what type of strategy is chosen. One possible strategy is resilience, this combines seeming paradoxes into a working flood protection and mitigation plan. Resilience improves the flood protection and mitigation by combining and improving the robustness, adaptability, and transformability of the city. This is done by, among other things promoting inter disciplinary cooperation, public cooperation and knowledge of flooding, and promoting the use of water in the city as an asset. Blue and green infrastructure could also be implemented into the city as these measures help improve the resilience of a city in many regards. Not just for flood protection, but it can also help mitigate the effects of droughts or heatwaves and improve the general wellbeing of the citizens. In the policy study it was found that different cities varied in both scale and strategy in their flood protection measures. All the cities that were looked at would also need to increase the scale of their protection and mitigation measures to mitigate the increased size and frequencies that the climate change brings. In Sweden, especially in the northern parts, the increased risk is not as high as in other parts of Europe. This is due to the land rise in Sweden mitigating the sea level rise. In Luleå the sea level and land rise are expected to fully mitigate each other until the year 2100. The policy study also showed that a history of flood related disasters did not necessary guarantee a strong flood protection scheme, but it would increase the probability of one. In the case of Luleå, the city has mostly focused on flood proofing buildings and infrastructure in the high-risk areas or those who are seen as critical to the society. Based on the analysis of the policies and indicators that were developed for Luleå, the city seems to have good protection from the current risks, such as a 100-year flood, flow, or rain. But the systems in place will most likely need to be expanded and developed further to mitigate the rising risk due to global warming. Some measures that can be implemented are related to the adaptability and transformability, like brochures that teaches the public about flood-protection and what to do and how to act in case of a large flood in the city.