This creative project presents a review of the literature of urban forestry issues and a case study which demonstrates application of this literature review to the urban forest of the City of Anderson.The planning process of the case study includes a street tree inventory, and developsexisting Land Use and Transportation land classification system related to the Plans for the City of Anderson. The classification system ties the urban forest guidelines to prototypical situations which are documented through photographs and drawings. The methodology of the classification system can provide a model for development of methodology appropriate for evaluation of other communities. The recommended plant lists are included to be used in conjunction with the guidelines.In order to provide the Madison County Council of Governments and citizens of Anderson with recommendations based on results of the study, Section E of Chapter III, Design and Urban Forestry Guidelines, is organized so that it can be removed from the text and reprinted as a separate document for general distribution. / Department of Landscape Architecture

The goals of this project were to: (1) combine the ARC/INFO Geographic Information System (GIS) software with the TIGER data files and tree inventory data files, (2) demonstrate GIS as a tool in street tree inventory management, (3) answer a management related question, specifically the identification of dead and hazardous trees within the city, with the use of the GIS tool, and (4) prepare an article based on the project for submission to the Journal of Arboriculture.Dead and hazardous trees located along a city street are a major accident liability to a city. It is vital, for both safety and aesthetic purposes, that a community know the location of dead and hazardous trees. As a management tool the GIS can utilize the inventory data to aid the urban forester in interpreting the urban forest by identifying these tree locations. Through the use of point-in-polygon analysis and choropleth maps, these specific management concerns can be highlighted throughout the city.The power to visually demonstrate certain parts of town with higher concentrations of work needed is one way that GIS can provide the management tools necessary for better care of our urban forests. / Department of Landscape Architecture

Thesis (doctoral)--Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2007. / Thesis documentation sheet inserted. Includes appendix of four papers and manuscripts co-authored with Bo Söderström. Includes bibliographical references. Also issued electronically via World Wide Web in PDF format; online version lacks appendix.

<p> The University of Nevada, Reno is expected to exceed student population projections, stressing the capacity of campus facilities in 2018. With student growth outpacing capacity, questions arise related to campus planning, use of space, and sustainability. The University is planning to increase the size of campus by approximately 9 acres by expanding into the Gateway Precinct, providing land for the University to build additional residential, classroom, research, and office space. A planning approach based on two analyses&mdash;on campus residential and on campus academic and research space&mdash;modeled building densities to determine if the Gateway Precinct and identified main campus development sites will provide enough space to accommodate a student head count of 30,000. </p><p> ArcMap, a Geographic Information System (GIS), assisted in modeling land cover of two building categories, campus residential, and non-residential academic and research. Existing and planned campus buildings exhibiting high, medium, or low densities were selected to be represented as building prototypes. The selected buildings include four campus residence halls and five academic and research buildings, producing a total of nine building prototypes. The parcels in the Gateway Precinct, University District, and identified on campus development sites were individually analyzed in ArcMap. All areas where development could occur were termed development sites, each sites size was calculated in square feet. Understanding the base capacity of each site and the projected gross square feet required to support a growing campus permitted the modeling of high, medium, and low density build-out scenarios. </p><p> The on campus residential analysis showed that even the densest building prototype was unable to meet projected campus residential demands without requiring additional land outside of the University&rsquo;s main campus and the Gateway Precinct. Results show if strictly building high density structures, the Gateway Precinct and identified main campus sites provide ample land for projected academic and research space demands. However, when adhering to medium and low density building standards, additional land outside of the Gateway Precinct and the University&rsquo;s main campus will be required to sustain future demands. High density growth is recommended for the Gateway Precinct, limiting outward expansion and retaining a compact campus core, allowing University sustainability goals to be achieved.</p><p>

Submitted by WILTON DIAS DA SILVA null (wilton_ds@hotmail.com) on 2016-04-14T21:38:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Arborização de vias urbanas_potencial de sobreamento das espécies.pdf: 4722505 bytes, checksum: 75274908a80326de917b8364e0f7f834 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-04-18T17:37:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_wd_me_bauru.pdf: 4722505 bytes, checksum: 75274908a80326de917b8364e0f7f834 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-18T17:37:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_wd_me_bauru.pdf: 4722505 bytes, checksum: 75274908a80326de917b8364e0f7f834 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-19 / A arborização de vias urbanas pode se constituir num elemento bastante eficaz na amenização de altas temperaturas na camada intraurbana, através de mecanismos de sombreamento e evapotranspiração. Entretanto, entre os variados tipos de espécies arbóreas, quais seriam as mais indicadas para utilização na arborização das vias, a fim de mitigar a temperatura do ar no ambiente urbano? A utilização de ferramentas computacionais é uma alternativa para análise desta questão, tendo em vista que, o uso destes programas auxilia as pesquisas na área de planejamento e avaliação do ambiente construído, por meio da simulação de variados cenários. Um programa bastante utilizado para estudos de interação entre a vegetação e microclimas urbanos é o ENVI-Met, o qual, no entanto, não contém em seu banco de dados, parâmetros relativos a espécies brasileiras, em particular as de cerrado, o que pode gerar cenários microclimáticos incorretos. O objetivo desta pesquisa é propor um método para avaliação do potencial de sombreamento de espécies usadas em arborização de vias urbanas. Para tanto, foram realizados medições de radiação solar incidente sob copas de algumas espécies, usadas no sombreamento de vias urbanas da cidade de Bauru (SP), cujos resultados foram comparados com os parâmetros das mesmas espécies simulados pelo ENVI-Met. A partir do tratamento dos dados foi gerada uma ferramenta, através da qual é possível extrapolar os resultados para escolha de outras espécies. Assim, espera-se que este método contribua para a indicação de espécies que contenham potencial para mitigação da temperatura do ar nos ambientes construídos. / The afforestation of the urban streets can be a very effective element in the mitigation of high temperatures in urban layer through shading mechanisms and evapotranspiration. However, among the various types of tree species, which are the best indicated for use in street afforestation, to mitigate the air temperature in the urban environment? The use of computational tools would be an alternative to analyze this question, given that the use of these programs help in the research on planning and evaluation of the built environment through the simulation of various scenarios. A program widely used to study the interaction between urban vegetation and microclimates is the ENVI-Met, which, however, does not contain parameters in your database relating to brazilians species, particularly the cerrado species, which can create incorrect microclimatic scenarios. The aims of this research is to propose a method to evaluation of potencial shading of species used in afforestation of urban streets. For that, radiation measurements were performed in incident solar canopies of some species used in shading urban streets of the city of Bauru (SP), whose results were compared with the parameters of the same species simulated by ENVI-Met. From the processing, a tool was generated through which it is possible to extrapolate the results to select other species. Thus, it is expected that this method contributes to the indication of species that contain potential for mitigating the air temperature in the built environment

abstract: During summer 2014, a study was conducted as part of the Landscape Architecture Foundation Case Study Investigation to analyze features of three sustainably designed landscapes. Each project was located in a southwest desert city: Civic Space Park in Phoenix, AZ, the Pete V. Domenici US Courthouse Sustainable Landscape Retrofit in Albuquerque, NM, and George "Doc" Cavalliere Park in Scottsdale, AZ. The principal components of each case study were performance benefits that quantified ongoing ecosystem services. Performance benefits were developed from data provided by the designers and collected by the research team. The functionality of environmental, social, and economic sustainable features was evaluated. In southwest desert cities achieving performance benefits such as microclimate cooling often come at the cost of water conservation. In each of these projects such tradeoffs were balanced by prioritizing the project goals and constraints. During summer 2015, a study was conducted to characterize effects of tree species and shade structures on outdoor human thermal comfort under hot, arid conditions. Motivating the research was the hypothesis that tree species and shade structures will vary in their capacity to improve thermal comfort due to their respective abilities to attenuate solar radiation. Micrometeorological data was collected in full sun and under shade of six landscape tree species and park ramadas in Phoenix, AZ during pre-monsoon summer afternoons. The six landscape tree species included: Arizona ash (Fraxinus velutina Torr.), Mexican palo verde (Parkinsonia aculeata L.), Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.), South American mesquite (Prosopis spp. L.), Texas live oak (Quercus virginiana for. fusiformis Mill.), and Chinese elm (Ulmus parvifolia Jacq.). Results showed that the tree species and ramadas were not similarly effective at improving thermal comfort, represented by physiologically equivalent temperature (PET). The difference between PET in full sun and under shade was greater under Fraxinus and Quercus than under Parkinsonia, Prosopis, and ramadas by 2.9-4.3 °C. Radiation was a significant driver of PET (p<0.0001, R2=0.69) and with the exception of ramadas, lower radiation corresponded with lower PET. Variations observed in this study suggest selecting trees or structures that attenuate the most solar radiation is a potential strategy for optimizing PET. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Applied Biological Sciences 2016

Este trabalho objetiva, com base nos postulados teórico-metodológicos da Terminologia e da Neologia, apresentar, em amostragem, a terminologia da área do conhecimento e de especialidade da Silvicultura Urbana. O nosso propósito é demonstrar a importância dos estudos neológicos e a abrangência de seus processos, tanto na formação de uma área do conhecimento, como na transferência de informação de uma área de especialidade para um público leigo, proficiente em leitura, que poderá, entre outros fins, gerar subsídios para a elaboração de um dicionário. Para alcançar os nossos objetivos, baseados em corpora da área de Silvicultura Urbana (corpus documental, corpus de referência e corpus de análise), com o uso de softwares, extraímos inicialmente uma amostragem de 100 termos (formação sintagmática) do corpus de análise e, em análise complementar exploratória, identificamos formações produtivas por derivação prefixal e sufixal e algumas formações por siglas e acrônimos. Como estratégia para melhor compreensão da área, desenvolvemos algumas representações gráficas como: a árvore de domínio, os mapas relacionais e os quadros de análise descritiva dos termos de base da área. Constatamos que as unidades lexicais, em função termo ou em função vocábulo, apresentam graus de neologicidade que variam, num contínuo, do mais alto ao mais baixo grau, considerando a comunicação entre especialistas, entre estes e o público leigo, leitor proficiente ou não. Em conclusão, consideramos que a unidade lexical mantem um aspecto neológico permanente que varia de acordo com o tempo e o espaço, em estudos diacrônicos ou sincrônicos, em todos os discursos e seus universos e na relação de produção e recepção do que se pode considerar novo / The objective of this work, based on theoretical and methodological postulates of Terminology and Neology, is to present, in sampling, the terminology of the area of knowledge and specialty of Urban Forestry. Our purpose is to demonstrate the importance of neological studies and the scope of their processes, both in the formation of an area of knowledge, as in the transfer of information from one area of specialty to a lay audience, proficient in reading, which may, among other purposes, generate support for the preparation of a dictionary. To achieve our objectives, based on corpora from the area of Urban Forestry (documentary corpus, reference corpus and analysis corpus), with the use of software, we selected a sampling of 100 terms, which we have expanded by exploratory additional analysis to identify some productive formations by prefixal and suffixal derivation and some formations by acronyms and abbreviations. As a strategy for understanding the area, we developed illustrative graphical representations: the domain tree, some relational maps and descriptive analysis frameworks of the area. We observed that the lexical units, in the function of term or in the function of word, have degrees of neologicity in a continuous, from the highest to the lowest degree, considering the communication between experts, between them and the lay audience, whether it consists of proficient readers or not. We then consider that a lexical unit maintains a permanent neological aspect which varies according to time and space, in diachronic and synchronic studies, in every speech and their universes and in the relation of production and reception of what can be considered new

A valoração econômica de árvores presentes em vias públicas é uma forma de expressar a importância desses seres vivos, baseado nos inúmeros benefícios advindos deles. Diversos são os métodos para a obtenção do valor econômico, sendo os métodos de fórmula difundidos mundialmente e utilizados em larga escala. Esse trabalho teve como objetivo evoluir o método de fórmula proposto por Silva Filho et al. (2002), com o propósito de representar os serviços ecossistêmicos fornecidos pela vegetação urbana. Por meio de inventário georreferenciado, foram coletadas informações das árvores existentes em duas áreas: bairro Cambuí (Campinas/SP) e bacia do Córrego do Sapateiro (São Paulo/SP). Realizou-se uma análise teórica dos métodos de fórmula mais consagrados mundialmente (CTLA, Norma Granada, Burnley, Helliwell e STEM), demonstrando haver uma base regular entre eles. Posteriormente, houve a adequação e/ou inserção de fatores considerados importantes na fórmula brasileira: uma variável relacionada à ocorrência natural das espécies, classificando-as em nativas do Brasil, nativas regionais, exóticas e invasoras; também adicionou-se o custo de manutenção aos outros custos já presentes na fórmula (muda e plantio); e por último, houve a junção do índice de importância (li) com o índice de importância relativo (lir) a fim de expressar a raridade dos indivíduos presentes nos locais estudados. Essas melhorias destacaram os exemplares arbóreos de origem nativa (Brasil e regional), de grande porte e pouco frequente nas duas regiões analisadas. O valor monetário das árvores inventariadas no bairro Cambuí totalizou um valor de R$ 60.488.360,33, tendo cada indivíduo um valor médio de R$ 34.863,61 e na bacia do Córrego do Sapateiro o valor total foi de R$ 75.036.501,20, com uma média de valor de R$ 69.671,77 por exemplar. Outro valor obtido foi o valor por m2 de vegetação arbórea urbana, sendo R$ 156,12/m2 para o bairro Cambuí e R$ 284,64/m2 para a bacia do Córrego do Sapateiro. O preço para inserção de uma árvore em uma via pública é maior para a cidade de São Paulo, principal explicação para a diferença entre os valores monetários das duas áreas. Por fim, a valoração monetária de árvores em meio urbano é um mecanismo eficaz na sensibilização da população sobre os benefícios por elas proporcionados e no auxílio do planejamento e manutenção da arborização urbana. / The economic value of trees present on public roads is a way to express the importance of these living beings, based on the numerous benefits from them. There are several methods for obtaining the economic value, but the formulas are diffused worldwide and methods used in wide scale. This study aimed to enhance the method of formula proposed by Silva Filho et al. (2002), with the purpose of representing the ecosystem services provided by urban vegetation. Through georeferenced inventory, information of trees were collected in two areas: Cambuí neighborhood (Campinas/SP) and in the watershed Córrego do Sapareiro (São Paulo/SP). We performed a theoretical analysis of the methods of formula most established worldwide (CTLA, Norma Granada, Burnley, Helliwell and STEM), demonstrating there a regular basis between them. Later, there was the adequacy and/or insertion of factors considered important in the Brazilian formula: a variable related to the natural occurrence of the species, classifying them into native Brazil, native regional, exotic and invasive; also added maintenance cost to other costs already present in formula (young tree and planting); and lastly, there was the junction of the importance index (li) with the relative importance index (lir) to express the rarity of trees in the present study areas. These improvements highlighted the arboreal specimens of native origin (Brazil and regional), large and rare trees in both regions analyzed. The monetary value of the inventoried trees in Cambuí neighborhood achieved an amount of R$ 60.488.360,33, each individual tree an average value of R$ 34.863,61 and in the Córrego do Sapateiro, the total amount of R$ 75.036.501,20, with an average value of R$ 69.671,77 per tree. Another value was the value per square meter of urban vegetation, being R$ 156,12/m2 for the Cambuí neighborhood and R$ 284,64/m2 for the watershed Córrego do Sapateiro. The price for implantation of a tree on a public road is higher for the city of São Paulo, the main explanation for the difference between the monetary values of the two areas. Finally, the monetary valuation of trees in urban areas is an effective mechanism in raising public awareness about the benefits provided by them and for the planning and maintenance of urban trees.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar a arborização urbana da Estância Turística de Águas de São Pedro-SP, visando obter uma série de informações que possibilitassem o planejamento de uma cidade com mais qualidade ambiental, mais qualidade de vida para seus habitantes e que se mostrasse mais atrativa aos turistas. Primeiramente, buscou-se quantificar a percepção dos residentes em relação à arborização urbana e ao meio ambiente; para tanto, foram aplicadas 330 entrevistas. Concluiu-se que a maioria da população se referiu à necessidade de melhorias nos parques, nas praças e na arborização urbana, além de apontar problemas ambientais na Estância. Ficando evidente a necessidade de um plano de gestão, que leve em consideração as indicações da opinião pública e os fatores técnicos. Em uma segunda etapa, foi analisado o histórico da formação da cidade e levantadas as condições atuais das praças, dos parques, dos espaços livres e das áreas de preservação permanente. Obtiveram-se os seguintes resultados: a) a cidade possui duas praças e apenas uma é utilizada pela população; b) em relação aos parques, um deles é privado e outros três são de domínio público; destes, um atrai um alto número de freqüentadores e os outros dois são subutilizados. Sugerem-se, então, várias intervenções, que possibilitariam um aumento das atrações turísticas; c) em relação aos espaços livres, não obstante a cidade possuir dois espaços para atrações públicas, a população reclama da falta de lazer. A cidade, além destes, possui mais cinco espaços livres, configurados no projeto de urbanização de uma cidade jardim, mas que ainda não receberam tratamento paisagístico; a maioria se encontra em estado de abandono, sendo um deles propício para a implantação de um parque destinado à recreação infantil, tão desejado pela população, e d) em relação às áreas de preservação permanente, estas se encontram em estado precário e abandonadas, necessitando de intervenções urgentes tanto no uso e ocupação do solo, como em ações de reflorestamento e de tratamento de esgoto. Conclui-se que somente a concepção de um bom projeto urbanístico não garante qualidade ambiental e qualidade de vida aos habitantes de uma cidade; faz-se necessário um planejamento contínuo, que englobe as etapas de concepção, implantação, manutenção e gestão. Na terceira etapa, fez-se uso de videografia aérea multiespectral de alta resolução, obtendo-se a área dos espaços livres, de cobertura de copa, entre outros. Pôde-se concluir, que a técnica foi adequada para a diferenciação dos alvos urbanos e que a cidade possui espaços livres configurados no plano urbanístico de uma cidade jardim, que não estão sendo utilizados, comprometendo a concepção do projeto, acarretando em perdas ambientais, de qualidade de vida e potencial turístico. Constatou-se que o município não tem uma Secretaria do Meio Ambiente, o que reforça a necessidade de sua criação, com ações direcionadas no sentido da construção de parques, reformulações nos espaços livres, plantios de árvores nas áreas indicadas, reflorestamentos, tratamento de esgoto, reciclagem do lixo e eliminação/redução da poluição sonora, do ar, das águas e visual. / This paper goal was to analyze urban forestry in the city of Águas de São Pedro-SP, aiming to obtain important information that allows planning of a city with better environmental quality, more life quality to its inhabitants and more attractive to the tourists. Firstly, it was quantified inhabitants opinion about city urban forestry and environment. To do so, 330 people were interviewed. Most of the people cited the need of improvements in the parks, squares and city urban forestry but also pointed out environmental problems in the city. It is clear the necessity of a management plan that takes into account public opinion and technical factors. Secondly, it was analyzed the city conception and formation history and levantadas the current conditions of squares, parks, open spaces and permanent protection areas. The results were the following: a) the city has only two squares but only one is used by the population; b) about parks, one of them is private and the other three are public. From the public ones, one is highly frequented and the other two are underused. Some changes in the parks are suggested to increase the number of visitors; c) about open spaces, despite the fact the city has two dedicated areas for public events, the population complains about the few choices for entertainment in these places. The city has another five open spaces, designed in the so called garden-city urbanization project, but none of them has any landscaping treatment. Most of them is abandoned, but one is appropriate to install a park meant for children recreation, hardly wished by the population, and d) about permanent protection areas, are found in bad shape and abandoned, needing urgent actions, from reforesting to wastewater treatment. It can be stated that only a good urban project does not guarantee life and environment quality to the population, being necessary a continuous urban environment planning that includes conception, implementation, maintenance and management. Thirdly, it was used high resolution multispectra air videography, obtaining the open spaces area, trees canopy, among others. This technique was adequate to distinguish between different targets urban and to show that the city has open spaces designed in the garden-city concept that are not used. This leads to environmental, life quality and touristy potential losses. The city does not have an Environment Department, thus reinforcing the need to create one with actions towards the construction of parks, open spaces reformulation, trees planting in certain areas, reforesting, effluent treatment, waste recycling and elimination/reduction of sound, air, water and visual pollution.

This study focuses on certain urban forestry aspects of the City of Tshwane (previously Pretoria) and in particular that of growth rate and carbon sequestration estimates of street trees with the aim of quantification of the value of these trees. The relationships between tree height and crown dimensions to stem diameter and tree age, as well as the relationship between stem diameter to tree age enable the development of growth rate equations that predict tree dimensions and carbon storage. This permits the calculation of monetary values of urban trees and thus the modelling of costs and benefits of urban forests. The main objectives were (1) to develop tree height, crown diameter, crown height, and crown base height to stem diameter relationships for the indigenous street tree species Combretum erythrophyllum, Rhus lancea andRhus pendulina, (2) to develop tree height, crown diameter, crown height, crown base height and stem diameter to tree age relationships for the above street tree species, (3) to determine the 30 year carbon sequestration estimate and monetary value of 115 000 street trees to be planted mainly in poorer previously disadvantaged communities during the period 2002 to 2008 and (4) to determine the monetary value of the 33 630 Jacaranda mimosifolia street trees in the City based on the quantity of carbon stored in the trees. Combretum erythrophyllum had the most rapid growth rate in many instances, thereafter came Rhus pendulina and then Rhus lancea, which consistently had the slowest growth rate for the investigated parameters. It is estimated that the 115 000 street trees to be planted will sequestrate more than 200 000 tonne CO2 equivalent and have an estimated monetary value of more than US$2 million if a market related CO2 price of US$10.00 per tonne is assumed. The Jacaranda street trees have an estimated carbon stock of 41 978 tonne CO2 equivalent and this would value the Jacaranda urban forest at US$419 786. Copyright / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Plant Science / unrestricted