abstract: Peri-urbanization is a process in which previously rural areas on the outskirts of established cities become more urban in character. This process is of great significance in China, because peri-urbanization is often manufacturing and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) driven. After witnessing the dramatic development of the Eastern Coastal Region from the mid-1980s, China recently changed its regional development focus to interior regions to pursue more spatial equity within the nation. Wuhan, as the most populous city in central China, is experiencing significant peri-urbanization. The thesis focuses on Dongxihu District, a representative peri-urban area in Wuhan Municipality. To explore peri-urbanization in Dongxihu, this study first documents the metrics of ongoing peri-urbanization in the District from land use, economic, demographic and institutional perspectives. Causality is explored by relating peri-urban outcomes to drivers within the framework of research questions, namely: (i) What is driving peri-urban change in Dongxihu? (ii) Which drivers of peri-urbanization in the District are most important? (iii) How can Dong Xi Hu's peri-urbanization process and outcomes best be characterized? and (iv) What policy implications can be drawn from Dong Xi Hu's peri-urbanization experience? The primary conclusion is that Dongxihu's peri-urbanization is primarily manufacturing driven, resembling previous first generation peri-urbanization on the coast more than the more diverse peri-urban outcomes now emerging in wealthy coastal metropolitan areas, e.g., Shanghai. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Urban and Environmental Planning 2016

Les alkylphénols (AP) et les phtalates (ou esters d'acide phtalique - PAE) sont classés comme perturbateurs endocriniens. En effet, malgré un nombre relativement faible d'études, certaines informations laissent supposer que les phtalates pourraient avoir un effet négatif sur la reproduction chez l'homme (Bocken, 2001). Récemment, Bergé et al.(2014) ont étudié les concentrations des alkylphénols et des phtalates dans les eaux usées à l'échelle de l'agglomération parisienne : un bassin fortement urbanisé, mais faiblement industrialisé. Ce type de bassin, avec 8,5 millions d'habitants et moins de 2 % des eaux usées provenant des industries, pourrait être utilisé pour modéliser le devenir de ces deux familles de composés dans les grandes villes situées dans les pays industrialisés. Il a été démontré qu'en termes de flux, les alkylphénols et les phtalates proviennent essentiellement des eaux usées domestiques et non des rejets industriels. En effet, plus de 95 % de la charge de ces polluants est issue des eaux usées domestiques (Bergé et al., 2014). Ce résultat est en accord avec celui d'Eriksson et al.(2003).Cependant, la contribution des différents types d'eaux composant les rejets domestiques à la pollution par les alkylphénols et phtalates n'est pas encore connue. Ces travaux de thèse ont donc permis de combler ce manque sur les concentrations de quatre phtalates (DEP, DnBP, BBP et DEHP) et de deux types d'alkylphénols (isomères du nonylphénol et octylphénol), parmi les congénères les plus couramment étudiés, dans les eaux grises et les eaux vannes. 165 échantillons d'eaux grises, repartie en six catégories (lave-linge, lave-vaisselle, vaisselle manuelle, nettoyage des sols, lavabo et douche) ainsi que 3 échantillons d'eaux vannes (toilettes) ont été collecté directement chez des particuliers. Pour ce faire, un protocole de prélèvement spécifique à chaque types d'eaux a été mis en place puis un appel à volontariat a été lancé dans la région francilienne. Pas moins de 79 foyers (76 pour les eaux grises et 3 pour les eaux vannes) ont participés à ses travaux permettant d'apporter une base de données solide sur les eaux grises franciliennes. De fortes disparités sont apparus entre les différentes types d'eaux grises. En effet, il en ressort très clairement que les eaux usées des douches et des lave-linges représentent à elles seules plus de 80 % flux en alkylphénols et en phtalates rejetées dans les eaux usées domestiques. Au vu de ces résultats, il a été décidé de recherché la pollution des alkylphénols et des phtalates encore plus en amont et de répondre à la question : d'où proviennent les AP et les PAE dans ces deux eaux grises. Pour ce faire, une décomposition des sources potentielles et une analyse séparée de chacune d'entre elles à permis de montrer des profils différents. En effet, d'après ces travaux les alkyphénols et le DnBP proviendrait en majorité des produits utilisés dans les douches et les lave-linge alors que les PAE (exception faite du DnBP) proviennent des vêtements ou de ce qui s'est déposé dessus. Durant ces travaux, les AP et les PAE ont aussi été suivis au cours du transport des eaux usées dans le réseau d'assainissement puis au cours des traitements de station d'épuration. Au sein du réseau d'assainissement, peu ou pas d'évolution des concentrations en AP et PAE malgré une contamination des boues de réseaux retrouvées dans les chambres à sables pouvant atteindre des teneurs de 35 µg/g ms de DEHP. Il est tout de fois notable une évolution des flux en AP et PAE transitant dans les émissaires de la stations de Seine Aval, traitant l'équivalent de 5 millions d'équivalent habitant par jour. En effet, les flux observées durant ces travaux de thèse sont pour les AP de 3 à 6 fois plus faibles que ceux observés par Bergé (2012) en 2011 et de 2 à 4 fois plus faibles pour les PAE. Une exception est cependant notable puisque les valeurs en DnBP ont augmenté d'un facteur 10 entre 2011 et 2014 / Alkylphenols (AP) and phthalates (or Phthalate Acid Esters - PAE) are classified as endocrine-disrupting compounds. Despite a small number of studies, some data suggests that phthalates could have a negative effect on reproduction in human beings (Bocken, 2001). Recently, Bergé et al. (2014) monitored alkylphenol and phthalate concentrations in wastewater at the scale of Paris conurbation: a heavily urbanized but weakly industrialized catchment. Such type of catchment, with 8.5 million inhabitants and less than 2% of wastewater originating from industries, could therefore be used to model the fate of alkylphenols and phthalates for major cities located in industrialized countries. It has been shown that alkylphenols and phthalates are not rejected by the industry but they mainly originate from domestic wastewater. Indeed, it was observed that more than 95% of the load derived from domestic wastewater (Bergé et al., 2014).However, the contribution of the different types of waters constituting domestic wastewater to the pollution of alkylphenols and phthalates has not been addressed so far. Our works have therefore helped to bridge this gap on the origin of four phthalate (DEP DnBP, BBP and DEHP) and two types of alkylphenols (nonylphenol and octylphenol isomers), among the most commonly studied congeners in greywater and blackwater. 165 samples of greywater, distributed into six categories (washing machine, dishwasher, dishes, cleaning floors, sink and shower) and 3 samples of black water (toilets) were collected directly from individuals. For that purpose, a specific sampling protocol for each type of water has been established then a call for volunteers was launched in the Paris region. 79 households (76 for greywater and 3 for wastewater) participated at this work leading to a unique robust database on greywater of the Paris conurbation. Significant disparities emerged between the different types of greywater. Indeed, results showed that wastewater from showers and washing machines account for more than 80% of both the phthalate and alkylphenol loads released to domestic wastewater. Therefore, it was decided to define more precisely the pollution sources of AP and PAE in both types of greywater. To do this, a decomposition of potential sources and a separate analysis of each of them led to different findings. Indeed, we demonstrated that alkyphenols and DnBP mostly originated from products used in showers and washing machines, while the other PAEs came from clothing and / or deposits that accumulated on it during the day.During this work, APs and PAEs were also monitored during the transport of wastewater within the sewer network and in the different stages of wastewater treatment plants. Within the sewer system, almost no change in concentrations of APs and PAEs was observed despite the level of contamination found in deposits from grit chambers (35 µg/g.dw for DEHP). We highlighted a significant evolution between 2010 and 2015 of AP and PAE loads transiting in the main trunks of Seine Aval WWTP, a 5 million population-equivalent WWTP. Indeed, loads observed during this thesis were 3 to 6 times lower than those observed by Bergé (2012) in 2011 for APs and from 2 to 4 times lower for PAEs. However, DnBP differs because the flows for this congener increased by a factor of 10 between 2011 and 2015

Este trabalho procurou evidenciar os vetores de expansão urbana da cidade de Piracicaba entre os períodos de 1940 e 2000, ressaltando também as áreas de cobertura vegetal que mais sobressaíram durante estes anos. Para realização do trabalho foi feito um levantamento de fotografias aéreas de 1940, 1962, 1978, 1995 e 2000, dividindo em cinco períodos a observação e discussão. As fotografias foram georreferenciadas e convertidas em formato matricial (tif) e as fotointerpretações aconteceram em um Sistema de Informação Geográfica (SIG), utilizando o programa TNT Mips 6.0. As análises levaram aos resultados e à conclusão do trabalho. Em cada período proposto para análise foi realizado uma interação com os aspectos sociais e econômicos que exerceram de alguma forma influência sobre o direcionamento urbano. Também foi possível realizar a integração entre a expansão urbana que ocorreu e as projetadas pelos Planos Diretores da cidade, mas especificamente o Plano Diretor Urbano de 1991. As localizações das áreas de cobertura vegetal foram delimitadas em cada período, evidenciando as frações dentro e no entorno (região periurbana) da cidade. Algumas áreas desapareceram e outras surgiram e isso foi mostrado em mapas e tabelas, gerando uma discussão sobre como essas áreas podem exercer papel importante no aspecto ambiental urbano. / This work tried to evidence the vectors of urban expansion of the city of Piracicaba among periods of 1940 and 2000, also stressing the areas of vegetable coverage that excelled most during these years. For the accomplishment of work a rising of areas pictures of 1940 were done, 1962, 1978, 1995 and 2000, dividing into five periods the observations and discussions. The pictures were georreferenciadas and converted in digital format matricial (tif) and fofointerpretations happened in an Information System Geographical TNT Mips 6.0. The analyses carried to the results and conclusion of work. In each proposed period for analysis was accomplished an interaction with the social and economic aspects that exercised somehow influence on the urban direction. It also was possible to accomplish the integration between urban expansion that occurred and the projected by the Flat Directors of the city, but specifically the Flat Urban Director of 1991. The locations of the areas of vegetable coverages were defined in each period, evidencing the fractions inside and in the spill (periurbana region ) of the city. Some areas disappeared and other arose and that was shown in maps and tables, generating a discussion about as these areas can exercise important paper in the urban environmental aspect.

A presente análise pretende entender os aspectos jurídicos e sociológicos envolvidos na produção do espaço urbano de Ribeirão Preto. O enfoque se dá em torno da lei de perímetro urbano, que tem o poder de definir o que é e o que não é cidade, moldando os destinos da geografia local e, principalmente, alterando o valor do solo sobre o qual regula. Justamente por conta dessas possibilidades, a lei é alvo de disputas das mais diversas naturezas, que por ventura desviam o instrumento de seu papel originário. Enquanto instrumento de política urbana, o perímetro urbano é previsto na Lei 10. 257 de 2001 (Estatuto da Cidade) como agente racionalizante da expansão urbana, quando essa se faz necessária. No entanto, a cidade de Ribeirão Preto presencia uma verdadeira corrida pelo ouro em sua zona rural, com \"tentáculos\" de grandes empreendimentos imobiliários dispersos pelo território. Isso gera a inquietação de querer descobrir se, talvez, as regras do mercado estejam prevalecendo sobre o poder normativo da lei de perímetro. É o que se pretende descrever. / The present analysis intends to understand the legal and sociological aspects involved in the production of the urban space of Ribeirão Preto. The focus is on the law of urban perimeter, which has the power to define what is and what is not a city, shaping the destinies of local geography and also changing the value of the land over it regulates. Due to these potentialities, the law is subject of unfair disputes of various motivation, which, may distort the urban instrument from its original role. As an tool of urban policy, the urban perimeter is provided by the 10 257-2001 bill (The \"City Statute\") as rationalizing agent of urban expansion, when it becomes necessary. However, the city of Ribeirão Preto witnesses a gold rush in its rural area, with \"tentacles\" of large real estate developments scattered throughout its territory.. This raises the concern that, perhaps, market rules are prevailing over the normative power of perimeter law. This is what we want to describe.

A presente análise pretende entender os aspectos jurídicos e sociológicos envolvidos na produção do espaço urbano de Ribeirão Preto. O enfoque se dá em torno da lei de perímetro urbano, que tem o poder de definir o que é e o que não é cidade, moldando os destinos da geografia local e, principalmente, alterando o valor do solo sobre o qual regula. Justamente por conta dessas possibilidades, a lei é alvo de disputas das mais diversas naturezas, que por ventura desviam o instrumento de seu papel originário. Enquanto instrumento de política urbana, o perímetro urbano é previsto na Lei 10. 257 de 2001 (Estatuto da Cidade) como agente racionalizante da expansão urbana, quando essa se faz necessária. No entanto, a cidade de Ribeirão Preto presencia uma verdadeira corrida pelo ouro em sua zona rural, com \"tentáculos\" de grandes empreendimentos imobiliários dispersos pelo território. Isso gera a inquietação de querer descobrir se, talvez, as regras do mercado estejam prevalecendo sobre o poder normativo da lei de perímetro. É o que se pretende descrever. / The present analysis intends to understand the legal and sociological aspects involved in the production of the urban space of Ribeirão Preto. The focus is on the law of urban perimeter, which has the power to define what is and what is not a city, shaping the destinies of local geography and also changing the value of the land over it regulates. Due to these potentialities, the law is subject of unfair disputes of various motivation, which, may distort the urban instrument from its original role. As an tool of urban policy, the urban perimeter is provided by the 10 257-2001 bill (The \"City Statute\") as rationalizing agent of urban expansion, when it becomes necessary. However, the city of Ribeirão Preto witnesses a gold rush in its rural area, with \"tentacles\" of large real estate developments scattered throughout its territory.. This raises the concern that, perhaps, market rules are prevailing over the normative power of perimeter law. This is what we want to describe.

Este trabalho procurou evidenciar os vetores de expansão urbana da cidade de Piracicaba entre os períodos de 1940 e 2000, ressaltando também as áreas de cobertura vegetal que mais sobressaíram durante estes anos. Para realização do trabalho foi feito um levantamento de fotografias aéreas de 1940, 1962, 1978, 1995 e 2000, dividindo em cinco períodos a observação e discussão. As fotografias foram georreferenciadas e convertidas em formato matricial (tif) e as fotointerpretações aconteceram em um Sistema de Informação Geográfica (SIG), utilizando o programa TNT Mips 6.0. As análises levaram aos resultados e à conclusão do trabalho. Em cada período proposto para análise foi realizado uma interação com os aspectos sociais e econômicos que exerceram de alguma forma influência sobre o direcionamento urbano. Também foi possível realizar a integração entre a expansão urbana que ocorreu e as projetadas pelos Planos Diretores da cidade, mas especificamente o Plano Diretor Urbano de 1991. As localizações das áreas de cobertura vegetal foram delimitadas em cada período, evidenciando as frações dentro e no entorno (região periurbana) da cidade. Algumas áreas desapareceram e outras surgiram e isso foi mostrado em mapas e tabelas, gerando uma discussão sobre como essas áreas podem exercer papel importante no aspecto ambiental urbano. / This work tried to evidence the vectors of urban expansion of the city of Piracicaba among periods of 1940 and 2000, also stressing the areas of vegetable coverage that excelled most during these years. For the accomplishment of work a rising of areas pictures of 1940 were done, 1962, 1978, 1995 and 2000, dividing into five periods the observations and discussions. The pictures were georreferenciadas and converted in digital format matricial (tif) and fofointerpretations happened in an Information System Geographical TNT Mips 6.0. The analyses carried to the results and conclusion of work. In each proposed period for analysis was accomplished an interaction with the social and economic aspects that exercised somehow influence on the urban direction. It also was possible to accomplish the integration between urban expansion that occurred and the projected by the Flat Directors of the city, but specifically the Flat Urban Director of 1991. The locations of the areas of vegetable coverages were defined in each period, evidencing the fractions inside and in the spill (periurbana region ) of the city. Some areas disappeared and other arose and that was shown in maps and tables, generating a discussion about as these areas can exercise important paper in the urban environmental aspect.

Rares sont les voix qui s’élèvent contre l’enseignement de la défense dans son approche globale mais force est de constater que les élèves devenus adultes ne se souviennent pratiquement pas de cet enseignement. Les raisons de cet échec sont multiples : le flou du concept de défense globale et de sécurité devenue nationale, un enseignement intégré principalement dans les programmes d’éducation civique, un pilotage de l’éducation à la défense par deux administrations concurrentes, la réduction du format des armées depuis plusieurs décennies … Alors que les risques et les menaces se complexifient, que la jeunesse est en recherche de repères, il apparaît plus que jamais indispensable que cet enseignement imprègne la société dès l’enfance ou la pré adolescence. Un collège et une académie ont constitué un laboratoire pédagogique pour expérimenter et mettre au point un dispositif de classe à projet dont le fil directeur est la défense globale. Après quelques années et dans le cadre d'une expérimentation devenue nationale, il apparaît rapidement comme un moyen de motiver les élèves, de travailler des compétences du socle et de leur ouvrir l’école sur les enjeux du monde actuel. / Few voices criticize the teaching of global defence. Nevertheless, it seems that the former pupils, once adults, forget a great deal about these courses. The reasons for this failure are multiple: first, there is the abstract concept of global defence andnational security, which must be added to the fact it is mainly integrated into civics education. Moreover, the management of this teaching depends on two different and rival administrations. Eventually, one should also take into account the lastingdecrease in the army numbers over the past decades. While the risks and threats tend to complicate, alongside with the growing demand of youth for points of reference, the need for such teaching from childhood or preadolescence appears to be vital. a Few years ago, a junior high school and an academy created an educational laboratory to experiment and innovate through a new class system which focused on a global defence project. Several years later, and within a newly national experiment framework, these classes have undoubtedly proved to be a means to motivate the pupils, to develop a common set of core skills, and to open their school on the challenges of today's world.

Reconstruction in the central urban area. Design public urban space objects with new restaurant, the city market and a printer object conversion. Objects and area will contain all the necessary functions associated with the movement of visitors and movement of pasants. An important part of the solution will transform the river embankment. This is a broader vision of the future and possibilities of urban centers with the potential of finding the historical core.