This thesis is based on the question, whether a taxation have an effect on consumption of cigarettes. At the first there was needed to find factors which affect the cigarettes consumption. These factors are socioeconomic status of the population or using regulatory politics for tobacco products. Analysis is based on estimation econometrics model of regression analysis on panel data set. The panel data set consist from information about member states of European union for years 2003 to 2015. The goal of the thesis is to find an answer whether the tax policy of member states in according to taxation of cigarettes is effective. It means whether taxation of cigarette have an impact on cigarettes consumption. The analysis show that the explanatory variable for taxation is statistically inefficient. That say that the level of taxation does not affect the cigarettes consumption.

My diploma thesis is focused on German taxation and the impact on Czech subjects exporting or investing in Germany. The aim of my diploma thesis is to provide Czech enterpreneurs with useful and current information about the taxation system applied in Germany and give basic tax burden calculations in order to facilitate orientation in such complicated system. In addition to this, it also provides information about exporters' obligations related with entering the German market. The thesis is split into three major parts. The opening part contains two chapters dealing with export and investment flows from the Czech Republic to Germany. The thesis also outlines the basic steps to be carried out when entering the German market, for instance when founding a company in Germany as well as other general information related to export to Germany and ways of investment access to this major market and investment activities. The other two parts of the thesis are thematically overlapping. The second part includes the third chapter focusing on the tax harmonization process within the European Union and the fourth chapter on particular German taxes which is thematically linked with the third part. The second part also gives some tax calculation methods in order to facilitate orientation in these quite complicated tax issues. The last part deals with the use of German and Czech tax systems in practice. It gives some practical taxation examples, some of them applied on maths calculations again. Due to frequent changes in the field of taxation I mainly used Czech and German internet sources and current legal regulations.

The theoretical part of the graduation theses describes the theoretical basis of the exist broad issue and involves the basic processes and methods of bookkeeping and creating of the final accounts at accounting period of the year 2009 in accordance with actual legislation. The practical part of the graduation theses includes practical application of the theoretical basis onto the concrete company. The output of the graduation theses will be the methodology of accounting and creating of the final accounts at accounting period of the year 2009 for the concrete company.

My diploma thesis is focused on German taxation and the impact on Czech subjects exporting to Germany. The main aim of this thesis is to give Czech entrepreneurs useful and current information about the German taxation system and to show basic tax calculations. My thesis is split into four chapters. The opening chapter deals with the internal market of the European Union, its history and its four freedoms. The second chapter outlines export of goods and services from the Czech Republic to Germany, the possibilities of entering the German market and the basic steps to be carried out while entering this area. Second part of the thesis presents the practical part. The third chapter includes particular German tax system and the comparison of Czech and German tax systems. The last chapter is focused on the use of German tax system in practice, especially VAT and it gives (as well as the third chapter) practical taxation examples.

The thesis assesses measurements of the VAT efficiency. It compares the tax quota, implicit tax rate and VAT revenue ratio. The first chapter deals with theoretical foundations for a flat rate consumption tax. Following chapters discuss the perquisites for VAT efficiency calculations (comparing actual VAT revenue and theoretical amount of tax base). Following chapters assess the above mentioned calculations, with special respect to VAT Revenue Ratio, which is analyzed in detail and to which is presented a comparison across the EU countries. The thesis further analyses Policy Efficiency Ratio (policy gap) and Compliance Efficiency Ratio (compliance gap). In its conclusion it summarizes the information gathered and presents a number of possible improvements.

The aim of this thesis is to compare the benefits of the vehicle acquisition for businesses on a financial leasing or a loan. The theoretical part is in greater detail focused on the current state of the legislation on tax and non-tax obligations of businesses associated with the acquisition of a vehicle. The theoretical part also briefly describes two systems of EU countries which tax their cars based on the CO2 production. The practical part of this thesis is a model example which compares the economic advantages of a financial leasing and a loan. The results are also being compared with the current state of the Czech Republic market.

This thesis is dealing with development and analysis of value added tax rates and income tax rates in developed countries. Developed countries are member states of European Union and member states of Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Standard value added tax rates are analysed during period 1971 till 2011 for both formations with following comparison. The development of corporate tax rates is observed from 1981 to 2011 again for both formations with comparison afterwards. For the same period of time are analysed free marginal rates of personal income tax but only within OECD. Next can be found analysis and comparisons of rates mentioned above from seven chosen states including the Czech Republic. In the final part, the development of tax rates in chosen states with respect to the development of GDP in these states is presented. The development in chosen states is surveyed for the period 1981-2011.

The topic of this master thesis is the German tax system which is a relatively complicated entity. The aim of this thesis is to provide the updated and practical information useful for the Czech exporters and for their business activities in Germany. The thesis consists of five chapters. The first chapter describes the main export features from the Czech Republic to Germany. Next chapter analyses the different legal forms of companies that can be set up in Germany. The third chapter presents the process of the tax harmonisation and co-ordination within the EU. Next two chapters create the practial part of the master thesis. Particular types of both direct and indirect taxes are object of the fourth chapter. Finally, the last chapter applies the theoretical knowledge gained from the previous parts of the thesis in form of examples and situations from the tax practice and real business life of the entrepreneurs who export their goods and services to Germany.

The thesis is aimed at estimate of calculation of tax evasions at value-added tax (VAT) in the Czech Republic between 2005 and 2011. The estimates are executed on the basis of the concept of tax gap. Tax gap compares theoretically calculated tax amount with the real tax amount. Results of the calculations are compared to the results of calculations of cumulative studies of tax gap executed in the countries of European Union. The issue of grey economy is also topic of the thesis and different approaches to calculations of grey economy are mentioned. Topics like tax-evasions causes, tax-evasions types and ways of its solving follow. Conclusion of the thesis includes questionnaire survey among payers of VAT. Survey is especially aimed at tax evasions and possible solutions to them.

La Communauté européenne est tombée dans une situation critique. Cette situation s’explique par le fait que les États membres n’harmonisent pas leur système budgétaire, dont le rôle est de satisfaire à l’intérêt commun. Toutefois, les tentatives ne manquent pas. Dès la mise en œuvre du Traité de Rome en janvier 1958, les administrateurs fiscaux de la Commission s’efforcent d’harmoniser les systèmes de taxes sur le chiffre d’affaires entre les États membres afin de créer un véritable espace de libre-échange. La taxe commune sur la valeur ajoutée est ainsi créée en avril 1967, les États membres devant l’adopter au plus tard le 1er janvier 1970. L’application de cet impôt fait alors avancer l’intégration européenne. Le parcours menant à l’élaboration des directives permettant la création de la TVA commune n’est pas simple car les points de vue de la Commission de la Communauté européenne et des États membres autours de la question sur la souveraineté fiscale différent. La Commission veut créer un Marché Commun sans frontière tandis que les États membres, notamment la France, souhaitent mettre en place la neutralité fiscale ainsi qu’un impôt qui sert l’économie, sans pourtant supprimer les frontières. La nouvelle fiscalité, sans proposer une véritable taxe européenne appartenant au budget de la Communauté, a toutefois permis de construire une Europe compétitive. / The European Community has entered a crisis. The cause of this crisis is the fact that the Member States do not harmonise their budgetary systems which would serve the common interest. However, it doesn't mean that there were no past attempts that were made. Since the implementation of the Treaty of Rome in January 1958, the European Commission's tax administrators have tried to harmonise turnover tax systems between Member States in order to create a genuine free trade zone. The common value-added tax was created in April 1967, with the Member States having to implement it by I January 1970 at the latest. The application of this tax would thus advance European integration. The path of formulating directives for the creation of a common VAT is not straightforward. The reason is that the views of the European Commission and those of the Member States are different regarding fiscal sovereignty. The European Commission wants to create a Common Market without borders, while the Member States, notably France, want to implement tax neutrality and also a tax that serves the economy, but without eliminating borders. The new common tax system would enable building a competitive Europe.