In Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, issues once thought isolated to large metropolitan areas such as Los Angeles, Tokyo, and Mexico City—increased storm water runoff, the urban heat island effect, deterioration of air and water quality, and loss of habitat and biodiversity—now threaten a region once described as "lotus-land" (Wynn and Oke, 1992, xi). European research supports the ability of green roofs to mitigate many of these ill effects of urbanization. The investigation undertaken by this thesis explores the role green roofs might play in the Greater Vancouver's transition to sustainable design and development. The thesis limits the scope of its investigation to inaccessible, extensive systems, alternately known as eco-roofs, which are relatively lightweight and low-maintenance. The paper reviews the historical and contemporary development of eco-roofs, including past and present motivations for their use and the evolution of construction methods. It then summarizes the potential impacts—aesthetic improvements, increased biodiversity, protection of the roof membrane, meso and microclimate mitigation, improved building insulation, and stormwater management—currently attributed to green roof implementation. The remainder of the thesis evaluates which of these potential impacts apply to Vancouver, in light of the city's physical contextual setting, and the ambient influences of the Greater Regional District The reported benefits of green roofs are numerous, and incremental contributions to improving environmental conditions should not be discounted or trivialized, however, in Vancouver and its region, eco-roofs' greatest impact, and consequently financial feasibility, resides in the mitigation of stormwater volumes. Eco-roofs' detain rainfall and slow runoff from the roof during and immediately following a storm event. This reduces peak flows, and corresponding CSO and flooding problems, and encourages a more natural hydrology by increasing the chances for stormwater infiltration. Storm runoff, and issues related to it, constitutes a persistent and growing problem in the GVRD. The ability of an eco-roofs even thin profile to mitigate this pressing issue could result in widespread, and even unforeseen, positive ramifications.

The i-Tree Eco model, developed by the U.S. Forest Service, is commonly used to estimate the value of the urban forest and the ecosystem services trees provide. The model relies on field-based measurements to estimate ecosystem service values. However, the methods for collecting the field data required for the model can be extensive and costly for large areas, and data collection can thus be a barrier to implementing the model for many cities. This study investigated the use of geospatial technologies as a means to collect urban forest structure measurements within the City of Ottawa, Ontario. Results show that geospatial data collection methods can serve as a proxy for urban forest structure parameters required by i-Tree Eco. Valuations using the geospatial approach are shown to be less accurate than those developed from field-based data, but significantly less expensive. Planners must weigh the limitations of either approach when planning assessment projects.

This creative project presents a review of the literature of urban forestry issues and a case study which demonstrates application of this literature review to the urban forest of the City of Anderson.The planning process of the case study includes a street tree inventory, and developsexisting Land Use and Transportation land classification system related to the Plans for the City of Anderson. The classification system ties the urban forest guidelines to prototypical situations which are documented through photographs and drawings. The methodology of the classification system can provide a model for development of methodology appropriate for evaluation of other communities. The recommended plant lists are included to be used in conjunction with the guidelines.In order to provide the Madison County Council of Governments and citizens of Anderson with recommendations based on results of the study, Section E of Chapter III, Design and Urban Forestry Guidelines, is organized so that it can be removed from the text and reprinted as a separate document for general distribution. / Department of Landscape Architecture

The goals of this project were to: (1) combine the ARC/INFO Geographic Information System (GIS) software with the TIGER data files and tree inventory data files, (2) demonstrate GIS as a tool in street tree inventory management, (3) answer a management related question, specifically the identification of dead and hazardous trees within the city, with the use of the GIS tool, and (4) prepare an article based on the project for submission to the Journal of Arboriculture.Dead and hazardous trees located along a city street are a major accident liability to a city. It is vital, for both safety and aesthetic purposes, that a community know the location of dead and hazardous trees. As a management tool the GIS can utilize the inventory data to aid the urban forester in interpreting the urban forest by identifying these tree locations. Through the use of point-in-polygon analysis and choropleth maps, these specific management concerns can be highlighted throughout the city.The power to visually demonstrate certain parts of town with higher concentrations of work needed is one way that GIS can provide the management tools necessary for better care of our urban forests. / Department of Landscape Architecture

Thesis (doctoral)--Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2007. / Thesis documentation sheet inserted. Includes appendix of four papers and manuscripts co-authored with Bo Söderström. Includes bibliographical references. Also issued electronically via World Wide Web in PDF format; online version lacks appendix.

<p> The University of Nevada, Reno is expected to exceed student population projections, stressing the capacity of campus facilities in 2018. With student growth outpacing capacity, questions arise related to campus planning, use of space, and sustainability. The University is planning to increase the size of campus by approximately 9 acres by expanding into the Gateway Precinct, providing land for the University to build additional residential, classroom, research, and office space. A planning approach based on two analyses&mdash;on campus residential and on campus academic and research space&mdash;modeled building densities to determine if the Gateway Precinct and identified main campus development sites will provide enough space to accommodate a student head count of 30,000. </p><p> ArcMap, a Geographic Information System (GIS), assisted in modeling land cover of two building categories, campus residential, and non-residential academic and research. Existing and planned campus buildings exhibiting high, medium, or low densities were selected to be represented as building prototypes. The selected buildings include four campus residence halls and five academic and research buildings, producing a total of nine building prototypes. The parcels in the Gateway Precinct, University District, and identified on campus development sites were individually analyzed in ArcMap. All areas where development could occur were termed development sites, each sites size was calculated in square feet. Understanding the base capacity of each site and the projected gross square feet required to support a growing campus permitted the modeling of high, medium, and low density build-out scenarios. </p><p> The on campus residential analysis showed that even the densest building prototype was unable to meet projected campus residential demands without requiring additional land outside of the University&rsquo;s main campus and the Gateway Precinct. Results show if strictly building high density structures, the Gateway Precinct and identified main campus sites provide ample land for projected academic and research space demands. However, when adhering to medium and low density building standards, additional land outside of the Gateway Precinct and the University&rsquo;s main campus will be required to sustain future demands. High density growth is recommended for the Gateway Precinct, limiting outward expansion and retaining a compact campus core, allowing University sustainability goals to be achieved.</p><p>

Submitted by WILTON DIAS DA SILVA null (wilton_ds@hotmail.com) on 2016-04-14T21:38:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Arborização de vias urbanas_potencial de sobreamento das espécies.pdf: 4722505 bytes, checksum: 75274908a80326de917b8364e0f7f834 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-04-18T17:37:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_wd_me_bauru.pdf: 4722505 bytes, checksum: 75274908a80326de917b8364e0f7f834 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-18T17:37:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_wd_me_bauru.pdf: 4722505 bytes, checksum: 75274908a80326de917b8364e0f7f834 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-19 / A arborização de vias urbanas pode se constituir num elemento bastante eficaz na amenização de altas temperaturas na camada intraurbana, através de mecanismos de sombreamento e evapotranspiração. Entretanto, entre os variados tipos de espécies arbóreas, quais seriam as mais indicadas para utilização na arborização das vias, a fim de mitigar a temperatura do ar no ambiente urbano? A utilização de ferramentas computacionais é uma alternativa para análise desta questão, tendo em vista que, o uso destes programas auxilia as pesquisas na área de planejamento e avaliação do ambiente construído, por meio da simulação de variados cenários. Um programa bastante utilizado para estudos de interação entre a vegetação e microclimas urbanos é o ENVI-Met, o qual, no entanto, não contém em seu banco de dados, parâmetros relativos a espécies brasileiras, em particular as de cerrado, o que pode gerar cenários microclimáticos incorretos. O objetivo desta pesquisa é propor um método para avaliação do potencial de sombreamento de espécies usadas em arborização de vias urbanas. Para tanto, foram realizados medições de radiação solar incidente sob copas de algumas espécies, usadas no sombreamento de vias urbanas da cidade de Bauru (SP), cujos resultados foram comparados com os parâmetros das mesmas espécies simulados pelo ENVI-Met. A partir do tratamento dos dados foi gerada uma ferramenta, através da qual é possível extrapolar os resultados para escolha de outras espécies. Assim, espera-se que este método contribua para a indicação de espécies que contenham potencial para mitigação da temperatura do ar nos ambientes construídos. / The afforestation of the urban streets can be a very effective element in the mitigation of high temperatures in urban layer through shading mechanisms and evapotranspiration. However, among the various types of tree species, which are the best indicated for use in street afforestation, to mitigate the air temperature in the urban environment? The use of computational tools would be an alternative to analyze this question, given that the use of these programs help in the research on planning and evaluation of the built environment through the simulation of various scenarios. A program widely used to study the interaction between urban vegetation and microclimates is the ENVI-Met, which, however, does not contain parameters in your database relating to brazilians species, particularly the cerrado species, which can create incorrect microclimatic scenarios. The aims of this research is to propose a method to evaluation of potencial shading of species used in afforestation of urban streets. For that, radiation measurements were performed in incident solar canopies of some species used in shading urban streets of the city of Bauru (SP), whose results were compared with the parameters of the same species simulated by ENVI-Met. From the processing, a tool was generated through which it is possible to extrapolate the results to select other species. Thus, it is expected that this method contributes to the indication of species that contain potential for mitigating the air temperature in the built environment

abstract: During summer 2014, a study was conducted as part of the Landscape Architecture Foundation Case Study Investigation to analyze features of three sustainably designed landscapes. Each project was located in a southwest desert city: Civic Space Park in Phoenix, AZ, the Pete V. Domenici US Courthouse Sustainable Landscape Retrofit in Albuquerque, NM, and George "Doc" Cavalliere Park in Scottsdale, AZ. The principal components of each case study were performance benefits that quantified ongoing ecosystem services. Performance benefits were developed from data provided by the designers and collected by the research team. The functionality of environmental, social, and economic sustainable features was evaluated. In southwest desert cities achieving performance benefits such as microclimate cooling often come at the cost of water conservation. In each of these projects such tradeoffs were balanced by prioritizing the project goals and constraints. During summer 2015, a study was conducted to characterize effects of tree species and shade structures on outdoor human thermal comfort under hot, arid conditions. Motivating the research was the hypothesis that tree species and shade structures will vary in their capacity to improve thermal comfort due to their respective abilities to attenuate solar radiation. Micrometeorological data was collected in full sun and under shade of six landscape tree species and park ramadas in Phoenix, AZ during pre-monsoon summer afternoons. The six landscape tree species included: Arizona ash (Fraxinus velutina Torr.), Mexican palo verde (Parkinsonia aculeata L.), Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.), South American mesquite (Prosopis spp. L.), Texas live oak (Quercus virginiana for. fusiformis Mill.), and Chinese elm (Ulmus parvifolia Jacq.). Results showed that the tree species and ramadas were not similarly effective at improving thermal comfort, represented by physiologically equivalent temperature (PET). The difference between PET in full sun and under shade was greater under Fraxinus and Quercus than under Parkinsonia, Prosopis, and ramadas by 2.9-4.3 °C. Radiation was a significant driver of PET (p<0.0001, R2=0.69) and with the exception of ramadas, lower radiation corresponded with lower PET. Variations observed in this study suggest selecting trees or structures that attenuate the most solar radiation is a potential strategy for optimizing PET. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Applied Biological Sciences 2016

Este trabalho objetiva, com base nos postulados teórico-metodológicos da Terminologia e da Neologia, apresentar, em amostragem, a terminologia da área do conhecimento e de especialidade da Silvicultura Urbana. O nosso propósito é demonstrar a importância dos estudos neológicos e a abrangência de seus processos, tanto na formação de uma área do conhecimento, como na transferência de informação de uma área de especialidade para um público leigo, proficiente em leitura, que poderá, entre outros fins, gerar subsídios para a elaboração de um dicionário. Para alcançar os nossos objetivos, baseados em corpora da área de Silvicultura Urbana (corpus documental, corpus de referência e corpus de análise), com o uso de softwares, extraímos inicialmente uma amostragem de 100 termos (formação sintagmática) do corpus de análise e, em análise complementar exploratória, identificamos formações produtivas por derivação prefixal e sufixal e algumas formações por siglas e acrônimos. Como estratégia para melhor compreensão da área, desenvolvemos algumas representações gráficas como: a árvore de domínio, os mapas relacionais e os quadros de análise descritiva dos termos de base da área. Constatamos que as unidades lexicais, em função termo ou em função vocábulo, apresentam graus de neologicidade que variam, num contínuo, do mais alto ao mais baixo grau, considerando a comunicação entre especialistas, entre estes e o público leigo, leitor proficiente ou não. Em conclusão, consideramos que a unidade lexical mantem um aspecto neológico permanente que varia de acordo com o tempo e o espaço, em estudos diacrônicos ou sincrônicos, em todos os discursos e seus universos e na relação de produção e recepção do que se pode considerar novo / The objective of this work, based on theoretical and methodological postulates of Terminology and Neology, is to present, in sampling, the terminology of the area of knowledge and specialty of Urban Forestry. Our purpose is to demonstrate the importance of neological studies and the scope of their processes, both in the formation of an area of knowledge, as in the transfer of information from one area of specialty to a lay audience, proficient in reading, which may, among other purposes, generate support for the preparation of a dictionary. To achieve our objectives, based on corpora from the area of Urban Forestry (documentary corpus, reference corpus and analysis corpus), with the use of software, we selected a sampling of 100 terms, which we have expanded by exploratory additional analysis to identify some productive formations by prefixal and suffixal derivation and some formations by acronyms and abbreviations. As a strategy for understanding the area, we developed illustrative graphical representations: the domain tree, some relational maps and descriptive analysis frameworks of the area. We observed that the lexical units, in the function of term or in the function of word, have degrees of neologicity in a continuous, from the highest to the lowest degree, considering the communication between experts, between them and the lay audience, whether it consists of proficient readers or not. We then consider that a lexical unit maintains a permanent neological aspect which varies according to time and space, in diachronic and synchronic studies, in every speech and their universes and in the relation of production and reception of what can be considered new

A valoração econômica de árvores presentes em vias públicas é uma forma de expressar a importância desses seres vivos, baseado nos inúmeros benefícios advindos deles. Diversos são os métodos para a obtenção do valor econômico, sendo os métodos de fórmula difundidos mundialmente e utilizados em larga escala. Esse trabalho teve como objetivo evoluir o método de fórmula proposto por Silva Filho et al. (2002), com o propósito de representar os serviços ecossistêmicos fornecidos pela vegetação urbana. Por meio de inventário georreferenciado, foram coletadas informações das árvores existentes em duas áreas: bairro Cambuí (Campinas/SP) e bacia do Córrego do Sapateiro (São Paulo/SP). Realizou-se uma análise teórica dos métodos de fórmula mais consagrados mundialmente (CTLA, Norma Granada, Burnley, Helliwell e STEM), demonstrando haver uma base regular entre eles. Posteriormente, houve a adequação e/ou inserção de fatores considerados importantes na fórmula brasileira: uma variável relacionada à ocorrência natural das espécies, classificando-as em nativas do Brasil, nativas regionais, exóticas e invasoras; também adicionou-se o custo de manutenção aos outros custos já presentes na fórmula (muda e plantio); e por último, houve a junção do índice de importância (li) com o índice de importância relativo (lir) a fim de expressar a raridade dos indivíduos presentes nos locais estudados. Essas melhorias destacaram os exemplares arbóreos de origem nativa (Brasil e regional), de grande porte e pouco frequente nas duas regiões analisadas. O valor monetário das árvores inventariadas no bairro Cambuí totalizou um valor de R$ 60.488.360,33, tendo cada indivíduo um valor médio de R$ 34.863,61 e na bacia do Córrego do Sapateiro o valor total foi de R$ 75.036.501,20, com uma média de valor de R$ 69.671,77 por exemplar. Outro valor obtido foi o valor por m2 de vegetação arbórea urbana, sendo R$ 156,12/m2 para o bairro Cambuí e R$ 284,64/m2 para a bacia do Córrego do Sapateiro. O preço para inserção de uma árvore em uma via pública é maior para a cidade de São Paulo, principal explicação para a diferença entre os valores monetários das duas áreas. Por fim, a valoração monetária de árvores em meio urbano é um mecanismo eficaz na sensibilização da população sobre os benefícios por elas proporcionados e no auxílio do planejamento e manutenção da arborização urbana. / The economic value of trees present on public roads is a way to express the importance of these living beings, based on the numerous benefits from them. There are several methods for obtaining the economic value, but the formulas are diffused worldwide and methods used in wide scale. This study aimed to enhance the method of formula proposed by Silva Filho et al. (2002), with the purpose of representing the ecosystem services provided by urban vegetation. Through georeferenced inventory, information of trees were collected in two areas: Cambuí neighborhood (Campinas/SP) and in the watershed Córrego do Sapareiro (São Paulo/SP). We performed a theoretical analysis of the methods of formula most established worldwide (CTLA, Norma Granada, Burnley, Helliwell and STEM), demonstrating there a regular basis between them. Later, there was the adequacy and/or insertion of factors considered important in the Brazilian formula: a variable related to the natural occurrence of the species, classifying them into native Brazil, native regional, exotic and invasive; also added maintenance cost to other costs already present in formula (young tree and planting); and lastly, there was the junction of the importance index (li) with the relative importance index (lir) to express the rarity of trees in the present study areas. These improvements highlighted the arboreal specimens of native origin (Brazil and regional), large and rare trees in both regions analyzed. The monetary value of the inventoried trees in Cambuí neighborhood achieved an amount of R$ 60.488.360,33, each individual tree an average value of R$ 34.863,61 and in the Córrego do Sapateiro, the total amount of R$ 75.036.501,20, with an average value of R$ 69.671,77 per tree. Another value was the value per square meter of urban vegetation, being R$ 156,12/m2 for the Cambuí neighborhood and R$ 284,64/m2 for the watershed Córrego do Sapateiro. The price for implantation of a tree on a public road is higher for the city of São Paulo, the main explanation for the difference between the monetary values of the two areas. Finally, the monetary valuation of trees in urban areas is an effective mechanism in raising public awareness about the benefits provided by them and for the planning and maintenance of urban trees.