Land-cover identification and mapping are an integral part of natural resource planning and management. Satellite imagery provides a way to obtain land cover information, particularly for large tracts of land such as those administered by federal and state agencies. This study assesses the usefulness of the Brightness/Greenness Transformation of Landsat Thematic Mapper data for differentiating conifer forest types in northern Utah. Satellite data for the Logan Ranger District of the Wasatch-Cache National Forest were classified into 27 vegetation classes. Of these, nine were determined to be conifer classes and were used in subsequent analyses. Ten sites of each conifer class type were field checked and vegetation and physical site characteristics recorded. The Brightness/Greenness Transformation was able to distinguish conifer areas from other vegetation types. High-density conifer classes were classified at 94 percent accuracy. Low-density conifer classes were classified correctly 65 percent of the time. The Brightness/Greenness Transformation alone met with limited success in distinguish ing between conifer species. Each class showed great variability with respect to major overstory species. Analysis of variance indicated that none of the site factors measured consistently corresponded with the spectrally designated classes. While several factors differed significantly among classes, no factor was significantly different for all c l ass-pair combinations. Correlation analysis revealed that brightness, greenness, and wetness values related more to environmental values than to conifer species. Brightness was highly correlated with percent of exposed soil on the site. Greenness was highly correlated to the presence of deciduous and herbaceous vegetation. Wetness was highly correlated to total tree and conifer cover values. Adding slope and aspect data to the Brightness/Greenness Transformation classes with the highest percentages of canopy cover did allow separation of lodgepole pine and Douglas fir. High percentagecanopy cover sites on slopes less than 35 percent were classified as lodgepole pine with 89 percent accuracy. On slopes greater than or equal to 35 percent, Douglas fir was found with 79 percent accuracy.

A detailed study was made of the James Peak-Sharp Mountain area, in the southern part of the Bear River Range, Utah. The mapped area is located in north-central Utah between lat. 41°22'30" N. and lat. 41°30' N. and long. 111°42'30" W. and long. 111°46' W. It measures about 3.8 miles in the east-west direction and 8.7 miles in the north-south direction. The area is centered about 22 miles south-southeast of Logan, Utah. Stratigraphic units of late Precambrian to Mississippian age underlie the mapped area. The Precambrian units include the Mutual and Browns Hole Formations. The Brigham, Langston, Ute, Blacksmith, Bloomington, Nounan, and St. Charles Formations make up a complete Cambrian section. The Ordovician Garden City and Swan Peak Formations, the Ordovician-Silurian Laketown Formation, the Devonian Water Canyon and Hyrum Formations, and the Mississippian Lodgepole and Humbug Formations overlie the St. Charles in normal succession. The oldest unit the Precambrian Mutual Formation, crops out in the southern part of the area on the eastern side of James Peak. The rock units are progressively younger toward the northern part of the area. Mesozoic rocks are not present. The Salt Lake Formation of Tertiary age directly overlies the Paleozoic rocks. The main structural feature of the area is an asymmetrical north-south-trending anticline. The eastern flank dips more steeply than the western flank. The anticline plunges gently north and dies out southward. This anticline is one of a series of asymmetrical anticlines, all steeper on the east than on the west, that includes the Strawberry Valley anticline to the east and the anticline exposed in upper Wolf Creek Canyon to the west. The late Precambrian and early Paleozoic formations, which dip northeast on the eastern flank of James Peak, make up the northeastern flank of the anticline exposed in upper Wolf Creek Canyon. The early Paleozoic to Devonian formations that form Sharp Mountain and dip gently west make up the western flank of the Strawberry Valley anticline. Low-angle thrust faults have disrupted the Precambrian and Paleozoic formations on the eastern and southeastern flanks of James Peak. Displacement on the thrust fault north of upper Wellsville Creek is about 2,000 feet. Movement was generally from the west. Normal faults have disrupted the Paleozoic and Tertiary formations along the eastern margin of Cache Valley and the Paleozoic formations east of McKenzie Mountain. Displacement is indeterminate along the eastern margin of Cache Valley. Maximum displacement, east of McKenzie Mountain, is about 1,750 feet. The normal faults truncate the folds and thrust faults. The folds and thrust faults were formed during the Laramide orogeny. The normal faults were formed during Basin and Range normal faulting. Basin and Range normal faulting is active at the present time.

The Monte Cristo area is a 7 1/2-minute quadrangle located in the southeastern. part of the Bear River Range, northern Utah. It is within the Middle Rocky Mountain province and is 10 miles east of the Basin and Range province. Previous to this investigation little was known about the detailed geology of the area except for a reconnaissance study and general geologic map of the Cache County part included in the Geologic Atlas of Utah, Cache County, published by Williams (1958). The purposes of this investigation were as follows: (1) to determine the formations present in the area and their relation to regional stratigraphy, (2) to determine the structure of the area and its relation to regional.structure, and (3). to produce a geologic map of the area (Plate 1).

Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine how Utah educators and school board members view the future of education in the state. This was done by comparing the ratings for importance and the predictions on the time of occurrence of 53 educational events. An event was an incident or happening which might effect the education of the state . The hypotheses were based on the assumption that the various educational groups would hold differing views concerning the future of Utah education. Procedure The study provided data on the perceptions of 236 individual s representing five groups of educational participants (State Department personnel, superintendents, other administrators, teachers, and school board members) concerning the future of education in the State of Utah within a 20-year period of time. The sample was randomly selected, with the exception of the superintendent group which included all of the superintendents of the state. An instrument consisting of 53 educational events was developed which enabled the respondents to express their perceptions of the importance of the events and predict when each of the events would occur in 60 percent of the schools of the state. Leik's Measure of Ordinal Consensus was used to arrive at a consensus score which indicated the dispersion or lack of dispersion of responses within a group to a particular event. An analysis of variance was used to test for differences among the groups. where a significant F-ratio was found, using the .05 level of significance, Duncan's New Multiple Range Test was also utilized. This test was designed to locate differences between paired groups.

The relative profitability of sugar beets and competitive crops were studied in Box Elder and Cache counties , Utah . Profitability ratios based on enterprise budget data and resource use requirements were used as a basis for comparison . Sugar beets was found to be more profitable than competing crops in returns per acre , in returns to water used and in returns to fixed investment and management. However, sugar beets was found to be less profitable than certain other crops in returns to operating capital and returns to labor . Also , on land rated low in productivity sugar beets was found to be less profitable than most competing crops . Linear programming techniques were used in studying the production response of sugar beets at various price levels . An aggregated supply curve was developed showing the acreage response in sugar beet production at varying sugar beet prices for the two county area . The price range over which sugar beet acreage was responsive ranged from $11 .70 per ton to a high of $16.70 per ton where the maximum acreage permitted in the model was attained .

The operating costs for farms and ranches in the United States have increased 81 percent between 1970 and 1976. Calf prices over this same period have fluctuated dramatically and have fallen from a high of $58/cwt in 1973 to a low of $2 6/ cwt in 1975. Since 1973, the increasing operating costs have exceeded the returns gene rated by the low calf prices and have left operators in a negative financial position. This case study has shown that the operator has increased both the scale and efficiency of his operation through improved lives tock husbandry and range improvements , yet has been unable to keep up with the increase in operating costs. A res t rot at ion grazing system and associated range improvements were implemented in 1970 on the summer mountain range. The resultant increase in forage prod uction allowed a 45 percent increase in the breeding herd. The meadow hayland and crested wheat grass pastures were also improved to provide winter and spring forage for the increased number of cows. The calf crop weaned and average weaning weights increased from 86 percent and 347 pound s i n 1970 to 93 percent and 363 pounds i n 1976. The total pounds of calf weaned increased 60 percent between 1970 and 1976. The tremendous increase in beef production was offset by the rampant increase in op e rating costs. The net return in 1970 was $2 , lOo but dropped to a loss of - $3,671 i n 1976. However, had the operator not increased the level of production while the operating costs increased, his net loss in 1976 would have been - $24 , 718 . Although the net returns a re negative , the increase in returns over the base level of production is positive. The internal rate of return and net present worth of the grazing system and its associated improvements was 25 percent and $95 ,027 respectively. TI1 e operator has been successful in developing his range and livestock resource and increasing calf production. It is paradoxical that the increase in returns above the base production have rendered the improvements economically profit able yet the combination of increasing operating costs and low livestock prices have produced a negative return from 1974 through 1976.

Current vegetation classes were generated from remotely sensed data to provide coarse-level information for an ecosystem management plan developed at Camp Williams, Utah. Vegetation trend from 1973 - 1993 was also examined via satellite imagery. The data set consisted of Landsat Multispectral Scanner (MSS) and Thematic Mapper (TM) images from July or August of 1973, 1975, 1980, 1988, and 1993. Two approaches were used to detect vegetation change. The first approach determined overall and cover type trend from standard digital image differencing of soil-adjusted vegetation index (SAVI) images. The second approach used an unsupervised classification of a composite SAVI image of all dates. The first approach defined areas of increase, decrease, and no significant change in SAVI and differences in trend for tree versus shrub cover types. The second approach resulted in an ecological classification that defined new environmental patterns based on vegetation trend.

Importance of lamb marketings The production and marketing of lambs is important in Utah's economy. In 1956, Utah ranked fifth in the United States in lambs produced and saved, with 1,038,000 head produced and 840,000 marketed for consumption, table 1. Cash receipts from the lamb marketings during the year amounted to over 10 million dollars, and in addition, the state's economy benefited through revenues, employment, and raw materials which were provided by the lamb industry. Marketing decisions Lamb producers and handlers are faced with many decisions in marketing their lambs. They not only must decide when and where to sell, but the question of what method of transportation to use must be answered. In essence, the producer or handler can make direct ranch sale to slaughterers, lamb feeders, or speculators and can thereby pass on some of the decision making to the buyer; or he can sell through commission firms and competitive bidding at public livestock markets and retain the decision making himself. In the case of direct sale at the ranch, the buyer usually assumes the cost of marketing from that point until he relinquishes title. Generally, the buyer charges for this service by giving a lower price to the seller than would be received if the seller were to ship to the public livestock market.

Trends in Utah's agriculture and some factors influencing farmer's decisions concerning eight crops produced on irrigated lands in Utah were studied. Trend lines were calculated and compared with statistics of acreages and yields. Simple and multiple regression tests were made. An increasing number of Utah farmers have taken off-farm employment and operate their farms on a part-time basis. Forage and grain crops both adapt readily to part0time farm operations and these crops do not entail the degree of risk involved in the production of most cash crops. Variety improvements have caused some shifting to wheat production. Product prices, costs, weather, government programs, and labor problems were also found to be important factors influencing farmers decisions.

A pre-service needs inventory was field tested for possible use by counselors of the Utah State Division of Rehabilitation Services. The field testing was carried out by utilizing two groups of consultants for evaluating format, content, and usability of the inventory. Examination of the data collected from the consultants indicated that a pre-service needs inventory was helpful during the intake process and in filling out the Individual Written Rehabilitation Program. It also indicated that the checklist was broad enough to gather sufficient information and that the instructions were adequate. Finally the data indicated that over 75% of the counselors participating in the field test would use the checklist if it were optional.