Магистерская диссертация посвящена анализу налоговых рисков ОАО «Магнитогорский металлургический комбинат» и разработке рекомендация по их снижению.В диссертации описаны факторы возникновения налоговых рисков, а также рассчитаны конкретные риски по налогу на прибыль и НДС объекта исследования (в рамках второй главы диссертации). В третьей главе представлены рекомендации по минимизации выявленных налоговых рисков, а также предложена система управления налоговыми рисками ОАО «Магнитогорский металлургический комбинат» с выделением ее составных частей. Автором также предложены управленческие решения в отношении совершенствования внутренней налоговой политикиОАО «Магнитогорский Металлургический Комбинат». / The master's thesis is devoted to the analysis of tax risks of OJSC "Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works" and developmentof recommendations on such taxrisks mitigation. The master'sthesis describes factors of tax risks emersion, and presents specific risks for the corporate profit tax and VAT calculation (within the framework of the second chapter of the thesis). The third chapter of provides recommendations for identified tax risksmitigation, and proposes a system oftax risks management of OJSC "Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works" including the identification of its components. The author also proposes management solutions for improving the internal tax policy ofOJSC "Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works".

The tax system in South Africa makes provision for every South African citizen to contribute to a greater or lesser extent to funding the National Health Insurance (NHI), either through VAT or PAYE. However, as a result of the high unemployment rate, a large gap exists between tax and non-tax contributors. The question can now be asked whether it is fair that just a small percentage of taxpayers are responsible for the total funding of the NHI. Furthermore, it could be asked whether the taxpayer is aware of the additional tax burden the NHI will impose on him/her. The purpose of this research was to investigate three countries, namely, Brazil, Spain and Germany, where some form of NHI is in operation, in order to find a possible appropriate funding model for South Africa's NHI and, ultimately, to make conclusions and recommendations based on the outcomes. It was subsequently found that, although the taxpayer should be more heavily taxed in order to fund the NHI, there are a few other possibilities for distributing the tax burden more evenly. However, the impact of the proposed adjustment to increase VAT could have a negative impact on the non-taxpayer and might contribute to greater poverty in South Africa. / MCom (South African and International Taxation), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

The tax system in South Africa makes provision for every South African citizen to contribute to a greater or lesser extent to funding the National Health Insurance (NHI), either through VAT or PAYE. However, as a result of the high unemployment rate, a large gap exists between tax and non-tax contributors. The question can now be asked whether it is fair that just a small percentage of taxpayers are responsible for the total funding of the NHI. Furthermore, it could be asked whether the taxpayer is aware of the additional tax burden the NHI will impose on him/her. The purpose of this research was to investigate three countries, namely, Brazil, Spain and Germany, where some form of NHI is in operation, in order to find a possible appropriate funding model for South Africa's NHI and, ultimately, to make conclusions and recommendations based on the outcomes. It was subsequently found that, although the taxpayer should be more heavily taxed in order to fund the NHI, there are a few other possibilities for distributing the tax burden more evenly. However, the impact of the proposed adjustment to increase VAT could have a negative impact on the non-taxpayer and might contribute to greater poverty in South Africa. / MCom (South African and International Taxation), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Questa tesi include tre capitoli che si concentrano sulle politiche pubbliche e la tutela della salute. Il primo capitolo esamina l’effetto dell’incremento delle aliquote dell’IVA su alcune bevande sul loro consumo. I risultati dell’analisi empirica suggeriscono che l'aumento dell'aliquota IVA ha ridotto il consumo di alcolici, birra e bevande gassate, mentre l’effetto sul consumo di vino non è statisticamente significativo. Tuttavia, questo risultato generale cambia se si considerano sotto-gruppi di individui. Il secondo capitolo studia l’impatto del salario minimo sulla salute della popolazione cinese. Le stime indicano che i salari minimi reali sono negativamente e significativamente correlati con lo stato di salute della popolazione sia nel breve che nel lungo periodo, un risultato che potrebbe essere spiegato dalle condizioni di lavoro più stressanti conseguenti all’introduzione di un salario minimo più elevato. Infine, il terzo capitolo analizza gli effetti dei meccanismi di incentivazione sui comportamenti degli operatori sanitari del settore delle cure primarie nell’ambito della gestione dell'ipertensione. La nostra indagine empirica suggerisce che gli incentivi finanziari negativi potrebbero motivare gli operatori sanitari a migliorare la qualità dei servizi legati alla gestione dell'ipertensione, mentre né gli incentivi finanziari né diverse modalità di valutazione delle prestazioni sembrano influenzare la qualità dei servizi. / This dissertation includes three chapters which focus on the relationship between public policies and healthcare. The first chapter examines whether tax policy is effective in changing the unhealthy drinking behaviours of individuals. My findings suggest that the VAT rate increase is effective in reducing the consumption of spirits, beer and carbonated beverages, while it is not effective for wine. However, this general result change when looking at sub-groups of individuals. The second chapter studies how real minimum wages affect population health in China. I conclude that real minimum wages are negatively and significantly related to population health, a result which might be explained by the role of more stressful working conditions as a consequence of a higher minimum wage. Finally, the third chapter analyses the effects of incentive mechanisms on the behaviours of primary health workers and the subsequent effects on the quality of hypertension management. The empirical investigation suggests that negative financial incentives could motivate primary health workers and improve the quality of hypertension management. However, neither positive financial incentives nor different modes of performance evaluation are significantly related to the quality of hypertension management.

一般而言，租稅課徵的標的有所得、消費和財富三種，而在複式稅制下，三者同等重要。台灣地區光復初期的消費稅由於著重於財政收入和所得重分配等功能，因此較偏重於貨物稅之課徵；然自民國七十五年營業稅改制後，並採行加值型之課徵方式，整個銷售稅體系出現了重大的變化。由於消費稅係對消費行為課徵，與經濟及社會發展情況息息相關。再者，隨著時代的變遷，傳統以個人對社會貢獻之「所得」為納稅能力的衡量指標，已引起不少爭議，而對個人消耗社會資源的「消費」為課徵標的之加值稅，則相對受到重視。本文針對民國四十年以後台灣地區營業稅制度做整體性的探討，從觀察制度歷年之演變情形、發展趨勢，以及參考國際間實施概況，進而對現行制度做相關的問題檢討，並提出改進的建議。 茲將本研究重要結論，歸納為下列幾點： 一、觀察歷年營業稅和貨物稅占賦稅收入之比重可發現，在民國七十五年之前，貨物稅所占比重約為營業稅所占比重的兩倍左右；而在七十五年之後，營業稅所占比重已超過貨物稅，且呈現上升趨勢。顯示七十五年營業稅改制後，我國租稅結構已由原先以特種銷售稅為主，轉變成以一般銷售稅為主，並與OECD國家消費稅之發展趨勢相符。此外，由於舊制營業稅稅收占賦稅收入之比重一直維持在10%以下，而七十五年改制後所占比重躍升為13.5%，至八十八年時並已上升到18.6%，足見新制營業稅在整體財政上地位之提升。 二、鑒於OECD國家加值稅發展之趨勢為普遍提高稅率，且近年來大多維持在15~25%左右。而我國現行5%的稅率水準，乃營業稅改制時，基於總稅收不變的考量下所訂定，迄今雖已實施逾十五年，然對該稅率水準則未曾予以調整。再者，我國營業稅自改制後，雖歷年營業稅稅收占賦稅收入之比重與OECD國家歷年加值稅占總稅收比重之平均水準相當，約為17%左右，然而在占GDP和占消費支出之比重方面，卻遠較OECD國家平均水準偏低，我國各約占2~3.2%和2.5~4.5%之間，而OECD國家各約占5~6%和7%左右。顯示我國營業稅稅收仍有成長的空間。此外，根據實證研究顯示，溫和的調高營業稅稅率，對物價衝擊應是一次性的，且上漲程度有限。另由歷年之統計資料估算得知，40~75年營業稅稅收之所得彈性係數值約為0.9708，而76~88年約為1.2745，顯示營業稅改制後更具稅收彈性，並能隨經濟發展而穩定成長。 三、觀察歷年營業稅稅收和營業稅稅源中營業額之變化情形可發現，大體上，兩者變動的方向一致，惟各年之增長情形並受制度或經濟面影響，而變化幅度相當大。另由歷年營業稅稅源中各業營業額所占比重來看，以商業和製造業所占比重居高，大約在30~45%左右，而其他各業則大多維持在10%以下，足見商業和製造業在營業稅稅源中，扮演相當重要的角色。另自七十八年起，由於金融業的蓬勃發展，使近年來金融業大約占營業稅稅源的15%左右，故其重要性亦不容忽視。 四、理論上，加值稅體系下之免稅範圍愈小，則經濟中立性的功能將愈顯著。而我國現行營業稅法之免稅項目共計三十二款，分析其免稅性質可發現，主要以配合農業政策、配合社會福利政策、提升教育文化水準和避免重複課稅等居多。而其中在配合農業政策方面，由於對農漁業用之機器設備及其所用油、電等免稅，在認定上有所困難，易引起營業人假農業之名移作他用，不但造成稅務行政上的困擾，並易引發租稅逃漏。而在有關非營利組織之免稅項目方面，除了有關醫療、慈善活動及教育文化勞務等方面與國際規範較相符外，其餘大多為改制之初，為避免牽連過廣、衝擊太大，乃沿襲舊制保留下來，多缺乏堅強的免稅理由。此外，對於經主管機關核准設立之學術、科技研究機構所提供之研究勞務予以免稅，將產生不公平之競爭，不但違背租稅中性原則，並可能引發租稅逃漏之誘因。 五、金融保險業是整個經濟體系中密不可分的一環，基於租稅中性原則，理論上應將其納入加值稅體系課徵，以維持租稅公平。然而，由於對金融保險業課加值稅在實務上之困難，及資本、金融勞務等在國際間極具移動性，故一般多予以免稅處理。綜觀大多數採行加值稅之OECD國家，皆將金融保險勞務納入加值稅體系，而對主要業務予以免稅處理，對次要業務課以標準稅率。反觀我國於營業稅改制之初，鑒於課徵技術之困難，而將金融保險業排除於加值稅體系外，按銷售總額課徵，且進項稅額不得扣抵。此種作法不但違反租稅中性原則，且與一般國際慣例不相符。惟日前已修法通過，規定自民國九十五年起，金融機構經營專屬本業之銷售額將免徵營業稅。由於此規定較合乎理論基礎及一般國際慣例，相信對未來整個金融體系的發展，當有正面的助益。 六、本文的建議 (1)適切的提高營業稅稅率：在提高營業稅稅率之際，並應考慮將小規模營業人之稅率按同比例提高，使彼此納稅地位維持不變。同時配合取消或合併部分貨物稅項目，使整體稅制更完善。 (2)刪除不合時宜的免稅項目：建議取消營業稅法第八條第一項第八、十、十一、十二及十三等五款有關非營利組織之免稅規定，第二十七、二十八款有關農漁業用之機器設備及其所用油、電等之免稅規定，以及第三十一款有關學術科技研究勞務之免稅規定。若政府想要幫助某特定對象或是鼓勵某特定行為，最好採用移轉支付的方式。

No description available.

The main aim of the thesis is to analyse the national reverse charge in the building industry with a focus on the effect on the selected provider. However, the aim of this study is not only to outline an influence and effect on the business sphere, but make such a methodical basis, which would improve awareness not only in the business sphere but also in the general public. In the theoretical part, important terms are defined and a fundamental theory with a focus on the national reverse charge in the building industry is introduced. In the practical part, the actual application of this system is described in the form of the common opinions and principles, analysis assessing the influence of this system on cash flow, requisitions, tax liability and other factors. The end of this study is created by gathered results and findings of the effect on the selected business partner.

The aim of this theses is analysis of accounting`s conditions and links to tax law, the needs and requirements of accounting in civil associations. For the implementation of the chosen problem into practice was selected civic association OS Stavba ČR. The work focuses on legislative conditions in areas of tax, i.e.. income tax, value added tax, road-traffic tax, real estate tax and gift, inheritance and real estate-tranfer tax. Each tax was analyzed in three views to make them well-arranged: view of the law, the accounting and the practice. The most attention in the practical part of this work is paid to the corporate income tax. Because legislation governing this tax is the most complicated and is therefore placed emphasis on requirements to process background papers and is the most different for organisations involved in the non-profit activities.

The main target of this thesis is to clarify some problems of accounting for Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs), where are some mistakes or questions around them in practise. The first part focuses on importance of SMEs generally. Other part consists of some selected topics as a depreciation and highlighted new legislation which is valid from January 2010, proforma invoices and the relation to VAT, intracommunity transfers and their places of delivery which is important for VAT charges. In labour law there is a caution about the difference between an allowance for meals and meal vouchers as a result of mistakes in travel expenses and connection to this meal voucher as an instrument of payment. There is also a notification of a new lease arrangements from January 2009. This big part is closed by outsourcing of accounting services and why these services are helpful. Very important is also next part which deals with a new International Financial Reporting Standard for SMEs which was issued by IASB in July 2009. In the conclusion of this thesis there are some practical examples of above-cited problems.

Number of areas, including the VAT one, were hit by recodification of private law since 2014. Number of areas, including the VAT, were hit by recodification of private law since 2014. This thesis focuses on analysis of the taxation progress of selected immovable property in years 2013 to 2015 and also on description of changes, that have occured - mainly due to the introduction of the new Civil Code. The reader finds a detailed comparison of selectedimmovable property and its supply according to the new Civil Code, the VAT Act and the Council Directive 2006/112/EC. The emphasis is placed on factual application of the theoretical findings (on the selected set of transactions) and the quantification of the impacts on the amount of the output tax in each year in the practical part of the thesis.