The objectives of this study were to 1) determine the effects of livestock grazing and periods of rest from grazing on infiltration and erosion rates of unchained woodland; chained, debris-in-place; and chained, debris-windrowed pinyon-juniper sites; and 2) utilize these measurements in developing guidelines for grazing management of pinyonjuniper rangelands that protect or improve the hydrologic condition of the watershed. The study was conducted on sandy loam soils in southeastern Utah during the summers of 1971 and 1972. Runoff and erosion were artificially induced from small plots by simulating rainfall with the Rocky Mountain infiltrometer. Infiltration rates, erosion rates, and selected vegetative and edaphic parameters were measured on each plot. Forage removal by clipping and soil compaction subtreatments were applied to randomly selected plots in an effort to simulate the forage removal and trampling activities of livestock. Analysis of variance techniques were used to determine the effect on infiltration and erosion rates of forage removal and soil compaction subtreatment, grazing and varying periods of rest from grazing, and chaining treatments with similar grazing histories. Multiple regression techniques were used to evaluate the influence of vegetative and edaphic factors on infiltration and erosion. Forage removal and soil compaction subtreatments had no consistent effect on infiltration rates. However, the clipping and compaction subtreatments were an instantaneous application of forage removal and soil pressure and thus may not adequately represent long term, accumulative conditions imposed by actual grazing. Areas rested from livestock grazing since 1967 had significantly higher infiltration rates than grazed areas on unchained woodland and chained, debris-in-place sites. Grazed plots consistently had the lowest infiltration rates although this lower rate was not significantly different from infiltration rates measured on areas protected from grazing since 1969 or 1971. Grazing did not consistently affect infiltration measured on chained, debris-windrowed sites. Infiltration rates increased on all three vegetative conditions as the period of rest from grazing increased. None of the 21 soil and vegetative variables included in this study were identified by multiple regression models as consistently explaining significant amounts of variation in infiltration rates. Results of this study indicate that the primary value of multiple regression models is not to predict changes that will occur in infiltration because one management alternative is selected over another, but to help explain significant differences measured between treatments. Erosion rates were not significantly affected by forage removal subtreatments, but a trend indicates that erosion increases on plots when above ground vegetation is removed by clipping. No consistent relationship between -erosion rates and soil compaction subtreatments was found. A trend toward increased erosion rates on grazed areas was found. No consistent relationship between erosion rates and the various periods of rest from grazing was recorded. Thus, any rest from grazing appears to reduce the erosion potential from pinyonjuniper sites. In summary, pinyon-juniper rangelands can be improved for livestock by chaining and seeding without causing a deterioration in watershed condition. However, to achieve these objectives, the sites to be treated must be carefully evaluated and the appropriate chaining, plant debris disposal, and seeding techniques identified. And following vegetative conversion, the areas must be properly grazed.

The urolithiasis condition investigated occurred at a "hard water" hatchery in Utah after the trout were changed from a meat diet to a commercial pelleted fish feed as a sole sustaining diet in 1961. Numerous diet modifications proved unsuccessful in preventing urolithiasis at the hatchery. It was eventually determined that different commercial diets resulted in varied percentages of trout developing urolithiasis. The urolithic deposits found in the kidney tubules were amorphous and composed of calcium phosphate (apatite) and an organic matrix. Bacterial contamination of the kidneys was not an important factor in the formation of urolithiasis. Rainbow trout containing urolithic deposits showed gradual deposit regression when transferred into a "softer" water supply. Pelleted experimental diets containing sodium bicarbonate and/or sodium fluoride were fed to two strains of rainbow trout reared in a "softer" water supply normally causing no urolithiasis problems. The diets with the sodium bicarbonate added resulted in a significant occurrence of urolithiasis when fed to trout for 30 days. The addition of sodium fluoride to the diet was not significant in producing urolithiasis in trout. One experimental diet (low sodium bicarbonate-sodium fluoride) and one strain of fish (Soap Lake) appeared to influence the number of trout developing urolithiasis although the increase was not significant. All levels of statistical significance were tested at the 5 percent level.

Change in the use to which land is put may affect the economic and social return from it. Land-use changes tend to be rather permanent in nature. They should be guided so that social welfare will be served best. Rural Zoning has developed from this need to direct change in land use in rural areas. It first came into use about twenty-four years ago but was developed from much older, urban-zoning experience. By 1949, rural-zoning ordinances had been adopted by 173 counties in 23 states. Thirty-eight states had passed enabling acts permitting the adoption of rural-zoning ordinances by specified political subdivisions within their jurisdictions by that date (7, pages 1-23).

This thesis presents the results of a geologic investigation of the Rendezvous Peak area, Cache and Box Elder Counties, Utah (Figure 1). The area lies between the Bear River Range on the east and the Northern Wasatch Mountains on the west (Figure 2). It is south of Cache Valley in which Logan, Utah, is located and north of Ogden Valley, east of the Wasatch Range near Ogden, Utah.

The primary purpose of the present study was to evaluate the impact of Utah's prereferral intervention policy on the numbers of mildly handicapped students receiving special education services. Associated with this purpose, the study was also designed to identify the (a) types of prereferral intervention procedures available in school districts, (b) extent to which the procedures were implemented by schools, (c) effectiveness of the prereferral intervention procedures for maintaining students with handicaps in regular education, and (d) degree of prereferral intervention inservice training. In addition, LEA officials' perceptions regarding the prereferral intervention process were also examined. It was expected, in light of previous research, that the prereferral intervention mandate would decrease the numbers of students classified (a) mildly handicapped, (b) learning disabled, (c) behavior disordered, and (d) intellectually handicapped. Because there was no information to suggest otherwise, it was also expected that the mandate would fail to have a differential effect on rural and urban school districts and on the numbers of students classified as severely intellectually handicapped (control variable), whereas the degree of prereferral intervention inservice training provided teachers was expected to exert a systematic influence on the outcomes. Results of the evaluation showed that the prereferral intervention mandate failed to impact the numbers of students classified (a) mildly handicapped, (b) learning disabled, (c) behavior disordered, and (d) intellectually handicapped, and (e) severely intellectually handicapped (control variable). The mandate also failed to have a differential effect on rural and urban school districts. In addition, the results of the survey indicated that LEAs have implemented a variety of prereferral intervention procedures. However, within school districts, the number of schools implementing the procedures varied. LEA officials were uncertain whether the prereferral intervention procedures were effective or whether they should be maintained. LEA officials also indicated that teachers fail to benefit from their participation in the prereferral intervention process. Furthermore, they were uncertain whether the process is a bureaucratic hurdle and whether it should be maintained. (116 pages)

Since the early 20th century, river channels of the Colorado River basin have narrowed, decreasing available riparian and aquatic habitat. Changes are considered to be the result of three major factors: wide-spread water development, increasing hydroclimate variability and the invasion of non-native tamarisk (Tamarix spp.), altering flow regime and sediment supply. Different studies have reached different conclusions about the relative roles of flow regime, sediment supply and tamarisk in causing narrowing. I investigated channel change in the lower Green River within Canyonlands National Park to describe channel changes in the 20th century and understand the roles of shifting flow regime and changing vegetation communities on 20th century channel narrowing. The lower Green River within Canyonlands National Park has narrowed substantially since the late 1800s, resulting in narrower channel. Changes to flood magnitude, rate and timing since 1900, driven by increased water storage and diversion in the Green River basin and declines in annual precipitation, was responsible for inset floodplain formation documented in this study. I used multiple datasets to reconstruct the history of channel narrowing in the lower Green River and identify processes of floodplain formation. In the field, analyses of a floodplain trench were described to identify rate, timing and magnitude of floodplain formation. Channel and floodplain surveys were conducted to determine possible changes in bed elevation. Additionally, I analyzed existing aerial imagery, hydrologic data, and sediment transport data. I applied these techniques to determine how floodplain formation occurred at multiple spatial and temporal scales. My investigation shows that the floodplains of the contemporary lower Green River began forming in the late 1930s and continued to form in the 20th century by inset floodplain formation. During this time period, peak flow and total runoff declined due to climatic changes and human water development. Since the mid-1980s, inset floodplains continued to develop along the lower Green River since the mid-1980s, narrowing the river by an additional 9.4%. Analysis of aerial imagery shows that changes to the floodplain identified in the trench occurred throughout the 61 km of river I studied. Non-native tamarisk (Tamarix spp.) did not drive channel narrowing, though dense stands stabilized banks and likely promoted sediment deposition. Inset floodplain formation reflects changes to flooding resulting from water development and climate change. My findings have implications for the long-term management of the lower Green River and endangered endemic native fishes –particularly the Colorado pikeminnow (Ptychocheilus lucius) and the razorback sucker (Xyrauchen texanus). Collaboration with upstream stakeholders and managers is necessary to preserve elements of the flow regime that preserve channel width and limit channel narrowing.

Proof that public hunting on private lands is a growing Utah problem is, perhaps, most easily found by driving down any country lane. “No Trespassing" signs come one to a fence post or so it must seem to the pheasant hunter. His quarry is the most popular of Utah's farm game species and, unfortunately, the most popular subject of farmer-sportsmen disputes. Reasoning that short seasons reduce hunter nuisances and property damage, landowners have long advocated three to five day pheasant seasons. And because of this and a former game department concern about overshooting the birds (Utah Fish and Game Commission, 1941) Utah has had traditionally short pheasant hunting seasons. When biologists found it practically impossible to overshoot pheasants with rooster-only hunts (Allen, 1947 , 1956) Utah's game technicians and some sportsmen began advocating longer hunts. The longer seasons they felt, would increase the harvest of cocks and the public's recreational opportunity. Farmers have not been receptive to increased public recreation on their farms and have resisted pheasant hunts that are longer than, if as long as the standard three days. Some landowner groups have even rejected the three-day seasons and set their own, shorter seasons. Other upland game birds (partridges, quail and mourning doves) frequent private lands, and while they are not as popular with hunters as pheasants are, they figure in hunting-season problems. This has been particularly true of mourning doves. Attempts were made during the 1957 session of the Utah State Legislature to prohibit mourning dove hunting (Stokes I 1957). Advocates of this legislation felt that dove seasons led to property damage and nuisance and also encouraged pheasant poaching. The concern with these, as well as other problems stemming from upland bird hunting on private lands, revealed a need for more detailed information about the se problems. Therefore, a survey of farmers was initiated which had these specific objectives: 1. Determine the amount of upland bird habitat open to public hunting. 2. Learn the reasons why landowners close their property to public hunting. 3 Establish the number of landowners suffering from hunter caused nuisance and damage and the cost of such damage. 4 Find what, if any, method of hunter control held property damage and nuisance to farmers at an acceptable minimum. A review of the literature on farmer-sportsman relations reveals that few states have tried to study their problems carefully before attempting to solve them. The review also disclosed that much of what has been done is so specialized or based upon such limited information that it cannot honestly be compared to problems in other states or even to other areas in the same state. At the outset, I should mention that certain aspects of this criticism will apply to attempts to use this survey as a blanket generalization for the entire State.

Advisory councils are being used in the fields of both business and education today. The vocational fields have increasingly made use of advisory councils in the organization of instruction content, selection of trainees and the placement of men trained in various occupations. At the present time there is considerable discussion among professional men in the field of vocational agriculture concerning the desirability of using advisory councils. Much has been written and several studies have been make concering the organiation and proper use of advisory councils. This problem at the present time calls for additional study and evaluation.

In the relatively low lying delta area west of Ogden, Utah several thousand acres of potentially productive lands have been seriously affected by the accumulation of soluble salts and the associated condition of excessive exchangeable sodium. As a part of the Weber Basin Project, much of this large area of undeveloped or only partially developed land is proposed for irrigation. Successful irrigation of these salt-affected lands, however, is dependent upon their reclamation and improvement.

In the past, several projects have been conducted at Bear Lake, Utah-Idaho, by the Utah State University through the Wildlife Resources Department, in conjunction with the Utah and Idaho fish and game departments, the Fish and Wildlife Service , and the National Science Foundation. These projects have dealt primarily with limnology, limnological techniques, fish life histories, fish movements, and bottom fauna in the pelagic and benthic areas of the lake. Subsequently, a littoral zone project was set up to study some of the ecological aspects of the shallow waters of Bear Lake, and some of the influences that this area may have on the entire lake.