O objeto desta pesquisa é a relação entre densidade construída e microclimas urbanos. O objetivo é quantificar o efeito da densidade construída sobre o microclima urbano, por meio da construção de diferentes cenários paramétricos, considerando os possíveis padrões de ocupação de quadra, com diferentes tipologias de edifícios: o bloco perimetral, o edifício lâmina e o edifício torre, para a cidade de São Paulo. O método é indutivo, por meio de levantamentos de campo de uso e ocupação do solo e de condições microclimáticas locais, em dois dos distritos mais densamente habitados do município de São Paulo, mas que apresentam diferentes densidades construídas: Brasilândia, com coeficiente de aproveitamento menor do que 1, e Bela Vista, com coeficiente de aproveitamento maior do que 3,5; e dedutivo, por meio de comparações entre os levantamentos de campo e as simulações computacionais com o modelo ENVI-met 4.0 (preview), que foram feitas para se calibrar o modelo entre dados medidos e simulados, visando à maior confiabilidade dos resultados. Na sequência, foram explorados cinco cenários paramétricos (lâminas com 3 orientações diferentes, torre e perímetro), com nove quadras cada, mantendo-se aproximadamente o mesmo coeficiente de aproveitamento (em torno de 3,7) e a mesma densidade populacional possível (em torno de 1500 hab/ha) em todos os casos estudados. As simulações paramétricas para três dias consecutivos mostraram que, dentre os cenários simulados, o cenário torre apresentou, de forma consistente, uma diferença de cerca de 0,6°C para menos na temperatura do ar, a 1,5m do chão, em relação ao cenário perímetro para a quadra central, no horário de maior temperatura do ar, às 15h, e cerca de 1,4°C a menos na temperatura do ar para o período noturno. Os demais cenários lâmina apresentaram resultados intermediários entre os dois anteriores. Isso mostra que, mantendo-se a mesma densidade construída, os arranjos apresentam comportamentos distintos. Dentre os casos estudados, o cenário torre foi o que apresentou as menores temperaturas do ar, nos períodos diurno e noturno, provavelmente devido ao sombreamento mutuo entre os edifícios, que contribui para o menor aquecimento das superfícies e, consequentemente, menor aquecimento do ar no entorno imediato. / The subject of this research is the relation between the built density and urban microclimates. The objective is to quantify the effect of built density on urban microclimates, through the construction of different parametric scenarios, considering the possible blocks occupation patterns, with different buildings typologies: the perimeter block, the blade building, and the tower building for the city of São Paulo. The method is inductive, through field data measurement of the land use and local microclimate conditions in two most densely populated districts in São Paulo city, but with different built densities: Brasilândia with a plot ratio lower than 1, and Bela Vista, with a plot ratio greater than 3.5; and deductive, by comparisons between field measurements and computer simulations with the ENVI-met 4.0 (preview) model, which were used to calibrate the model between measured data and simulated data, aiming at higher reliability of the results. After that, five parametric scenarios (blades with 3 different orientations, tower, and perimeter) were explored, each with nine blocks, while maintaining approximately the same plot ratio (around 3.7) and the same population density (around 1500 inhabitants/ha) in all cases studied. Parametric simulations for three consecutive days showed that, among the simulated scenarios, the tower scenario presented, consistently, a difference of about 0.6 °C lower for air temperature, at 1.5 m from the floor, compared the perimeter scenario for the center court at the time, 15h, of highest air temperature, and about 1.4 °C less in the nighttime air temperature. The other blade scenarios showed intermediate results between the previous two, showing that, keeping the same built density, the scenarios have different behaviors. Among the cases studied, the tower scenario showed the lowest air temperatures during day and night periods, probably due to mutual shading among buildings, which contributes to less heating of the surfaces and thus less heating of the air in the immediate surroundings.

O presente trabalho tem por objeto o clima urbano, entendido como a ambiência térmica de uma área limitada, gerada pela interação entre a atmosfera e o ambiente construído de uma cidade, ou de parte dela, que afeta as condições de conforto térmico do pedestre e o consumo energético das edificações. O objetivo geral deste trabalho é gerar uma metodologia de avaliação da ambiência térmica urbana cujos resultados se prestem a orientar decisões de projeto e gestão nas cidades brasileiras. Busca-se verificar a hipótese de que a ocupação urbana pode ser descrita somente através de variáveis que são frequentemente utilizadas na legislação urbana taxa de ocupação, coeficiente de aproveitamento e recuos e que estas variáveis são suficientes para que se determine a ambiência térmica de um determinado espaço urbano. O método de trabalho se dividiu em duas etapas, uma dedutiva, na qual modelos de simulação do comportamento térmico urbano foram estudados e/ou desenvolvidos, e outra indutiva, na qual os modelos encontrados foram aplicados a um estudo de caso, com o objetivo de avaliar a relação entre os resultados ambientais e a ocupação da área. Neste processo, foram utilizados modelos analíticos, programas computacionais de simulação de fluidodinâmica e ferramentas de geoprocessamento. Os resultados obtidos levaram a uma refutação da hipótese, considerando-se que outras variáveis devem ser incorporadas ao planejamento urbano e às legislações de uso e ocupação do solo, caso se queira determinar de forma adequada o impacto de uma área na ambiência térmica. Foram propostas equações de regressão que relacionam a ocupação urbana com variáveis meteorológicas locais. Apesar da aplicabilidade limitada, tais equações podem ser utilizadas para gerar recomendações gerais de planejamento. O processo desenvolvido para obter as equações pode ser utilizado na avaliação comparativa de áreas urbanas e, com a incorporação de critérios de qualidade e metas, pode ser transformado em um procedimento para avaliação de desempenho urbano. / This paper deals with the urban climate, defined as the thermal environment of a limited area, generated by the interaction of the atmosphere and a city, which affects thermal comfort of pedestrians and energy consumption of buildings. The main objective is to develop an assessment methodology for the urban thermal environment, the results of which can support design and planning decisions in Brazilian cities. The hypothesis is that usual planning variables plot ratio, plan density index and setbacks suffice as means to describe urban occupation and to determine its thermal environment. The method consists in two phases: a deductive one, in which thermal simulation models were studied or developed, and a inductive one, in which the researched models were used to assess a study case. The assessment results were superposed with occupation parameters for the area, in order to determine correlations among environmental and occupation variables. During this process, the research included the use of analytical models, CFD simulation and GIS tools. The results did not corroborate the hypothesis. This lead to the conclusion that other variables must be incorporated to urban planning, in order to determine the impact of occupation on thermal environment. Regression equations were developed, relating occupation parameters and thermal and energetic variables. Even though their applications are limited, they may be used as a rule of thumb method for early design stages. The method developed for the obtaining of the equations may be used for evaluating comparatively different occupation proposals. If performance criteria are determined, the method may be transformed into a urban thermal performance assessment method.

abstract: Rapid urban expansion and the associated landscape modifications have led to significant changes of surface processes in built environments. These changes further interact with the overlying atmospheric boundary layer and strongly modulate urban microclimate. To capture the impacts of urban land surface processes on urban boundary layer dynamics, a coupled urban land-atmospheric modeling framework has been developed. The urban land surface is parameterized by an advanced single-layer urban canopy model (SLUCM) with realistic representations of urban green infrastructures such as lawn, tree, and green roof, etc. The urban atmospheric boundary layer is simulated by a single column model (SCM) with both convective and stable schemes. This coupled SLUCM-SCM framework can simulate the time evolution and vertical profile of different meteorological variables such as virtual potential temperature, specific humidity and carbon dioxide concentration. The coupled framework has been calibrated and validated in the metropolitan Phoenix area, Arizona. To quantify the model sensitivity, an advanced stochastic approach based on Markov-Chain Monte Carlo procedure has been applied. It is found that the development of urban boundary layer is highly sensitive to surface characteristics of built terrains, including urban land use, geometry, roughness of momentum, and vegetation fraction. In particular, different types of urban vegetation (mesic/xeric) affect the boundary layer dynamics through different mechanisms. Furthermore, this framework can be implanted into large-scale models such as Weather Research and Forecasting model to assess the impact of urbanization on regional climate. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Civil and Environmental Engineering 2016

By 2050, the world’s population is expected to reach 9.7 billion, with over half living in urban settlements (United Nations, 2015). Planning and designing new urban developments and improving existing infrastructure will create or reshape urban landscapes and will carry significant implications for energy consumption, infrastructure costs, and the urban microclimate on a larger scale. Researchers and industry professionals must recognize how changes in land use affect the urban microclimate and, therefore, building energy consumption. Built environment and microclimate studies commonly involve modeling or experimenting with mass and energy exchanges between natural and the built environment. Current methods to quantify these exchanges include the isolated use of microclimate and building energy simulation tools. However, current urban planning and building design processes lack a holistic and seamless approach to quantifying all thermodynamic interactions between natural and built environments; nor is there a method for communicating and visualizing the simulated building energy data. This dissertation has developed a coupling method to quantify the effects of the urban microclimate on building energy consumption. The coupling method was tested on a medium-sized office building and applied to a design case, a redevelopment project in Pittsburgh, PA. Three distinct approaches were used. First, to develop the coupling method, a study was conducted to quantify the importance of accurate microclimate model initialization for achieving simulation results that represent measured data. This initialization study was conducted for 24 cases in the Pittsburgh climate. The initialization study developed a rule-based method for estimating the number of ENVI-met simulations needed to predict the microclimate for an annual period. Second, a coupling method was developed to quantify these microclimate effects on building energy consumption. The Center for Sustainable Landscapes (CSL) building was used as a test-case for this coupling method to measure improvement in predicting building heating and cooling energy consumption. Results show that the coupling method, more than the TMY3 weather data used for energy simulations, can improve building energy consumption predictions for the winter and summer months. Third, to demonstrate industry implications, the coupling method was applied to a design case, the Lower Hill District Redevelopment, Pittsburgh, PA. Comparing the decoupled energy model and TMY3 weather data revealed a high degree of variation in the heating and cooling energy consumption. Overall results reinforced the hypothesis that building surface level coupling is not essential if the energy model accounts for the microclimate effects. A Design Decision Support (DDS) method was also developed as a tool for project stakeholders to communicate high-fidelity simulated energy data.

Depuis 2007, plus de la moitié de la population mondiale vit en ville. La forte densité de population et d'activité entraîne une augmentation des besoins en climatisation des bâtiments en été. L’augmentation des températures due à l’effet d’îlot de chaleur urbain est principalement liée à l'aménagement urbain et aux flux de chaleurs anthropiques causés par l’utilisation des systèmes de chauffage et de climatisation. En agissant sur l'aménagement urbain, comme la densité de construction, l'albédo de surface ou les espaces verts, le microclimat urbain peut être amélioré ; ce qui permet ainsi de réduire les besoins énergétiques des bâtiments. Nous proposons dans ce manuscrit un modèle pour calculer les besoins énergétiques des bâtiments à l'échelle d’un quartier en prenant en compte l’interaction entre le microclimat urbain et les bâtiments. L'objectif est de décrire d'une part les ambiances intérieures du bâtiment, telles qu’elles sont modélisées dans les codes de thermique dynamique du bâtiment, et d'autre part, l'environnement extérieur tel qu’il est modélisé dans les codes de micro-météorologie. Pour travailler à cette échelle,la description détaillée de tous les transferts thermiques à l'intérieur et à l'extérieur de chaque bâtiment n'est pas appropriée. Ainsi, un modèle réduit de bâtiment est couplé avec un modèle simplifié de microclimat urbain. Le modèle de bâtiment est basé sur la méthode des facteurs de pondération et permet de prendre en compte les gains internes, l'inertie de l'enveloppe et les échanges radiatifs et convectifs à l'intérieur du bâtiment. Il est couplé à un modèle radiatif en milieu urbain, basé sur la méthode des radiosités, et un modèle zonal tridimensionnel de la canopée urbaine. Après avoir présenté ces modèles, ils sont appliqués sur un cas d'application, à savoir le quartier Pin Sec de la ville de Nantes. Différents scénarios d'aménagement urbain sont simulés sur une année afin d’analyser l’influence de l’aménagement urbain sur les besoins énergétiques des bâtiments. / Since 2007, more than half of world population lives in urban areas. The high density of population and its activity leads to an increase of building energy demand in summer. The temperature rise of densely built areas is mainly due to urban landscaping and anthropogenic heat fluxes caused by combustion flues and air conditioning of buildings. Acting on urban landscaping, like building density, surface albedo or green areas, the urban microclimate can be improved, which consequently reduces the building energy demand. We propose in this thesis a model to compute the energy demand at the district scale taking into account the interaction between urban microclimate and building energy demand.On the one hand, the aim is to describe the indoor thermal conditions as usually in thermal dynamic simulations; on the other hand, the external condition are modeled as they should be described in micro-meteorological models. To work at this scale, the detailed description of all thermal transfers inside and outside each building is not appropriate. Thus, a reduced thermal building model is coupled with a simplified urban microclimate model. The building model is based on weighting factors method and allows taking into account the internal gains, the envelope inertia, and the radiative and convective exchanges inside the building. This model is coupled with a radiative model of a district, based on radiosity method, and a tridimensional zonal model of the urban canopy. Following the description of these models, a case study of the district Pin Sec in Nantes is presented. Different scenarios of urban landscaping are simulated over one year to assess their influences on building energy demand.

This paper explores winter patios in Edmonton through the lens of place and climate sensitive design, then reflects upon the existing regulations that influence the design and management of winter patios in Edmonton. The City of Edmonton provides this research opportunity because it is currently pursuing the creation of a four-season patio culture in the city, and has created a strong WinterCity agenda. The introduction explores Edmonton’s local climate and its winter city strategy. This is followed by an explanation of the study’s methodology. The purpose of this thesis is to study how climate sensitive design principles can be applied to create places that attract winter activity. The research questions ask how climate sensitive design principles are currently incorporated in patios, what barriers exist to creating these spaces, and how to overcome these barriers in municipal processes. Many cities in cold climates seek ways to create vibrant, active cities through all seasons, and this study explores how climate sensitive planning principles can help create environments that invite winter activity. To answer the research question, a qualitative methodology was used to examine the case study of Edmonton winter patios using Eliasson’s (2007) concept of place and microclimate. The study identifies design weaknesses in Edmonton patios with little provision of shelter from wind, snow and rain, as well as limited consideration of snow storage and removal. Interviews and document review identify lack of interest and a lack of attention to the physical component of place as barriers to the creation of winter patios. Finally, the use of analytical tools such as urban climatic maps are suggested, as well as the introduction of microclimate standards so information about weather and microclimate can influence how physical components of place are planned and evaluated.

O presente trabalho tem por objeto o clima urbano, entendido como a ambiência térmica de uma área limitada, gerada pela interação entre a atmosfera e o ambiente construído de uma cidade, ou de parte dela, que afeta as condições de conforto térmico do pedestre e o consumo energético das edificações. O objetivo geral deste trabalho é gerar uma metodologia de avaliação da ambiência térmica urbana cujos resultados se prestem a orientar decisões de projeto e gestão nas cidades brasileiras. Busca-se verificar a hipótese de que a ocupação urbana pode ser descrita somente através de variáveis que são frequentemente utilizadas na legislação urbana taxa de ocupação, coeficiente de aproveitamento e recuos e que estas variáveis são suficientes para que se determine a ambiência térmica de um determinado espaço urbano. O método de trabalho se dividiu em duas etapas, uma dedutiva, na qual modelos de simulação do comportamento térmico urbano foram estudados e/ou desenvolvidos, e outra indutiva, na qual os modelos encontrados foram aplicados a um estudo de caso, com o objetivo de avaliar a relação entre os resultados ambientais e a ocupação da área. Neste processo, foram utilizados modelos analíticos, programas computacionais de simulação de fluidodinâmica e ferramentas de geoprocessamento. Os resultados obtidos levaram a uma refutação da hipótese, considerando-se que outras variáveis devem ser incorporadas ao planejamento urbano e às legislações de uso e ocupação do solo, caso se queira determinar de forma adequada o impacto de uma área na ambiência térmica. Foram propostas equações de regressão que relacionam a ocupação urbana com variáveis meteorológicas locais. Apesar da aplicabilidade limitada, tais equações podem ser utilizadas para gerar recomendações gerais de planejamento. O processo desenvolvido para obter as equações pode ser utilizado na avaliação comparativa de áreas urbanas e, com a incorporação de critérios de qualidade e metas, pode ser transformado em um procedimento para avaliação de desempenho urbano. / This paper deals with the urban climate, defined as the thermal environment of a limited area, generated by the interaction of the atmosphere and a city, which affects thermal comfort of pedestrians and energy consumption of buildings. The main objective is to develop an assessment methodology for the urban thermal environment, the results of which can support design and planning decisions in Brazilian cities. The hypothesis is that usual planning variables plot ratio, plan density index and setbacks suffice as means to describe urban occupation and to determine its thermal environment. The method consists in two phases: a deductive one, in which thermal simulation models were studied or developed, and a inductive one, in which the researched models were used to assess a study case. The assessment results were superposed with occupation parameters for the area, in order to determine correlations among environmental and occupation variables. During this process, the research included the use of analytical models, CFD simulation and GIS tools. The results did not corroborate the hypothesis. This lead to the conclusion that other variables must be incorporated to urban planning, in order to determine the impact of occupation on thermal environment. Regression equations were developed, relating occupation parameters and thermal and energetic variables. Even though their applications are limited, they may be used as a rule of thumb method for early design stages. The method developed for the obtaining of the equations may be used for evaluating comparatively different occupation proposals. If performance criteria are determined, the method may be transformed into a urban thermal performance assessment method.

La végétation influence le climat urbain de l'échelle de la rue à l'échelle de la ville. Les arbres de rue, en particulier, constituent une technique alternative à l'atténuation de l'îlot de chaleur urbain et à l'amélioration du confort thermique. Ils modifient les bilans radiatif et énergétique en interceptant et absorbant une partie du rayonnement solaire incident, créent de l'ombre, augmentent l'humidité relative de l'air par évapotranspiration et modifient également les écoulements d'air dans le canyon urbain. Le modèle TEB est un des rares modèles de climat urbain prenant en compte la végétation. Il intègre des paramétrisations dédiées à la végétation basse dans les canyons urbains et aux toitures végétalisées, et peut représenter les interactions de petite échelle entre les surfaces minéralisées, la végétation et l'atmosphère. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, une paramétrisation a été implémentée dans TEB pour modéliser les aspects radiatifs, énergétiques et aérauliques liés à la présence d'arbres de rue dans l'espace urbain. Une canopée arborée explicite a été intégrée dans le canyon urbain au-dessus de la chaussée et des jardins. Le modèle ISBA est utilisé pour représenter les strates haute et basse de la végétation. Les calculs radiatifs du modèle TEB ont été modifiés afin de prendre en compte les effets d'ombrage et d'atténuation du rayonnement solaire et IR liés à la présence de cette canopée, et les interactions IR entre l'ensemble des éléments urbains du canyon. Une évaluation du bilan radiatif a été réalisée grâce à une comparaison avec le modèle architectural d'ensoleillement à haute résolution SOLENE, sur la base de simulations de canyons urbains idéalisés et pour différentes configurations d'arbres de rue. Les flux d'énergie calculés par ISBA selon l'approche \textit{big leaf} ont ensuite été désagrégés entre les contributions de la végétation haute et basse. Les flux des arbres ont été redistribués sur la verticale de façon à modifier le microclimat à hauteur réaliste vis-à-vis de la position de la canopée arborée. Un effet de traînée lié à la présence de la canopée arborée a été intégré dans les équations de quantité de mouvement et d'énergie cinétique turbulente résolues par la paramétrisation de couche limite de surface de TEB pour le volume d'air au sein du canyon. Une évaluation en cas réel de cette nouvelle version du modèle a été conduite sur un site expérimental, à savoir une cour semi-fermée aménagée avec des arbres et où ont été collectées différentes variables microclimatiques. Les résultats montrent des améliorations considérables quant à la modélisation des températures de surface des murs et du sol, de la température de l'air sous la canopée arborée, et de la vitesse du vent. Ces implémentations visent à simuler de façon plus réaliste différentes stratégies d'adaptation par la végétalisation et d'évaluer leurs performances sur l'atténuation de l'îlot de chaleur urbain, le confort thermique, et la consommation d'énergie des bâtiments. / Vegetation influences the urban climate, from road to city scale. Street trees implementation is an alternative technic to reduce the urban heat island and to improve the thermal comfort. They modify the radiative and energetic balances by intercepting and absorbing a part of the solar radiation, provide shade, increase the humidity with evapotranspiration, and alter the air flow in the urban canyons. The TEB model is one the rare urban climate models taking into account vegetation. It integrates parameterizations dedicated to low vegetation and green roofs. It can represent the small-scale interactions between mineral surfaces, vegetation and the atmosphere. During this PhD thesis, a parameterization has been developed to model the radiative, energetic and dynamical effects of street and garden trees in urban spaces. An explicit tree canopy has been integrated into the urban canyon, above gardens but also streets. The ISBA vegetation scheme has been used, and included in TEB, to represent these vegetated entities (both low and high strata). The radiative computations of the TEB model have been improved in order to represent the shading and attenuation of radiation due to trees, as well as all the infra-red interactions between the urban elements. An evaluation of the radiative budget has been done thanks to a comparison with the high- resolution architectural model SOLENE, using numerous different urban canyons with several layouts of tree canopies. Then, the energy fluxes computed by ISBA have been dis- aggregated between contributions from high and low vegetation. Fluxes allocated to the trees have been redistributed on the vertical in order to alter the microclimate at realistic height, i.e. respecting the position of the tree crown. A specific drag force of trees on the airflow is simulated. An evaluation has been done on a real experimental site in a canyon-like courtyard with trees where several microclimatic data were collected. The results show an impressive improvement of the surface temperatures of walls and ground, air temperature and wind speed. In the future, these implementations will allow to simulate more realistically several adaptation strategies using greening at city scale, and to evaluate their efficiency in terms of urban heat island mitigation, improvement of human comfort and building energy consumption.

Submitted by Maike Costa (maiksebas@gmail.com) on 2017-06-09T13:53:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 6611581 bytes, checksum: c211426580c5968c831b220686a8f8f8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-09T13:53:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 6611581 bytes, checksum: c211426580c5968c831b220686a8f8f8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-30 / The microclimate consequences of a particular place to demonstrate that he as urban growth and exploitation of natural resources are increasing unfortunately. The weather is the most important component in maintaining the ecological balance. And his study becomes complex due to the various facets that involve him, turning indispensable interdisciplinary study, it could help in the reduction and / or more efficient solution of the urban problems. Studies of this order become relevant to planning and environmental management, which arouses interest for research on the thermal field of urban areas. The problem of this research is related to concern about anthropogenic implications on the local microclimate. It is known that human actions on the microclimate and the lack of proper planning of a particular place, can contribute to the thermal discomfort of users and demand higher energy costs. The present search, has as main objective to analyze the field thermal the Campus IVUFPB, located in the city of Rio Tinto-PB. In this case, seeks if relate the anthropogenic actions with the main thermal problems, detected on site. To obtain microclimate data, were installed in similar (which takes into account the type of soil cover, in this case, coating in cementitious composition) points, measuring equipment, in six points within the campus IV- UFPB, in dry season (from March 04 to April 7, 2015) and during the rainy season (from 09 June to 13 July 2015), totalizing 35 days in each measurement period. From the analysis and management of the data obtained, the presence of heat islands was detected within the study area as well as the rise in temperature in places with low circulation of winds and decreased moisture and the low individuals presence of arboreal. The results allowed the elaboration of suggestions with proposed thermal environmental, as; the ceramic roof replacement, in the hottest areas for green cover; replacing paving stones and interlocked block, per tread grass, that provide the minimization of thermal effects identified in the Campus IV-UFPB. With this, this research, can to corroborate to reveal the adverse effects of the anthropogenic actions that provoke microclimatic modifications in the thermal field of Campus IV-UFPB, making a relation with its urban components. / As consequências microclimáticas de um determinado local demonstram o quão desastrosamente o crescimento urbano e a exploração dos recursos naturais vêm aumentando. O clima é o componente mais importante na manutenção do equilíbrio ecológico. E seu estudo se torna complexo devido às diversas facetas que o envolvem, tornando imprescindível o estudo interdisciplinar que pode auxiliar, na diminuição e/ou solução mais eficiente das problemáticas do meio urbano. Estudos dessa ordem se tornam relevantes para o ordenamento e a gestão ambiental, o que desperta interesse para pesquisas sobre o campo térmico de áreas urbanas. A problemática desta pesquisa está relacionada com a preocupação sobre as implicações antrópicas sobre o microclima local. Sabe-se que as ações antrópicas sobre o microclima e a falta de planejamento adequado de um determinado local, podem contribuir para o desconforto térmico dos usuários e demandar maiores custos energéticos. A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo geral analisar o campo térmico do Campus IV-UFPB, localizado na cidade de Rio Tinto-PB. Nesse caso procura-se relacionar as ações antropogênicas com as principais problemáticas térmicas, detectadas no local. Para a obtenção de dados microclimáticos, foram instalados, em pontos semelhantes (que levam em consideração o tipo de recobrimento do solo, neste caso, revestimento de composição cimentícia), equipamentos de medição, em seis pontos dentro do campus IV-UFPB, no período seco (de 04 de Março a 07 de Abril de 2015) e no período chuvoso (de 09 de Junho a 13 de Julho de 2015), somando-se 35 dias em cada período de medição. A partir da análise e ordenamento dos dados coletados, ficou constatada a presença de ilhas de calor dentro da área de estudo, bem como o aumento de temperatura em locais com pouca circulação dos ventos e a diminuição da umidade em locais com pouca presença de indivíduos arbóreos. A análise dos resultados permitiu elaborar sugestões com propostas termo ambientais do tipo, substituição de telhado cerâmico, nas áreas mais quentes, por telhado verde extensivo; a substituição de paralelepípedos e blocos intertravados, por piso grama que proporcionem a minimização dos efeitos térmicos identificados, no Campus IV-UFPB. Com isso, esta pesquisa, pode vir a corroborar no desvendar dos efeitos adversos das ações antropogênicas, que provocam alterações microclimáticas no campo térmico do Campus IV-UFPB, fazendo uma relação com seus componentes urbanos.

Cette étude s’inscrit dans le cadre du projet "ANR-Villes Durables VegDUD : Rôle du végétal dans le développement urbain durable ; une approche par les enjeux liés à la climatologie, l’hydrologie, la maîtrise de l’énergie et les ambiances" (2010-2013). Elle traite de la modélisation et de l’expérimentation de toitures et de façades végétales, en vue de l’évaluation de leurs impacts hygrothermiques sur les bâtiments et sur les microclimats urbains. Un modèle physique a été développé pour décrire les mécanismes de transferts couplés de chaleur et de masse au sein de la paroi végétale. L’implémentation de ce modèle dans un code de simulation thermique dynamique permet de prédire l’impact de la végétalisation sur la performance énergétique des bâtiments. L’extension de cette démarche à l’échelle d’une rue-canyon permet d’inclure l’interaction microclimatique dans la simulation thermohydrique des bâtiments. Sur le plan expérimental, une maquette reconstituant une scène urbaine est mise en place pour étudier l’impact de différentes typologies de parois végétales dans plusieurs configurations microclimatiques. La confrontation des résultats expérimentaux et ceux issus de la modélisation numérique a été entreprise à l’échelle du système constitué du bâtiment et du microclimat urbain environnant. Pour cela, l’étude du comportement d’un bâtiment et d’une rue végétalisés par rapport au comportement du même bâtiment et d’une rue témoins a permis d’évaluer l’incidence des transferts thermiques, hygrométriques et radiatifs de la végétalisation. Ceci a permis d’entreprendre la validation des outils de prédiction numérique développés. Les résultats de l’étude montrent que les transferts thermiques et hydriques sont fortement couplés et que le comportement thermique des parois végétales est tributaire de l’état hydrique du substrat de culture. Pour l’été comme pour l’hiver, les simulations numériques et les données expérimentales montrent que la végétalisation permet d’améliorer la performance énergétique des bâtiments et de réduire les îlots de chaleur urbains. / This study was conducted in the framework of the National Program "ANR-VegDUD Project : Role of vegetation in sustainable urban development, an approach related to climatology, hydrology, energy management and environments" (2010 -2013). It deals with the experimental and numerical modeling of green roofs and green facades to evaluate their thermohydric effects on buildings and urban microclimates. A physical model describing the thermal and water transfer mechanisms within the vegetated building envelopes has been developed. The model’s program has been implemented in a building simulation program. Using this tool, we are able to predict the impact of green roofs and green facades on building energy performance. This approach is extended to the street canyon in order to assess the microclimatic interaction in building simulation. An experimental mockup modeling an urban scene at reduced scale is designed to study the impact of different types of green roofs and walls. The comparison of the measurements carried out on vegetated buildings and streets with the reference highlights the hygrothermal and radiative impacts of vegetated buildings envelopes. In addition, these experimental data are used to verify and validate the reliability of developed tools. The results show that thermal and water transfers are strongly coupled. Hence, the thermal behavior of green roofs and green walls depend on the water availability within the growing medium. In summer and winter, measurements and numerical simulations show that green envelopes improve the energy efficiency of buildings and reduce the urban heat island.