Land use practices and exposure to low impact disturbances associated with an urban environment can alter forest structure and function. Past and ongoing research in Forest Park, a large urban forest in Portland, Oregon, suggests that mature mixed Douglas-fir (Psuedotsuga meziesii)-hardwood stands in the more urban end of the park lack a shade-tolerant conifer understory composed of the late successional conifer tree species, such western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) and western red-cedar (Thuja plicata). 5-year plot remeasurement data that characterizes productivity and mortality patterns did not show a strong relationship to urban proximity. Plot productivity was generally consistent with values taken from studies of other similarly aged (~100 years old) Douglas-fir /Western Hemlock stands. Mortality was highest in rural plots, and was driven by large windthrow events to canopy trees. Soil organic matter, soil pH, and depth of organic horizon indicated a legacy of soil impact in urban areas most impacted by past intensive logging. The urban mature plot had higher mean soil pH at site (5.87, se: ±0.06) compared to a rural mature, and old growth reference sites located within the park. Although surface organic and A layer soil horizon depth was thinnest at the urban mature site, soil organic matter was not found to be significantly different across sites. Light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data showed that old-growth plots and plots in the middle section of the park had the highest degree of canopy structure as measured by Rumple and standard deviation of point elevation. Measures of stand height showed OG plots and urban plots to have the tallest trees. Rural plots showed a high degree of variability in all LiDAR metrics, showing a wider range of stand height and complexity than urban and middle plots. These results suggest that past land-use and urban proximity affect plot level productivity, soil quality, and above-ground canopy structure in Forest Park. These results clarify how the lack of late-successional tree species might be most linked to differing histories of intensive logging activity within the park. Reduced old-growth legacy features (remnant seed trees, coarse woody debris) in plots with a clear history of aggressive clear-cuts has led to a reduction in regeneration of western hemlock and western red-cedar in the understory.

Forest Park, a 5,000 acre heavily-forested park within the city limits of Portland, Oregon was selected as the study area for performing a fire simulation analysis. A well-documented fire swept over a large area of the park in 1951, and provides both direct inputs, including the ignition point, and context for the present day fire simulations. The goal of the research was two fold. First, determine the difference between small area simulations using standard and custom surface fuel models. Second, determine if fire simulation can be an effective tool in assessing fire danger and behavior in a wildland-urban interface environment like Forest Park.

Meeting observations, literature review, document analysis, and Delphi surveying are used within a “mixed methodology” to tease out emerging patterns of thought in an effort to provide an urban forestry coalition, “Trees for Life” with critical information that could be used to help shape future projects. The purpose of this research is to identify key themes to help direct future Trees for Life (TFL) projects, and to also recognize stakeholders and possible new players to establish more productive partnerships within the coalition. Specific barriers that impede the success of TFL are also outlined. Ecological degradation of the Greater Toronto Area (GTA) watershed continues, despite the many initiatives carried out by the Toronto Region Conservation Authority (TRCA) to protect and conserve ecosystem health. Social change is critical in addressing this issue. The TFL coalition is an umbrella group beneath Green Infrastructure Ontario (GIO), another coalition working towards establishing green infrastructure technologies and practices as required components of urban planning and development to address ecological degradation. This coalition is overseen by a steering committee that includes TRCA. The overarching goal of TFL is to increase tree canopy cover in the GTA to 40%. The TFL is comprised of several urban forestry groups, each with unique roles and perspectives, but all striving to achieve the 40% goal. This research will help TFL to build adaptive capacity and may lead to the adoption of adaptive environmental management techniques. Ultimately, this study will provide some valuable insight into TFL and other programs involved with enhancing social-ecological resilience of the TRCA and the GTA. / Thesis (Master, Environmental Studies) -- Queen's University, 2014-01-22 11:53:22.196

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2003. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2007. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

The city seen as a landscape has in the green element a key component in the organization of space. For its functionalities presented, the trees are an essential element to improving environmental quality and subsequent quality of life. This study aimed to understand the processes and elements involved structural and spatial organization of trees in the urban landscape of Cachoeira do Sul-RS/Brazil, characterizing the interactions that operate in different process space occupation by the trees along the historical process. The trees were classified according to the space it occupies in: afforestation roads, green areas, urban forests and vegetation in yards and gardens. All these spaces were evaluated and characterized its richness, tree diversity, beyond the phytogeographic origin of species and individuals. Still, was examined through analysis of tree cover the amount of space in square meters occupied by afforestation and its setting in the landscape. Another important test for understanding the organization's current afforestation was evaluating social actions by the government and private sectors, as well as social actors who influenced the policies of afforestation over time historic site. From this evaluation can be considered that the Cachoeira do Sul presents significant forestation in quantitative terms, such as high species richness, diversity and green area index and coverage. However, qualitatively the urban green presents problems. lack of space, floristic homogeneity, excessive pruning, presence of plant parasites, aging vegetation, lack of maintenance, and lack of planning and new projects. / A cidade vista como uma paisagem tem no elemento verde um componente fundamental na organização do espaço. Pelas funcionalidades apresentadas, as árvores constituem um elemento imprescindível à melhoria da qualidade ambiental e consequente qualidade de vida da população. Este trabalho teve por objetivo compreender os processos e elementos envolvidos na organização estrutural e espacial da vegetação arbórea na paisagem urbana de Cachoeira do Sul-RS, caracterizando as diferentes interações que atuam no processo de ocupação do espaço pelas árvores ao longo do tempo histórico. A vegetação arbórea foi classificada de acordo com o espaço que ocupa em: arborização viária, áreas verdes, florestas urbanas e vegetação de quintais e jardins. Todos esses espaços, com exceção dos quintais e jardins, foram avaliados sendo caracterizadas sua riqueza florística, diversidade arbórea, além da origem fitogeográfica de espécies e indivíduos. Ainda, foi examinada através da análise da cobertura vegetal arbórea a quantidade de espaço em metros quadrados ocupada pela arborização e sua distribuição na paisagem. Outro exame importante para a compreensão da organização atual da arborização foi avaliação das ações sociais por parte do poder público e privado, bem como dos atores sociais que influenciaram as políticas de arborização ao longo do tempo. A partir desta avaliação pode-se considerar que Cachoeira do Sul apresenta significativa arborização em termos quantitativos, com elevadas riqueza de espécies, diversidade, índice de área verde e cobertura vegetal. Entretanto, qualitativamente o verde urbano apresenta problemas relacionados com ausência de espaço físico, homogeneidade florística, excesso de podas, presença de fitoparasitas, envelhecimento da vegetação, falta de manutenção, ausência de planejamento e de novos projetos.

abstract: Cities are hubs for economic and social development, but they are increasingly becoming hotspots of environmental problems and socio-economic inequalities. Because cities result from complex interactions among ecological, social and economic factors, environmental problems and socio-economic inequalities are often spatially interconnected, generating emergent environmental inequity issues due to the unfair distribution of environmental quality among socioeconomic groups. Since urban environmental quality is tightly related to the capacity of urban landscapes to provide ecosystem services, optimizing the allocation of ecosystem services within cities is a main goal for moving towards more equitable and sustainable cities. Nevertheless, we often lack the empirical data and specific methods for planning urban landscapes to optimize the provision of ecosystem services. Therefore, the development of knowledge and methods to optimize the provision of ecosystem services is essential for tackling urban environmental problems, reducing environmental inequities, and promoting sustainable cities. The main goal of this dissertation is to generate actionable knowledge for helping decision-makers to optimize the allocation of urban vegetation for reducing environmental inequities through the provision of ecosystem services. The research uses the city of Santiago de Chile as a case study from a Latin-American city. To achieve this goal, I framed my dissertation in four linked research chapters, each of them providing methodological approaches to help link environmental inequity problems with the development of urban planning interventions promoting an equitable provision of urban ecosystem services. These chapters are specifically aimed at providing actionable knowledge for: (1) Identifying the level, distribution, and spatial scales at which environmental inequities are more relevant; (2) Identifying the areas and administrative units where environmental inequities interventions should be prioritized; (3) Identifying optimal areas to allocate vegetation for increasing the provision of urban ecosystem services; (4) Evaluating the role that planned urban vegetation may have in the long-term provision of ecosystem services by natural remnants within the urban landscape. Thus, this dissertation contributes to urban sustainability science by proposing methods and frameworks to address urban environmental inequities through the provision of ecosystem services, but it also provides place-based information that can be readily used for planning urban vegetation in Santiago. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Sustainability 2017

Foi realizado levantamento quanti-qualitativo de vegetais de porte arbóreo em dois bairros paulistanos, Vila Vera e Jardim da Saúde, situados na região sudeste de São Paulo, não distando muito entre si, porém com características de ocupação de uso de solo bastante distintas. No Jardim da Saúde foram encontrados 1033 exemplares de 72 espécies botânicas, a altura média de todas as árvores foi de 8,07 m e a altura da primeira bifurcação 1,97 m, a Caesalpinea peltophoroides Benth. foi a espécie mais freqüente com 20,68%, seguida da Lagestroemia indica L. com 7,48% e da Ligustrum lucidum W.T. Aiton em terceiro com 6,89%, essas três espécies somaram 35,05% dos indivíduos. Existiam 80,45% dos exemplares situados defronte a imóveis que possuíam recuo mínimo de 2,50 m de construções, 72,80% do total estavam em passeios que têm entre 1,00 m e 2,00 m, predominam árvores com mais de 8,50 m de altura, o pior indicador de sanidade vegetal seria a infestação de cupins com 8,33% do total infestado, 13,65% teve anotações de má qualidade de copa, 20,62% apresentou algum indicativo de má qualidade de tronco. Apenas 23,33% tinham situações de permeabilidade do passeio suficiente, encontravam-se 5,71% com condução de poda para desobstrução das redes aéreas, o rebaixamento das árvores acontecia em 7,74% dos exemplares. Na Vila Vera havia limitações de espaço físico não apenas das larguras dos passeios, mas principalmente do uso predominante dos lotes. As residências normalmente tomam todo o espaço da testada do imóvel com rebaixamento de guias para permitir a entrada veículos na garagem localizada defronte a construção. Encontraram-se 178 árvores pertencentes a 42 espécies botânicas, a média da altura total é de 6,31 m, e a média da primeira bifurcação 1,81 m. A espécie mais abundante foi a Caesalpinea peltophoroides Benth.com 24,71%, a segunda seria a Ligustrum lucidum W.T. Aiton com 17,24% do total, vindo em terceiro Lagerstroemia indica L. com 8,62%. Neste bairro existiam 71,35% das situações afastamento predial superior a 2,50 m, 42,70% com altura inferior a 4,50 m de altura, a sanidade vegetal estaria comprometida em 12,37% dos exemplares pela infestação de cupins, 55,62% estva localizada em passeios que variam sua largura entre 1,00 e 2,00 m, 50,00% apresentavam maus indicadores de qualidade de copa, 25,44% apresentou algum indicativo de má qualidade de tronco. Somente 7,87% do total de árvores estavam em situações de permeabilidade do passeio suficiente, os exemplares pavimentados até o tronco totalizavam 16,85%, as conduções de poda para desobstrução de redes eram 3,38% e as podas de rebaixamento 13,48%. Havia uma média de 16,85 m de afastamento entre árvores no Jardim da Saúde, sendo que na Vila Vera este indicativo era 38,68 m, portanto o afastamento médio da Vila Vera seria 2,29, na média do bairro, maior do que o existente no Jardim da Saúde. Em praticamente a totalidade dos indicativos qualitativos o Jardim da Saúde apresentava melhores avaliações das encontradas na Vila Vera, havendo neste segundo local, maiores impedimentos ao adensamento de plantios em função das características do espaço existente. / An tree qualitative and quantitative study was conducted in two closely located neighborhoods (Vila Vera and Jardim da Saude) in the southeast region of São Paulo. In spite of geographical vicinity, both neighborhoods have very different land occupation characteristics. In Jardim da Saude we found 1033 tree specimens, belonging to 72 distinct botanic species, with an average height of 8,07m and average first bifurcation height of 1.97m. Caesalpinea peltophoroides Benth was the most frequent species found (20,68% of the trees), followed by Lagestroemia indica L. (with 7,48% of the trees), and Legustrum lucidum W.T. Aiton coming in third place (with 6,89% of the trees). Those three species together account for 35.05% of the specimens. 72.80% are located in sidewalks that are between 1.00m and 2.00 m wide. Most trees have a height of 8,50 m and above. The worst health threat was termite infestation which affected 8.33% of the specimens. 13.65% were noted to have poor crown quality, 20.62% presented some indication of poor trunk quality and only 23.33% of the trees where planted in an area which enough surface permeability. 5.71% of the specimens had been pruned to prevent interference with electrical lines and crown-reducing pruning had been done in 7.74% of the trees. In Vila Vera we found limited space conditions in regards to the width of the sidewalk and also in regards to the predominant type of site utilization. Residential buildings constructions usually advance far into the sidewalk, with a driveway for access to the garages which are usually located in the front side of the building. We counted 178 trees belonging to 42 distinct botanic species, with average height of 6.31m and first bifurcation average height of 1.81m. The most common species is Caesalpinea peltophoroides Benth. (Which accounted for 24.71% of the specimens), followed by a Legustrum lucidum W.T. Aiton (with 17.24%) and Lagerstroemia indica L. in third place (with 8.62%). In this neighborhood 42.70% of the trees had a height of less than 4.5m, 12.37% were in poor health due to termite infestation, 55.62% are located in sidewalks with widths varying between 1.00 and 2.00 m, 50.0% displayed poor crown quality and 25,44% presented some indication of poor trunk quality. Only 7.87% of the specimens where planted in an area which enough surface permeability, while 16.85% where located in totally paved areas. 3.38% had been pruned to avoid interference with electrical lines and 13.48% had been crown-reducing pruned. In Jardim da Saude the average distance between trees was 16.85m, while in Vila Vera it was 38.68m. In other words, the average distance between trees is about 2.29 greater in Vila Vera than in Jardim da Saude.. Practically all the qualitative domains were found to be superior for Jardim da Saude. Vila Vera also presents greater impediments for increasing planting density due to its current space availability issues.

Orientador: Lucila Chebel labaki / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T16:03:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Abreu_LoydeVieirade_D.pdf: 6116266 bytes, checksum: bd21f7f962440ed06e510e1d55c92ea8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: O sombreamento por arvores pode melhorar o bioclima termico em cidades tropicais como Campinas, SP. As arvores se comportam de maneiras distintas no microclima urbano porem existem poucos estudos sobre a quantificacao dos beneficios trazidos pelas diferentes especies arboreas e sua disposicao no ambiente construido. O objetivo desta pesquisa e quantificar a contribuicao de individuos arboreos e agrupamentos para a melhoria dos microclimas urbanos e do ambiente construido a partir da caracterizacao do bioclima termico local, estudos dos efeitos dos canios urbanos e avaliacao da escala de influencia da vegetacao, bem como diretrizes de projeto urbano e arquitetonico para clima tropical de altitude. Foram analisadas as especies Ipe Amarelo (Tabebuia chrysotricha (Mart. ex DC.) Stand.), Jacaranda mimoso (Jacaranda mimosaefolia D. Don.), Jambolao (Syzygium cumini L.), Mangueira (Mangifera indica L.), Pinheiro (Pinus palustris L.) e Pinheiro (Pinus coulteri L.) - isoladas, Mirindiba Bagre (Lafoensia glyptocarpa L.), Sibipiruna (Caesalpinia pluviosa F.), Espatodea (Spathodea campanulata P.Beauv.), Tipuana (Tipuana tipu F.) - isoladas e agrupadas -, Flamboyant (Delonix indica F.) e tambem, Chuva de Ouro (Senna siamea L.) - agrupadas. Foram utilizados dados meteorologicos - temperatura do ar, umidade relativa, velocidade do vento e radiacao solar - da estacao meteorologica urbana do Instituto Agronomico de Campinas (IAC) no periodo de 2003 a 2010 e dados coletados "in loco" no periodo de 2007 a 2010. Para as analises climaticas para a cidade de Campinas e simulacao da variacao de sombra, aproveitamento do vento e canions urbanos, foram calculados Temperatura Fisiologicamente Equivalente (PET) e Temperatura Media Radiante (Tmrt). Para quantificar a escala de influencia da vegetacao no microclima, analises da atenuacao da Radiacao Solar, Taxa de Cobertura Verde, Indice da Area da Planta (PAI), PET e Tmrt foram realizadas. Concluiu-se que a promocao de sombra e aproveitamento do vento bem como o manejo de arvores para o sombreamento de calcadas e edificios, sao estrategias a serem consideradas no projeto urbano e arquitetonico que visa melhorar o conforto termico das cidades. Observou-se que a especie Sibipiruna (Caesalpinia pluviosa F.) possui o melhor comportamento no microclima devido as caracteristicas relacionadas a especie, tais como Cobertura Verde e PAI e tambem aquelas relacionadas ao ambiente como disposicao no espaco. Um clima confortavel leva ao ambiente interno confortavel particularmente em edificios e, consequentemente, a eficiencia energetica. Proporcionar condicoes adequadas de conforto termico ao ar livre e um passo importante para alcancar a sustentabilidade em espacos urbanos. A consciencia destas questoes e importante para arquitetos, planejadores e urbanistas, nao apenas por orientar as possiveis solucoes, mas tambem para enriquecer as possibilidades de projeto / Abstract: Shade trees can improve the thermal bioclimate in tropical cities such as Campinas, SP. Trees behave in different ways in urban microclimate, but there is a lack of research in terms of benefits brought by different species and disposition in building environment. The aim of this research is quantify the contribution by different species and their disposition to improve urban microclimate and urban environment, based on characterization of thermal bioclimate of Campinas, quantification of the urban climate changes causes by street canyons and evaluation of influence scale of vegetation on microclimate, as well as definition of urban guidelines for urban and architectural planning focused in Tropical climates. Twelve species and clusters were analyzed: Ipe Amarelo (Tabebuia chrysotricha (Mart. ex DC.) Stand.), Jacaranda (Jacaranda mimosaefolia D. Don.), Jambolao (Syzygium cumini L.), Mangueira (Mangifera indica L.), Pinheiro(Pinus palustris L.) and Pinheiro (Pinus coulteri L.) - isolated; Mirindiba bagre (Lafoensia glyptocarpa L.), Sibipiruna (Caesalpinia pluviosa F.) , Espatodea (Spathodea campanulata P.Beauv.), Tipuana (Tipuana tipu F.) - isolated and clusters -, Flamboyant (Delonix indica F.) and Chuva de Ouro (Senna siamea L.) - clusters. The meteorological data: air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and solar radiation for the period 2003 to 2010 and environmental parameters collected "in loco": solar radiation, air and globe temperatures, relative humidity and wind speed, at different distances from the tree trunk (2.5 m, 10m, 25m, 50m) were required. To describe the background climate of Campinas and simulations climate modifications and street canyons, Physiologically Equivalent Temperature (PET) and Mean Radiant Temperature (Tmrt) was done by using Rayman Pro model. To quantify the scale of vegetation influence on urban microclimate, the indexes as Green Coverage Ratio (GCR), Plant Area Index (PAI) and Solar Radiation Attenuated Index (SRAI) was calculated, as well as PET and Tmrt. The results show not only that solar radiation and wind speed can influence air temperature, but also thermal comfort and heat stress as well. The street orientation east-west can improve the thermal climate, and for the others cases it is recommend urban forestry for shading sidewalk and buildings. The species Sibipiruna (Caesalpinia pluviosa F.) presents the best behavior in both seasons, winter and summer, in terms of thermal comfort due to tree features and disposition. The improvement of outdoor thermal comfort is an important step in order to achieve sustainability of urban spaces and configurations. The results can be valuable for architects, planners and urban designers, not only by indicating possible solutions, but mainly by enriching the design possibilities / Doutorado / Arquitetura, Tecnologia e Cidade / Doutor em Arquitetura, Tecnologia e Cidade

Synen på skogens värden har förändrats från att mestadels beröra de konkretavaror som skogen bidrar med till att innefatta mer abstrakta värden. Skogarna blirviktigare ur fler aspekter och förvaltningen av den försvåras genom att den kanses om en privat, kollektiv och gemensam resurs. Syftet var att beskriva denskogliga förvaltarens roll i att samordna olika intressenters önskemål vidskogsvårdsåtgärder i tätortsnära skog. Fem skogsförvaltare från fyra slumpmässigtutvalda organisationer i Skåne intervjuades. För att öka eller bibehålla rekreationsvärden bör skötseln inrikta sig på att göraskogen tillgänglig, öppen och ljus samt att skapa variation. Inför åtgärdenanvändes deltagande planering i form av informationsblad som sattes upp kringavverkningsplatsen. Detta bidrog förmodligen till att få konflikter ellermotsättningar förekom i tätortsnära skogar. Brukandet bör ske med ett annat fokusän vid konventionellt skogsbruk för att gynna de sociala värdena och enförebyggande dialog bör hållas med intressenterna.