A copresença corresponde ao conjunto de pessoas que compartilham um espaço comum - não necessariamente interagindo entre si - e o seu estudo procura entender como o espaço que as permeia interfere na maneira como elas se movem, param, encontram outras pessoas e tem seu comportamento regulado pela presença de outros. O objetivo geral desta pesquisa foi, portanto, explicar os padrões da copresença em ruas a partir de seus atributos espaciais, buscando, especificamente, identificá-los e hierarquizá-los. Para isso, o fenômeno foi abordado a partir da análise dos padrões espaciais estabelecidos em segmentos de rua de loteamentos residenciais dispersos de cidades médias brasileiras, fazendo uso da análise configuracional da forma urbana – especificamente sintaxe espacial – e das diferenciações espaciais promovidas pelas atividades urbanas e pela permeabilidade física e visual entre espaços públicos e privados. Tinha-se como questão de pesquisa: quais as características espaciais influentes para a copresença em espaços públicos de loteamentos residenciais dispersos? A hipótese era que a copresença, nesse contexto sócio-espacial, seria influenciada, sobretudo, pelos atributos morfológicos configuracionais, os quais informam os potenciais de encontro social no sistema espacial da cidade Foram analisados dois loteamentos residenciais dispersos na cidade de Santa Maria (RS), com características espaciais diferenciadas e padrões de copresença próprios. A metodologia utilizada teve enfoque quantitativo, sendo utilizados modelos de regressão linear generalizados (MLGs) para inferência das relações entre as variáveis independentes e cada variável dependente, no caso, a copresença categorizada em pedestres parados e em movimento, em dias típicos (terças, quartas e quintasfeiras) e atípicos (domingos). Os atributos morfológicos configuracionais tiveram significância estatística para quase todos os modelos de regressão, validando a hipótese para o loteamento 1. No loteamento 2, a copresença foi melhor explicada pelas atividades urbanas. Os resultados referentes à permeabilidade física e visual mostraram-se inconclusivos em ambas as áreas de estudo. / Co-presence corresponds to the group of people who share a common space - not necessarily interacting with each other - and its study aims to understand how the space that permeates them interferes in the way they move, stop, find other people and have their behavior regulated by the presence of others. The main objective of this research was therefore to explain the patterns of copresence in streets from their spatial attributes, specifically seeking to identify them and to hierarchize them. The approach of the phenomenon was quantitative and based on the analysis of spatial patterns established in street segments of dispersed residential neighborhoods of Brazilian medium-sized cities, making use of configurational analysis of urban form - specifically space syntax - and spatial differentiation generated by urban activities and by physical and visual permeability between public and private spaces. The research question was: which spatial characteristics influence co-presence in public spaces of dispersed residential neighborhoods? The hypothesis was that co-presence would be influenced mainly by the configurational morphological attributes, which inform the potential of social encounter in the city's spatial system Two dispersed residential neighborhoods with different spatial characteristics and unique co-presence patterns were analyzed in Santa Maria city (RS). The methodology used generalized linear models (GLMs) to infer relations between the independent variables and each dependent variable: in this case, the co-presence categories of stationary and moving pedestrians on typical days (Tuesdays, Wednesdays and Thursdays) and atypical days (Sundays). The configurational morphological attributes had statistical significance for almost all regression models, validating the hypothesis for neighborhood 1. In neighborhood 2, co-presence was mainly explained by urban activities. The results regarding physical and visual permeability were inconclusive for both study areas.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T13:56:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JoaoBCJ_TESE.pdf: 6737627 bytes, checksum: 54ccdbaf20043e5b352ae0dd8029e04b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-24 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The aim of this work is to understand the morphological expression of ground occupation by the higher income population, by focusing on population distribution in accordance with income layers and demographical density, as well as topological accessibility (HILLIER and HANSON, 1984) resulting from the urban grid structure. It endeavors to identify a functional organizing principle regarding the intra-urban space of Natal capital city of the state of Rio Grande do Norte, the research focus. In order to achieve this, census data as well as syntactic data were utilized for mapping and spatial analysis of income patterns, topological accessibility and demographical density using Geographical Information System GIS. The organizing principle was named as the Form of Privilege, a pattern that concentrates or tends to concentrate wealth, topological accessibility and low demographical density. Attempting to assess its extent, beyond Natal, this principle was applied to other Brazilian northeastern capitals such as: Fortaleza, CE; Teresina, PI; Aracaju, SE; Recife, PE; and Jo?o Pessoa, PB. Findings point out that although the urban structures of these cities are not immune to the Form of Privilege, Natal is emblematic of this phenomenon, a fact that demonstrates the perverse character of its spatial process, which historically creates privileged areas within the city, by means of the appropriation of accessibility as well as of the many urban benesses that are related to it by higher income groups at the expense of the major part of the population, which though being the people mostly in need of the benefits originating from the urban form are excluded from them / Este trabalho tem como objetivo compreender a express?o morfol?gica da ocupa??o do solo pelas camadas de alta renda a partir dos padr?es de distribui??o da popula??o segundo faixas de renda, densidade demogr?fica e acessibilidade topol?gica (HILLIER e HANSON, 1984) resultante da estrutura da malha urbana de Natal capital do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte e universo de estudo da presente pesquisa , buscando na rela??o entre esses padr?es, identificar um princ?pio organizador do funcionamento do espa?o intra-urbano. Para tanto, foram utilizados dados censit?rios e sint?ticos no mapeamento e an?lises espaciais dos padr?es da renda, acessibilidade topol?gica e densidade demogr?fica em Sistemas de Informa??o Geogr?fica SIG. Ao princ?pio organizador deu-se o nome de A Forma do Privil?gio: uma determinada forma que concentra ou tende a concentrar riqueza, acessibilidade topol?gica e baixa densidade demogr?fica. Com o objetivo de testar seu alcance, al?m de Natal-RN, observou-se esse princ?pio em outras capitais nordestinas: Fortaleza-CE, Teresina-PI, Aracaju-SE, Recife-PE e Jo?o Pessoa-PB. Os resultados apontam que suas estruturas urbanas n?o s?o indiferentes ao princ?pio da Forma do Privil?gio, no entanto, Natal ? exemplo emblem?tico da Forma do Privil?gio, fato que demonstra o car?ter perverso de seus processos espaciais, que ao criarem historicamente uma ?rea privilegiada na cidade, marcada pela apropria??o da acessibilidade topol?gica pelas camadas de alta renda, ao mesmo tempo e pelo mesmo processo, excluem a maior parte da popula??o, exatamente aquela que mais necessita dos frutos e benef?cios oriundos da forma urbana

A copresença corresponde ao conjunto de pessoas que compartilham um espaço comum - não necessariamente interagindo entre si - e o seu estudo procura entender como o espaço que as permeia interfere na maneira como elas se movem, param, encontram outras pessoas e tem seu comportamento regulado pela presença de outros. O objetivo geral desta pesquisa foi, portanto, explicar os padrões da copresença em ruas a partir de seus atributos espaciais, buscando, especificamente, identificá-los e hierarquizá-los. Para isso, o fenômeno foi abordado a partir da análise dos padrões espaciais estabelecidos em segmentos de rua de loteamentos residenciais dispersos de cidades médias brasileiras, fazendo uso da análise configuracional da forma urbana – especificamente sintaxe espacial – e das diferenciações espaciais promovidas pelas atividades urbanas e pela permeabilidade física e visual entre espaços públicos e privados. Tinha-se como questão de pesquisa: quais as características espaciais influentes para a copresença em espaços públicos de loteamentos residenciais dispersos? A hipótese era que a copresença, nesse contexto sócio-espacial, seria influenciada, sobretudo, pelos atributos morfológicos configuracionais, os quais informam os potenciais de encontro social no sistema espacial da cidade Foram analisados dois loteamentos residenciais dispersos na cidade de Santa Maria (RS), com características espaciais diferenciadas e padrões de copresença próprios. A metodologia utilizada teve enfoque quantitativo, sendo utilizados modelos de regressão linear generalizados (MLGs) para inferência das relações entre as variáveis independentes e cada variável dependente, no caso, a copresença categorizada em pedestres parados e em movimento, em dias típicos (terças, quartas e quintasfeiras) e atípicos (domingos). Os atributos morfológicos configuracionais tiveram significância estatística para quase todos os modelos de regressão, validando a hipótese para o loteamento 1. No loteamento 2, a copresença foi melhor explicada pelas atividades urbanas. Os resultados referentes à permeabilidade física e visual mostraram-se inconclusivos em ambas as áreas de estudo. / Co-presence corresponds to the group of people who share a common space - not necessarily interacting with each other - and its study aims to understand how the space that permeates them interferes in the way they move, stop, find other people and have their behavior regulated by the presence of others. The main objective of this research was therefore to explain the patterns of copresence in streets from their spatial attributes, specifically seeking to identify them and to hierarchize them. The approach of the phenomenon was quantitative and based on the analysis of spatial patterns established in street segments of dispersed residential neighborhoods of Brazilian medium-sized cities, making use of configurational analysis of urban form - specifically space syntax - and spatial differentiation generated by urban activities and by physical and visual permeability between public and private spaces. The research question was: which spatial characteristics influence co-presence in public spaces of dispersed residential neighborhoods? The hypothesis was that co-presence would be influenced mainly by the configurational morphological attributes, which inform the potential of social encounter in the city's spatial system Two dispersed residential neighborhoods with different spatial characteristics and unique co-presence patterns were analyzed in Santa Maria city (RS). The methodology used generalized linear models (GLMs) to infer relations between the independent variables and each dependent variable: in this case, the co-presence categories of stationary and moving pedestrians on typical days (Tuesdays, Wednesdays and Thursdays) and atypical days (Sundays). The configurational morphological attributes had statistical significance for almost all regression models, validating the hypothesis for neighborhood 1. In neighborhood 2, co-presence was mainly explained by urban activities. The results regarding physical and visual permeability were inconclusive for both study areas.

abstract: Literature on the design and management of urban parks has been informed by empirical research on the value of public space in terms of economic value, public health, social, and environmental benefits. Although there is significant value in discussing these benefits, there has been a lack of understanding about the production of public space as a normative goal. Neighborhood parks have been recognized as one of the key urban public spaces that serve the social, economic, and environmental needs of adjacent neighborhoods. However, relevant studies mostly focus on the contribution of neighborhood parks as discrete space, instead of neighborhood parks as built spaces within the urban context. This research provides a better understanding of the relationship between the context of surrounding neighborhoods and the success of neighborhood parks. The research addresses two major research questions. First, what are the major characteristics of the morphological context around neighborhood parks? Second, how do the characteristics of morphological context associate with the success of neighborhood parks? For the first question, the `context' refers to the layout and configuration of urban form including blocks, parcels, and buildings; street network; pedestrian-oriented attributes; and property land uses. For the second question, the `success' of neighborhood parks is defined by property/ violent crime rate. The study is based on a quarter mile buffer area around 150 neighborhood parks in the City of Chicago, Illinois. The research employed factor and cluster analysis to develop a typology of neighborhood park contexts. Multiple regression analysis was conducted to identify the relationship between park morphological contexts and crime rate. Based on understanding the dimensional structure of urban form elements, neighborhood park surroundings were classified into six categories. This study provided an alternative way of constructing public space typology based on surrounding urban form. The findings of regression analysis revealed that variables associated with higher-density, permeability, and mixed-use development do not necessarily correlate with reduced property/ violent crime rates. However, some variables representing `traditional neighborhood' characteristics were correlated with lower property/ violent crime rates. The study provides guidelines for urban design and physical planning strategies for neighborhood park development. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Environmental Design and Planning 2013

Este trabalho analisa um setor urbano de São Paulo que é formado pelo anel de bairros que envolve o núcleo central da cidade. Seu objetivo é identificar como a espacialidade dos bairros centrais foi definida e para isso foram investigados os agentes e fenômenos que regeram a formação desse setor urbano e como se assemelharam ou diferenciaram dentro do processo de urbanização da cidade. Foram focalizados três distritos em particular, o Brás, o Bom Retiro e o Parí, que reúnem uma série de bairros cuja estruturação reporta a própria estruturação da cidade. Buscou-se compreender as condicionantes que definiram as características da morfologia urbana dos bairros mencionados e as mudanças ocorridas nessas áreas, que se constituíram no primeiro locus da industrialização da cidade, e que também abrigaram funções habitacionais e comerciais diversificadas. A análise aborda a implantação da infra-estrutura de transportes na cidade, considerando-a junto com a normatização do uso do solo, as principais componentes da estruturação espacial dos bairros centrais até a década de 1940. A partir desse período, outros processos interferiram no arranjo desse setor urbano, provocando ao mesmo tempo, a permanência das suas características morfológicas e funcionais e uma crescente sub-utilização para fins habitacionais. O trabalho foi organizado em três escalas de abrangência para o estudo das questões relativas ao tema: . Escala da cidade envolvendo a macro-configuração, a estruturação dos bairros centrais e as interfaces existentes no arranjo intra-urbano entre os bairros e entre o núcleo central. Relação das políticas públicas com os aspectos ligados à infra-estrutura, ao parcelamento e à edificação. Análise das características funcionais e morfológicas gerais e tendências recentes de transformação. . Escala dos bairros caracterização dos bairros centrais presentes nos distritos Brás, Bom Retiro e Parí. Delimitação dos setores e sub-setores, estudo das características funcionais e morfológicas. Planos e projetos incidentes e articulação com as propostas de requalificação física-ambiental. . Escala local estudo de alternativas e cenários para o desenho urbano local, relacionando as propostas urbanísticas formuladas para essas áreas e hipóteses de desenho urbano para espaços nesses bairros. / This work analyses an urban sector of São Paulo that is formed by a ring of boroughs that surround the city centre. Its aim is to identify how the area of the inner city boroughs was defined and in order to that we investigated the agents and phenomena that governed the formation of this inner city sector and how it differeciated itself within the city urbanization process. Three boroughs in particular were focused on, Brás, Bom Retiro and Parí, that gather together a series of neighbourhoods whose structures relate to the structure of the city. We sought to understand the conditions that define the characteristics of the urban morphology of the above mentioned boroughs and the changes taken place in these areas, that constitute the first locus of the industrialization of the city and housing and commercial diversities as well. The analysis deals with the introduction of the infrastructure of the city transport system, considering it together with the restoration of land use, the principle components of the structure space of central neighbourhoods up until de 1940´s. From this period on, other processes interfered with the arrangement of this urban sector, causing at the same time, the unchanging morphological characteristics and functions and a growing under-use for housing means. The work was organized into three scales of understanding for the study of the questions relative to the theme: . City scale involving the macro-configuration, the structure of the central neighbourhoods and the existing interfaces on the infrastructure arrangement between the boroughs and the city centre. The relation of public policies with aspects linked to de infrastructure, the partitioning and the buildings. Analyses of the functional characteristics and general morphologicals and recent transformation tendencies. . Neighbourhoods scale characterization of the central neighbourhoods present in the Brás, Bom Retiro and Parí. Outlining boundries of the sectors and subsectors, study the functional and morphological traits. Planning and design incidents and connetions with the environment requalification proposals. . Local scale study of alternatives and settings for local urban desing, relating to the urban proposals put forward for these areas and possibilities of urban design for spaces in these neighbourhoods.

Esta tese de doutorado tem por objetivo estudar a forma urbana atual de Ouro Preto e verificar a influência da morfologia urbana colonial como modelo para as novas ocupações - hipótese defendida nesta pesquisa. Para tanto, partimos da aproximação da configuração da antiga Vila Rica, no período compreendido entre o século XVIII e o início do século XIX, pois o estudo sistemático da morfologia colonial fundamenta a forma urbana original de Ouro Preto e subsidia os argumentos seguintes. A seguir, analisamos a configuração de Ouro Preto, entre o início do Império e o fim da Primeira República, para identificar as alterações da forma urbana colonial, relativizar a decadência atribuída para a cidade, nesse período, e caracterizar a cidade tombada pelo IPHAN, em 1938. Por fim, concluindo o percurso da evolução urbana de Ouro Preto, apresentamos a configuração da cidade, entre 1930 e 2006, do início da Era Vargas à publicação do Plano Diretor da cidade (Lei complementar nº 29/2006). Identificamos as transformações ocorridas no tecido urbano investigado anteriormente, as novas ocupações dentro do perímetro de tombamento do IPHAN e a influência da morfologia colonial como modelo para as novas ocupações, processos observados a partir de meados do século XX. Assim, esta pesquisa busca aprofundar a história urbana de Ouro Preto, cooperar para o entendimento de sua formação e abordar a história de seu sistema urbano, nos últimos sessenta anos. Com isso, almejamos contribuir para a compreensão do conjunto da história da urbanização, tendo Ouro Preto como exemplo. / This doctoral thesis studies the current urban morphology of Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, by checking the influence of the colonial urban morphology as a reference to its new settlements - hypothesis of this research. First this study analyzes the urban setting of the old Vila Rica from the 18th century to early 19th century: studies of colonial urban morphology have supported the arguments presented in the following chapters. Next, the urban setting of Ouro Preto between the beginning of the Portuguese monarchy and the end of the First Republic in Brazil was analyzed to check the changes in the colonial urban morphology in order to answer a question about the decline of Ouro Preto in the 19th century and to describe the city\'s protected heritage by the Federal Heritage Preservation Institute (IPHAN). Finally, the current urban morphology of Ouro Preto established between 1930 and 2006, i.e., from early Getúlio Vargas\' mandate to Ouro Preto\'s master plan of 2006, was analyzed because it has been observed that, since mid-twentieth century, old urban settings in settlements inside a protected area have undergone changes.

Submitted by Irene Nascimento (irene.kessia@ufpe.br) on 2016-10-18T18:28:34Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO - CRESCIMENTO URBANO VERSUS URBANIDADE - ANDRÉ GUSTAVO OLIVEIRA - CD.pdf: 8223644 bytes, checksum: c3dd9e497b80d9bd4b919343abef5f0a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-18T18:28:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO - CRESCIMENTO URBANO VERSUS URBANIDADE - ANDRÉ GUSTAVO OLIVEIRA - CD.pdf: 8223644 bytes, checksum: c3dd9e497b80d9bd4b919343abef5f0a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-13 / A cidade contemporânea cresce de modo cada vez mais dinâmico e multifacetado. O confronto de interesses na produção do espaço promove problemas sociais e espaciais diversos. Para o desenvolvimento urbano e social adequado, torna-se necessário avançar em estudos sobre os agentes, ações e suas consequências. Enquanto as metrópoles apresentam situações espaciais precárias e de baixa urbanidade, o ônus destas estruturas à funcionalidade e qualidade de vida induz, em parte, ao crescimento acelerado de cidades médias, as quais, sem devido controle, reproduzem a problemática das metrópoles. Neste contexto, aborda-se aqui a cidade de Caruaru, localizada na região Agreste do Estado de Pernambuco, que, com uma população urbana superior a 300.000 habitantes, figura como a maior cidade do interior do Estado fora da Região Metropolitana do Recife, e se destaca por seus elevados índices de crescimento. Tendo como foco a análise espacial da cidade e seus desdobramentos a apropriação social, se utiliza aqui principalmente da Teoria da Sintaxe Espacial, desenvolvida por Hillier e Hanson (1984). Após contextualização quanto à constituição espacial da cidade de Caruaru, propõe-se a análise de seu processo de crescimento, tomando como referência do ano de 2004, em que foi aprovado seu atual Plano Diretor, a 2015, situação atual. A análise da expansão, desde 2004, sugere problemas dos instrumentos de planejamento urbano então vigentes, que, caso não sejam revistos, podem se agravar com o tempo. Para evidenciar tal hipótese, foram simuladas situações de crescimento urbano, seguindo padrões correntes de crescimento. / The contemporary city grows increasingly dynamic and multifaceted way. The clash of interests in the production of space promotes various social and spatial problems. For an urban development and adequate social, it is necessary to advance in studies about the agents, actions and their consequences. While the major cities presents precarious spatial situations and low urbanity, the burden of these structures to the functionality and quality of life induces in part to the rapid growth of medium-sized cities, which, without proper control, reproduce the problems of cities. In this context, we discuss here the city of Caruaru, located in the Agreste region of Pernambuco, which, with a higher urban population of 300,000 inhabitants, stands as the largest city in the state outside the metropolitan area of Recife, and It stands out for its high growth rates. Focusing on the spatial analysis of the city and its development, the social appropriation is used here mainly of the Theory of Space Syntax, developed by Hillier and Hanson (1984). After contextualization about the spatial constitution of the city of Caruaru, it proposes the analysis of its growth process, taking as reference the year 2004, which was adopted its current Master Plan, to the 2015 current situation. The analysis of expansion since 2004 suggests problems of urban planning instruments then in force, which, if not revised, may worsen with time. To demonstrate this hypothesis, urban growth situations were simulated, following current growth patterns.

Qualidade de vida é um tema complexo e tem sido estudado pelas mais diversas áreas do conhecimento. O tema qualidade de vida envolve questões multidisciplinares apresentadas por meio de perspectivas diferenciadas, de acordo com a relevância do momento histórico, das condições sociais, bem como da ideologia dominante a partir dos objetivos propostos. No presente estudo, a qualidade de vida foi analisada nos territórios de Barueri e Osasco, por meio da satisfação das necessidades consideradas básicas, que visam garantir à população o pleno desenvolvimento físico, mental e social. A partir da caracterização da qualidade de vida urbana, tentou-se identificar modelos para interpretação/identificação de morfologia urbana. Para isso, foram adotados critérios baseados nos modelos clássicos de morfologia urbana, para se chegar ao resultado apresentado no fim da pesquisa. Além disso, foi utilizada a cidade de Estrasburgo na França para se fazer um contraponto entre as cidades brasileiras e a europeia, com relação à qualidade de vida e os critérios de análise. / The quality of urban life has been studied in many areas of academic specialization and is a complex theme. The subject\'s quality of life involves multi-disciplinary questions presented with different perspectives, according to the relevance of the historical moment, social conditions, as well as the dominant ideology shaping the objectives in question. In the present study the approach adopted is focused on the satisfaction of the basics needs of the population, in order to guarantee complete physical, mental and social development. The characterization of quality of urban life will be created some models for identification and interpretation of urban morphology. For this, it was adopted criterias based in the classic models of urban morphology to reach in the result presented in the end of the research. Beside this, it was used Strasbourg in France to make a counterpoint between the Brazilian cities and the European one in terms of quality of life and the analysis criterias.

Examensarbetets huvudsakliga syfte har varit att undersöka hur stora omvandlingsprojekt påverkar en stadsmiljös karaktär. Detta har utförts genom en fallstudie av Uppsala, en stad i en av den mest expansiva tillväxtområdena i Europa. Det tillhör ett av regeringens prioriterade områden i satsningen på hållbara stadsdelar och städer. Ytterligare faktorer som undersökts har varit att studera planerade och pågående projekts kumulativa effekter på Uppsalas stadsmiljö och hur huruvida dessa förändringar är förenliga med kommunens styrande dokument.    Urbanmorfologisk teori har använts för att undersöka hur staden växt historiskt, primärt från 1800-talet och framåt. Det har även använts för att hitta fördjupningsområden för mer djupgående urbanmorfologiska analyser. Teorin har kompletterats med en dokumentstudie över relevanta dokument rörande Uppsala, såsom översiktsplaner samt kommunens innerstadsstrategi och arkitekturpolicy. Tre områden valdes ut för mer finmaskiga analyser utifrån dokumentstudien och den mer lågupplösta analysen av Uppsalas centrala delar. Två av dessa områden är ursprungligen industriområden i olika skeden av omvandling och det tredje är ett centralt område i närheten av många viktiga funktioner. Beståndsdelar som kvarter, fastigheter, byggnader, gator, gaturum och öppna ytor undersöktes. Tillsammans med aktuella planer och program gjordes slutsatser gällande de specifika områdenas framtida karaktär och struktur. Det gjordes sedan en undersökning huruvida undersökningsområdenas planer var förenliga med kommunens styrande dokument och hur omvandlingen av dessa områden påverkar Uppsalas stadsmiljö i sin helhet. Omvandlingsområdena var till stor del förenliga med kommunens innerstadsstrategi. Flest skiljaktigheter återfanns mellan fördjupningsområdet Främre Boländerna och kommunens arkitekturpolicy avseende kärnbegrepp som sammanhang, skala och befintliga värden. Projektens kumulativa effekter på Uppsalas stadsmiljö bedömdes leda till ökad homogenitet i gaturum, utbredning av rutnätsstruktur, högre byggnadsvolymer och bebyggelse från 1950- till 1970-tal som får göra plats för nya byggnader. Det erhållna resultatet avseende hur en stadsmiljös karaktär påverkas av storskaliga omvandlingsprojekts är att den befintliga karaktären ofta riskerar att gå förlorad. Detta till följd av att få beståndsdelar av urban form bevaras då de sällan är förenliga med syftet av omvandlingen eller rådande stadsbyggnadsideal.    För att bli bättre på att bevara stadsmiljön och karaktären av områden rekommenderas mer holistiska analyser utifrån urbanmorfologisk teori. På så vis kan en plats unika drag identifieras och vidareutvecklas istället för att främst omvandlas utifrån rådande stadsideal. / The main purpose of this master thesis has been to investigate how large redevelopment projects affect the character of an urban environment. This has been carried out through a case study of Uppsala, a city in one of the most expansive growth areas in Europe. It also belongs to one of the government's prioritized areas in the investment in sustainable districts and cities. Additional factors that have been investigated has been to study the cumulative effects of planned and ongoing projects on Uppsala's urban environment and whether these changes are compatible with the municipality's governing documents. Urban morphological theory has been used to investigate how the city has grown historically, primarily from the 19th century and onwards. It has also been used to find focus areas for more in-depth urban morphological analyzes. The theory has been complemented with a document study of relevant documents regarding Uppsala, such as general plans and the municipality's inner-city strategy and architectural policy. Three areas were selected for finer-mesh analyzes based on the document study and the lower-resolution analysis of Uppsala's central parts. Two of these areas are historically industrial areas at different stages of transformation and the third is a central area close to many important city functions. Components such as blocks, properties, buildings, streets, street spaces and open spaces were examined. Together with current plans and programs, conclusions were drawn regarding the future character and structure of the specific areas. An investigation was then carried out as to whether the investigated areas' plans were compatible with the municipality's governing documents and how the transformation of these areas affects Uppsala's urban environment as a whole. The focus areas were largely in line with the municipality's inner-city strategy. The biggest discrepancies were found between the area Främre Boländerna and the municipality's architectural policy regarding concepts such as context, scale and existing values. The projects' cumulative effects on Uppsala's urban environment were concluded to lead to increased homogeneity in street spaces, increased implementation of the grid street plan, taller building volumes and the replacement of buildings from the 1950s to the 1970s in favor of new buildings. The obtained result regarding how the character of an urban environment is affected by large-scale conversion projects is that the existing character is often at risk of being lost. This due to few elements of urban form being preserved as they seldom are compatible with the intention of the transformation or the current urban planning trend. To become better at preserving the urban environment and the character of areas, more holistic analyzes based on urban morphological theory are recommended. In this way, a place's unique features can be identified and be further developed instead of being transformed based primarily on the current urban trend.

Courtyard is an architectural element which has a rather paradoxical definition. It is an open space inside and/or surrounded by the buildings. Traditionally, courtyard is an outdoor element inside the enclosed building. In the urban context of European or Western cities, courtyards are part of the perimeter block. Courtyards in an urban context are meant to be space to retreat from the outside and only use among the residents. But the evolution of urban form in the 20th century had changed the form & appearance of courtyards from its originality as well. Stockholm has resembled a similar evolution of courtyards with the rest of Western cities. Therefore this research conducted a study of the relation between courtyards form, activities, and economic (wealth) status in Stockholm. This study focused on the development of the courtyard after the beginning of the 20th century in the North-Eastern part of Stockholm city, Ladugårdsgärdet and Norra Djurgårdsstaden. The site is one of the last largest Stockholm city urban developments between 20th Century up to the present time. The study identified 9 types of courtyards developed in an overlapped time period from the beginning of the 20th Century until the present year. The observation findings showed that size, form & appearance, neighbourhood park, weather, privacy, and regulation affect the use of courtyards. Block development seems to regain influenced of perimeter block approach after the 1970s. The economic relation between residents and courtyards did not reflect any significant pattern due to the complex and varies the financial structure of the housing association (Bostadrättsförening / Brf). The terminology of courtyards’ form remains ambiguous but the field of study in this specific open space between buildings are open up. What is the purpose of the courtyard? Do courtyards essential for housing? How can it contribute different or better to the urban society of Stockholm and in general?