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Partant du constat que la ville de Béjaia se caractérise par un plurilinguisme kabyle, arabe et français. Il nous semble intéressant de comprendre comment cette coexistence de langues se gère dans ce contexte urbain. En effet, notre étude tente de déterminer les statuts et les fonctions des langues utilisées par les lycéens issus du milieu urbain bougiote. Nous recherchons une explication au fonctionnement des domaines d’emploi des langues en faisant la part des représentations sociolinguistiques. Les objectifs que nous nous fixons dans notre recherche sont donc doubles : au niveau des pratiques, notre recherche tente de dégager les fonctions remplies par chacune des langues en présence, étant donné que notre terrain de recherche se caractérise par une pluralité de langues. En ce qui concerne les représentations, le but est de connaître les représentations des élèves, d’étudier les valeurs et les hiérarchies attribuées aux différentes langues. Pour ce faire, nous avons choisi de mener une enquête auprès des lycéens de la ville de Bejaia. Nous avons collecté des données non seulement quantitatives, mais aussi qualitatives, à partir de deux techniques différentes. Dans une première étape, nous nous sommes servi des questionnaires qui nous ont renseigné sur le profil sociolinguistique des élèves, les pratiques et les représentations linguistiques. Pour compléter les questionnaires, nous avons réalisé des entretiens semi-directifs auprès de quelques élèves. Après l’analyse des données, nous avons essayé de faire le bilan de la recherche et présenté les résultats obtenus, ainsi que leur interprétation. / Noting that the city of Bejaia is characterized by multilingualism: Kabyle, Arabic and French, It seems interesting to understand how the coexistence of these languages is managed in the urban context. Indeed, our study attempts to determine the status and functions of the languages used by students from the Bejaia urban area. We are looking for an explanation of the operation areas of language use in Bejaia making allowances sociolinguistic representations. The goals we set for ourselves in our research are twofold: in practice, we try to identify the functions performed by each of the languages, as our field research is a crossroads of different languages. In terms of representation, the goal is to know the representations of students studying the values and hierarchies assigned to different languages. Our research also aims to identify the attitudes of high school students of Bejaia against the Algerian language policy in general, and the use of Arabic as a principal language of instruction at the university. To do this, we chose to conduct a survey of students in the city of Bejaia. We collected data not only quantitative but also qualitative, using two different methods. At first, we used questionnaires that informed us about the sociolinguistic profile of students, practices and linguistic representations. In order to complete the questionnaires, we conducted semi-structured interviews with some students. As the questionnaire was based on maintenance practices and linguistic representations of respondents. After analyzing the data, we tried to take stock of research and presented the results and their interpretation. / انطلاقا من فكرة أن مدينة بجاية تتميز بتعدد لغوي يتمثل في القبائلية و العربية والفرنسية يبدو أنه منالمهم أن نرى كيف يتم التعامل مع هذا التعايش في هذا الوسط الحضاري. في واقع الأمر نحاول فيدراستنا تحديد مكانة و وظيفة اللغات المستخدمة من طرف تلاميذ الثانوية في مدينة بجاية. نحن نبحثعن تفسير كيفية استخدام المجالات الوظيفية للغات في بجاية و ذلك من خلال التمثيل الاجتماعي اللغوي.و بهذا الصدد نلاحظ أن الأهداف المسطرة في عملنا مضاعفة: فعلى المستوى التطبيقي سنحاول تحديدالوظائف المؤداة من قبل كل لغة متحدث بها، بما أن ميدان بحثنا ملتقى للغات المختلفة. انطلاقا من مبدأالتمثيل، نهدف إلى معرفة تمثيلات التلاميذ و دراسة القيمة و السلم المطبق لكل لغة، و في سياق آخرنهدف من بحثنا هذا إلى استنتاج موقف تلاميذ الثانوية في بجاية تجاه السياسة اللغوية المنتهجة فيالجزائر بشكل عام و استخدام اللغة العربية كلغة تدريس في الجامعة بشكل خاص. ولهذا الغرض، قررناالقيام باستبيان لدى تلاميذ الثانوية في مدينة بجاية، لقد قمنا بجمع معطيات كمية من جهة و نوعية من جهةأخرى، وذلك بتطبيق طريقتين مختلفتين. في بادئ الأمر، قمنا باستطلاعات أفادتنا بالملف الشخصي فياللسانيات الاجتماعية للتلميذ و الممارسات و التمثيلات اللغوية الخاصة به. من أجل استكمال الاستبيانات،أجرينا مقابلات شبه منظمة مع بعض التلاميذ. كما استند الاستبيان على الممارسات و التمثيلات اللغويةلأفراد العينة. وبعد تحليل البيانات، حاولنا أن اجراء مراجعة البحث وعرض النتائج وتفسيرها.

Le code génétique est la table de correspondance entre codons (unité structurelle d'un gène) et acides aminés (brique élémentaire des protéines). Le code génétique est (1) universel, tous les êtres vivants ou presque partagent le même code; (2) univoque, chaque codon spécifie un seul acide aminé et (3) dégénéré, les acides aminés peuvent être codés par plusieurs codons. Ce code dégénéré est donc utilisé par l'ensemble du vivant mais pas de la même manière, certains codons synonymes étant utilisés préférentiellement chez des espèces et pas d'autres. Pour comprendre l'émergence des biais d'usage du code (BUC) génétique entre espèces, je me place dans un contexte évolutif.Dans ce manuscrit, je présente mes travaux de recherche en quatre parties. La première partie introductive décrit la mise en évidence et les propriétés du code génétique, son biais d'usage et les diverses caractéristiques de précédents modèles de codons. La deuxième partie présente le modèle d'évolution de codons SENCA pour Sites Evolution at the Nucleotides, Codons and Amino-acids layers que j'ai développé durant ma thèse. SENCA prend en compte la structure du code génétique. Je valide sa paramétrisation par des simulations numériques et une étude sur des espèces bactériennes ou archées. La partie suivante décrit deux extensions de SENCA qui modélisent plusieurs hypothèses d'origines évolutives du BUC et une application de SENCA sur les conséquences génomiques d'adaptations environnementales. La dernière partie étudie les origines de variations de BUC le long du génome humain par une approche de génomique comparative / In this manuscript, I introduce my doctoral research in four parts. The first introductive part highlights the properties of the genetic code and its usage bias but also the caracteristics of previous published codons models. The second part presents an evolutionary codons models named SENCA for Sites Evolution at the Nucleotides, Codons and Amino-acids layers that I developped. SENCA takes into account the genetic code structure. I perform simulations and study prokaryotes species to confirm its parametrization. The following part provides two extensions of SENCA to test the hypotheses concerning the evolutive origins of CUB and an application of SENCA to study the genomic consequences of an environmental adaptation. The last part studies the origins of CUB variation within the human genome using a comparative genomic strategy

Este documento apresenta o Lyra, um novo esquema de derivação de chaves, baseado em esponjas criptográficas. O Lyra foi projetado para ser estritamente sequencial, fornecendo um nível elevado de segurança mesmo contra atacantes que utilizem múltiplos núcleos de processamento, como uma GPU ou FPGA. Ao mesmo tempo possui uma implementação simples em software e permite ao usuário legítimo ajustar o uso de memória e tempo de processamento de acordo com o nível de segurança desejado. O Lyra é, então, comparado ao scrypt, mostrando que esta proposta fornece um nível se segurança mais alto, além de superar suas deficiências. Caso o atacante deseje realizar um ataque utilizando pouca memória, o tempo de processamento do Lyra cresce exponencialmente, enquanto no scrypt este crescimento é apenas quadrático. Além disto, para o mesmo tempo de processamento, o Lyra permite uma utilização maior de memória, quando comparado ao scrypt, aumentando o custo de ataques de força bruta. / This document presents Lyra, a password-based key derivation scheme based on cryptographic sponges. Lyra was designed to be strictly sequential, providing strong security even against attackers that use multiple processing cores, such as FPGAs or GPUs. At the same time, it is very simple to implement in software and allows legitimate users to tune its memory and processing costs according to the desired level of security. We compare Lyra with scrypt, showing how this proposal provides a higher security level and overcomes limitations of scrypt. If the attacker wishes to perform a low-memory attack against the algorithm, the processing cost grwos expontetialy, while in scrypt, this growth is only quadratic. In addition, for an identical processing time, Lyra allows for a higher memory usage than its counterparts, further increasing the cost of brute force attacks.

Submitted by Rosivalda Pereira (mrs.pereira@ufma.br) on 2017-05-25T19:51:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 AnaGardeniaMendes.pdf: 3581884 bytes, checksum: be51ddf47774f1546282b87aa9887b14 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-25T19:51:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AnaGardeniaMendes.pdf: 3581884 bytes, checksum: be51ddf47774f1546282b87aa9887b14 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-27 / This study of the research that you want to verify that before the current requirements of educational paradigms, the Degree courses in Pedagogy, Biology and Mathematics and Bachelor courses in Business Administration and Public Administration, in the distance, from the Federal University of Maranhão - UFMA They have worked in order to use the resources and tools made available by ICT from the perspective of learning styles and know the learning style and the virtual space of Use style prevalent among students of these courses. The methodology makes up into a quantitative research, including a sample of 206 students (68%) of the five courses, analyzed through a study of exploratory and descriptive case using the quea questionnaire Honey and Alonso (2002) on learning styles and the questionnaire Virtual Space Use Style (BARROS, 2011), as well as adaptation five questions prepared by the author. Through the results it was possible to identify the Reflective Style as the predominant learning style among all analyzed courses and EUBPEV - Style of Use Search and Research in Virtual Space (Reflective) predominantly to the Virtual Space Use Style. Of the five courses, most students said, already have some prior knowledge of the two theories, except for the Degree in Biology; never previously analyzed the predominant learning style, and; considers that the resources used for the courses which can involve participating in various learning styles. It was concluded that with this information on learning styles, we can get directions, perceptions and ways that allow recognize the peculiarities and preferences of the individuals involved, and so significant design strategies to be used in everyday school life. / Este estudo parte da investigação que pretende verificar se diante das atuais exigências dos paradigmas educacionais, os cursos de Licenciatura em Pedagogia, Biologia e Matemática e os cursos de Bacharelado em Administração e Administração Pública, na modalidade a distância, da Universidade Federal do Maranhão – UFMA têm trabalhado de modo a utilizar os recursos e ferramentas disponibilizados pelas TIC sob a perspectiva dos Estilos de Aprendizagem e, conhecer o Estilo de Aprendizagem e o Estilo de Uso do Espaço virtual predominantes entre os educandos destes cursos. A metodologia se perfaz em uma pesquisa quantitativa, compreendendo uma amostra de 206 alunos (68%) dos cinco cursos, analisados por meio de um estudo de caso exploratório-descritivo, utilizando o questionário QUEA de Honey e Alonso (2002) sobre Estilos de Aprendizagem e o questionário Estilo de Uso do Espaço Virtual (BARROS, 2011), além da adaptação de cinco questionamentos elaborados pela autora. Através dos resultados obtidos conseguiu-se identificar o Estilo Reflexivo como o Estilo de Aprendizagem predominante entre todos os cursos analisados e o EUBPEV - Estilo de Uso Busca e Pesquisa no Espaço Virtual (Reflexivo) predominante ao Estilo de Uso do Espaço Virtual. Dos cinco cursos, a maioria dos educandos afirmou: já ter algum conhecimento prévio sobre as duas teorias, com exceção do Curso de Licenciatura em Biologia; nunca ter analisado anteriormente o Estilo de Aprendizagem predominante, e; considera que os recursos utilizados pelos cursos os quais participam conseguem envolver os vários Estilos de Aprendizagem. Conclui-se que com estas informações sobre os Estilos de Aprendizagem, podemos obter orientações, percepções e caminhos que possibilitem reconhecer as peculiaridades e preferências dos indivíduos envolvidos, e assim projetar significativas estratégias a serem utilizadas no cotidiano escolar.

A pesquisa apresenta a organização de um corpus inédito constituído de cartas pessoais da Bahia escritas nos anos 40 do século XX. A partir desse corpus foram reunidos fatos sociais que contam a história da região, ao mesmo tempo em que foram observados fatos lingüísticos que caracterizam o dialeto dos informantes e que representam características próprias do português brasileiro (PB). Dentre os fenômenos lingüísticos observados no corpus e que representam particularidades dialetais, os pronomes pessoais destacam-se com registros marcantes. Esse fato motivou e definiu o objeto de estudo desse trabalho: os pronomes pessoais. Apresento uma amostra de dados que reúnem os usos efetivos dos pronomes pessoais no corpus e os observo a partir de um modelo de análise empírica com tratamento quantitativo e qualitativo. Trago também para o cenário desse trabalho dados secundários como as cartas pessoais do Conde do Pinhal, quem fundou, em 1857, a cidade de São Carlos, nos sertões da Província de São Paulo. Parto dessa referência, o Conde do Pinhal, que escreve para Anna Carolina (Naninha), sua esposa, pois são pessoas da elite, de condição social nobre e escolaridade supostamente1 avançada, e observo até que ponto seria possível associar a forma do uso dos pronomes pessoais dos meus informantes à condição de sua escolaridade. Por meio desses dados e de resultados de pesquisas que tratam do sistema pronominal do PB, busco refletir sobre como o uso dos pronomes pessoais se manifesta de modo comum nas variedades do português brasileiro padrão e não-padrão. / This research work presents the achievements for an unreleased corpus with personal letters written in Bahia during 1940s in XX century. From that corpus social aspects were joined together which tell us the region history as well as were observed linguistics aspects which characterize the informers\' dialectic and represents characteristics of Brazilian Portuguese - \"PB\". Among the linguistics phenomena observed in the corpus and represents dialectic particularities, the personal pronouns highlight themselves with significant registers. This reason motivated and defined the object of research of this work: the personal pronouns. I present a select of data which join the effective usages of the personal pronouns the corpus and I observe them from a pattern of an empiric analysis with quantitative and qualitative approaches. I also bring to this work scenery personal other data as Conde do Pinhal\'s personal letters who founded São Carlos town in 1857, in the \"sertões\" of São Paulo. Conde do Pinhal writes to his wife, Ana Carolina, they are noble, wealthy and well-educated people and then I observe that up to what level is possible to associate the usage of personal pronouns of my informers to the condition of their education. Through these aspects and the results of the research that studies the system of the pronouns of PB, aims to reflect about as the usage of personal pronouns shows themselves in an usual way in the variations of the Brazilian Portuguese standard and non-standard.

Réduire les usages d’antibiotiques est un des leviers principaux pour contrer l’avancée de l’antibiorésistance qui menace l’efficacité du traitement des maladies bactériennes humaines et animales. En filières bovin laitier et jeunes bovins de boucherie, deux maladies de production sont responsables des principaux usages d’antibiotiques, respectivement les mammites et les maladies respiratoires. L’objectif de la thèse a été d’identifier auprès des acteurs des filières des verrous limitant l’amélioration des pratiques la diminution de l’utilisation d’antibiotiques, puis d’identifier des leviers d’action. En élevage de jeunes bovins de boucherie, des entretiens auprès d’acteurs de la filière (éleveurs et responsables) et des enquêtes auprès d’éleveurs ont permis d’identifier que l’organisation de la filière est un des principaux verrous. Cependant, les caractéristiques des systèmes d’exploitations et les compétences des éleveurs constituaient également une potentielle limite. En élevage bovin laitier, des entretiens ont permis de montrer que les perceptions et connaissances des éleveurs semblaient être un des freins majeurs à l’amélioration des pratiques, le système d’exploitation semblant intervenir à la marge. En élevage bovin allaitant, des leviers permettant d’améliorer la coordination entre les acteurs de la chaîne de valeur ont été identifiés. En élevage laitier, un programme innovant de formation et de conseil a été évalué dans le cadre d’une étude d’intervention, montrant une amélioration des connaissances et perceptions des éleveurs sur la prévention et l’utilisation des antibiotiques. / Reducing antibiotic use is one of the main levers to limit the increase of antimicrobial resistance, which threatens the effectiveness of the treatments of human and animal bacterial diseases. In dairy and young beef bull sectors, antibiotics are mainly used to control two production diseases, respectively mastitis and bovine respiratory diseases (BRD). The objective of the thesis was to identify with sectors’ stakeholders’ limitations for the improvement of antibiotic use practices, then to identify levers of action. In the young beef bulls’ sector, interviews with stakeholders and farmers showed that the organization of the value chain, because of its potential influence on BRD risk factors, was one of the main limitation identified. However, the characteristics of farming systems and farmers’ skills were also a potential limitation. In the dairy sector, interviews have shown that farmers’ perceptions and knowledge seemed to be one of the major limitation to the improvement of the practices. The farming system seemed to have only limited influence. In young beef bulls sector, levers to improve coordination between stakeholders in the value chain have been identified. In dairy farming, an innovative training and advising program was evaluated as part of an intervention study, showing an improvement in the knowledge and perceptions of farmers regarding prevention measures and antibiotic use.

The present study replicates research by Tomoko Takahashi (1984) on lexico-semantic patterns used by students in an acquisition poor environment. The purpose of the current study was to determine how an acquisition rich environment affects learners' use of four lexico-semantic patterns: congruence occurs when the Ll definition of a lexical item forms a one-to-one correspondence with the L2 lexical item; convergence occurs when the Ll lexical item has broader applications than the L2 lexical item; divergence occurs when the L2 lexical item has broader applications than the Ll lexical item; and semantic gap occurs when the Ll lexical item has no appropriate corresponding L2 lexical item (Takahashi, 1984). The instrument, a lexico-semantics test, is the same instrument used in Takahashi's study. It was designed to measure which patterns are most frequently used by Japanese EFL students learning English. The results, unlike Takahashi's, suggest that beginning and advanced ESL students use the four patterns equally well. No significant difference was found between the two groups. These results are contrary to what had been expected. However, they show that the proposed hierarchical order of difficulty of congruence, convergence, divergence and semantic gap is the same in both studies. The results also indicate that the acquisition· rich environment seems to dramatically improve beginners' performance of the four patterns. Since the instrument was designed for EFL students (an acquisition poor environment) it may not have fully challenged the advanced ESL students (an acquisition rich environment) while challenging the beginning students. This may have been due to the fact that the students in the present study received a great deal of input from the acquisition rich environment, which could account for their increased ability to restructure hypotheses about L2 vocabulary items. In conclusion, more studies are needed to determine the complete role of the four lexico-semantic patterns in vocabulary acquisition. An expanded follow up study that fully tests the advanced and beginning ESL learners' ability could determine whether both groups progress along a language continuum with respect to the use of the four lexico-semantic patterns. Furthermore, although the patterns may serve, in a limited capacity, as indicators of a learner's difficulties in vocabulary acquisition, a wider body of research is needed before they can be applied in a language learning environment.

This research is observational and descriptive. Its primary purpose is to provide data on the extent to which, and how, Non-Native Speakers (NNSs) of English engage in error correction of their peers when participating in classroom oral group work. In addition, it shows to what extent these learners self-correct their own errors in the same situation. The over-arching focus of the study is to examine the role of second language learners to determine whether they possess the potential to play a more active and productive part in their own language learning. Nine beginning level adult university ESL students are the subjects of this research. They were placed in small groups and asked to perform specified classroom tasks designed to generate maximum oral interchange among the participants. The ensuing discussions provided the basis for the data which were collected via tape recording each group's proceedings. The data samples were listened to and coded per an error typology and any correction that took place. The data were then statistically analyzed via SYSTAT. The findings are consistent with the results of other research and indicate that while many errors are not treated, a significant number of them are corrected clearly and accurately. These results lend credence to the idea that second language learners may have much more to learn from each other than they think, and that they do have the potential to play a greater role in their own language learning. Much more research is indicated in order to better understand the multi-faceted phenomenon of second language learner error and its treatment.

Thesis (MPH.) -- University of Limpopo, 2014 / Background The use of contraceptives among sexually-active teenagers in South Africa is known to be very poor and is currently estimated to be at a rate of 25% (DoH 2002). Teenagers who have unprotected sex are at a high risk of reproductive Health problems, such as Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) and HIV/AIDS, and unsafe abortion, amongst others (DoH 2002). Contraceptive use progressively declined between 2002 and 2004 among girls under 18 years in the Kwa-Zulu Natal Province as a whole (Health Statistical Bulletin, 2004). Aim The aim was to determine knowledge, attitudes and perceptions of pregnant teenagers with regard to usage of contraceptives at the Pietersburg Hospital, Limpopo Province, South Africa. Method of data collection and analysis A cross-sectional descriptive survey was used in this study. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data from pregnant clients aged 13-19 years of age. Data analysis was carried out by using the computer software called Statistical Program for Social Sciences (SPSS). The findings revealed that lack of knowledge, attitudes and perceptions of pregnant teenagers was a problem. Findings The findings of this study indicated that culture and attitude of nursing personnel were not the barriers. Barriers were “not having enough time to choose the method and just not being serious about contraception”. Thirty-six ix per cent (36%) of the participants said they had enough time to choose the method, but they did not choose. Sixty per cent (60%) said they were not serious about contraception, 40% said they were serious but did not use contraception. Married participants who did not hear about emergency contraception, the percentage was small, 6%, while the percentage of single women was higher (94%). Conclusion The study revealed that the participants had knowledge of contraceptives, both single and married; however, married women seemed to have negative attitudes towards contraceptives, based on the culture and the believe that, once married, the usage of contraception was not necessary. Based on the findings of the study, it is recommended that there should be effective ways of information giving to the public regarding family planning.