A High percentage of fuel consumption worldwide is in internal combustion engines which has led environmental organizations and authorities to put further pressure on the engine industries to reduce CO2 emissions and enhance engine efficiency. However, historically, the effect of the compression ratio on increasing thermal efficiency of the engine is well known, hence; numerous technical solutions have been proposed to implement a variable compression ratio concept. A new first-class engineering solution to use a hydraulic piston was initially patented by BICERA (British Internal Combustion Engine Research Association) , then improved by Continental and Daimler Benz. A Hydraulic variable compression ratio piston is a hydraulically actuated piston that provides a practical method of obtaining a variable compression ratio piston. In this literature, a hydraulic variable compression ratio piston for a Volvo D13 diesel engine was designed, analyzed, modeled and discussed. This analysis was accomplished by first performing kinematic and dynamic analyses for the piston motion and acceleration based on the crank-slider mechanism. Following this the oil flow characteristics were defined in every mechanical element transferring the oil in its journey from the engine pump to the piston. Moreover, two different designs were proposed in an attempt to predict the compression ratio by modeling the hydraulic, dynamic and engine execution simultaneously. Additionally, stress on the piston was analyzed using Finite Element Analysis (FEA) to assure piston sustainment and rigidity against the harsh combustion chamber environment. In conclusion, the best design was successfully selected and finalized to reach a wide compression ratio range under a boosted inlet pressure based on the selected design, dimensions, check valves and relief valves.

abstract: In previous work, the effects of power extraction for onboard electrical equipment and flight control systems were studied to determine which turbine shaft (i.e. high power shaft vs low power shaft) is best suited for power extraction. This thesis will look into an alternative option, a three-spool design with a high-pressure turbine, low-pressure turbine, and a turbine dedicated to driving the fan. One of the three-spool turbines is designed to be a vaneless counter-rotating turbine. The off-design performance of this new design will be compared to the traditional two-spool design to determine if the additional spool is a practical alternative to current designs for high shaft horsepower extraction requirements. Upon analysis, this thesis has shown that a three-spool engine with a vaneless counter-rotating stage has worse performance characteristics than traditional two-spool designs for UAV systems. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Aerospace Engineering 2019

nÃo hà / Nos dias atuais, à tema dos principais debates a desindustrializaÃÃo em curso nas economias que ainda nÃo atingiram alta renda per capita.VÃrios estudos foram realizados no Brasil sobre o assunto, mas a regiÃo Nordeste ainda carece de anÃlises nessa Ãrea. A hipÃtese central deste estudo à verificar se a economia nordestina se desindustrializou no perÃodo 1991-2012, com o crescimento contÃnuo de commodities na pauta de exportaÃÃes, aliado à maior participaÃÃo de produtos de conteÃdo tecnolÃgico mais relevante na pauta de importaÃÃes. A anÃlise foi realizada fazendo uso de dados da balanÃa comercial, exportaÃÃo e importaÃÃo, registrando a participaÃÃo das commodities e dos produtos industriais segundo a classificaÃÃo adotada pelo MDIC e OCDE (Alta, mÃdia-alta, mÃdia-baixa, baixa intensidade tecnolÃgica e produtos nÃo industrializados), do valor agregado pela indÃstria, pela participaÃÃo do emprego industrial no total e a renda (PIB). Para tal fim, foram calculados indicadores do comÃrcio exterior (Ãndice de ConcentraÃÃo das ExportaÃÃes-ICX, Ãndice de ConcentraÃÃo das ImportaÃÃes-ICM, Ãndice de Vantagem Comparativa Revelada em relaÃÃo ao saldo comercial-VCR, Taxa simples de Cobertura das importaÃÃes-TC e o Ãndice de ComÃrcio IntraindÃstria- CII) e regredido um modelo economÃtrico para verificar vestÃgios de desindustrializaÃÃo concernente à produÃÃo industrial. Os resultados indicam que a pauta de exportaÃÃo nordestina passa por uma reprimarizaÃÃo, que associada à maior presenÃa de produtos industriais com maior conteÃdo tecnolÃgico nas importaÃÃes apresenta sinais de desindustrializaÃÃo. NÃo à possÃvel concluir, no entanto, que a economia nordestina padeÃa da doenÃa holandesa, pois, na anÃlise do emprego industrial e do valor adicionado pela indÃstria no total da economia, nÃo apareceram sinais de perda de importÃncia do setor industrial no total, resultados esses corroborados pelo modelo economÃtrico regredido. Alguns segmentos industriais (tÃxtil, vestuÃrio e acessÃrios, mÃquinas, aparelhos e materiais elÃtricos) expressam, contudo, uma tendÃncia decrescente na evoluÃÃo do Ãndice de produÃÃo fÃsica industrial, o que pode indicar perda relativa desses ramos especificamente. / Nos dias atuais, à tema dos principais debates a desindustrializaÃÃo em curso nas economias que ainda nÃo atingiram alta renda per capita.VÃrios estudos foram realizados no Brasil sobre o assunto, mas a regiÃo Nordeste ainda carece de anÃlises nessa Ãrea. A hipÃtese central deste estudo à verificar se a economia nordestina se desindustrializou no perÃodo 1991-2012, com o crescimento contÃnuo de commodities na pauta de exportaÃÃes, aliado à maior participaÃÃo de produtos de conteÃdo tecnolÃgico mais relevante na pauta de importaÃÃes. A anÃlise foi realizada fazendo uso de dados da balanÃa comercial, exportaÃÃo e importaÃÃo, registrando a participaÃÃo das commodities e dos produtos industriais segundo a classificaÃÃo adotada pelo MDIC e OCDE (Alta, mÃdia-alta, mÃdia-baixa, baixa intensidade tecnolÃgica e produtos nÃo industrializados), do valor agregado pela indÃstria, pela participaÃÃo do emprego industrial no total e a renda (PIB). Para tal fim, foram calculados indicadores do comÃrcio exterior (Ãndice de ConcentraÃÃo das ExportaÃÃes-ICX, Ãndice de ConcentraÃÃo das ImportaÃÃes-ICM, Ãndice de Vantagem Comparativa Revelada em relaÃÃo ao saldo comercial-VCR, Taxa simples de Cobertura das importaÃÃes-TC e o Ãndice de ComÃrcio IntraindÃstria- CII) e regredido um modelo economÃtrico para verificar vestÃgios de desindustrializaÃÃo concernente à produÃÃo industrial. Os resultados indicam que a pauta de exportaÃÃo nordestina passa por uma reprimarizaÃÃo, que associada à maior presenÃa de produtos industriais com maior conteÃdo tecnolÃgico nas importaÃÃes apresenta sinais de desindustrializaÃÃo. NÃo à possÃvel concluir, no entanto, que a economia nordestina padeÃa da doenÃa holandesa, pois, na anÃlise do emprego industrial e do valor adicionado pela indÃstria no total da economia, nÃo apareceram sinais de perda de importÃncia do setor industrial no total, resultados esses corroborados pelo modelo economÃtrico regredido. Alguns segmentos industriais (tÃxtil, vestuÃrio e acessÃrios, mÃquinas, aparelhos e materiais elÃtricos) expressam, contudo, uma tendÃncia decrescente na evoluÃÃo do Ãndice de produÃÃo fÃsica industrial, o que pode indicar perda relativa desses ramos especificamente.

SOUZA, Kamille Leão de. A expansão das commodities e a suposta desindustrialização na região Nordeste do Brasil no período 1991-2012. 2013. 127 f.: Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará. Mestrado Acadêmico em Economia Rural (MAER). Centro de Ciências Agrárias. Fortaleza-CE. 2013 / Submitted by Francisco Helder Macêdo Rangel (fhelder@ufc.br) on 2014-10-10T17:07:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_dis_klsouza.pdf: 1329267 bytes, checksum: 189bb2778404c732a679703c10dc924a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Margareth Mesquita(margaret@ufc.br) on 2014-12-03T15:54:37Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_dis_klsouza.pdf: 1329267 bytes, checksum: 189bb2778404c732a679703c10dc924a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-03T15:54:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_dis_klsouza.pdf: 1329267 bytes, checksum: 189bb2778404c732a679703c10dc924a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Nowadays deindustrialization underway in economies that have not yet reached a high per capita income is the main theme in debates. Several studies were conducted to Brazil on this subject, but the Northeast still lacks analysis in this area. The central hypothesis of this study is to verify ig the Northeast economy was deindustrialized in the period 1991-2012, from the continued growth of commodities in totalexports couopled with the highest share of products with higher technological content in the imports. The analysis was carried out by using data on the trade balance, exports and imports, registering the share of commodities and industrial products, according to the classification adopted by OECD and MDI C (high, medium-high, medium-low, low-tech and unprocessed products), the value added by industry, the share of manufacturing employment and total income (GDP). To this end, we calculated indicators foreign trade (Export Concentration Index-ICX, Concentration Index of Import-ICM, Revealed Comparative Advantage Index over the trade balance-VCR, simple rate of coverage of imports and TC-Index of intra-industrytrade-CII and an econometric model was regressed to verify traces of deindustrialization in relation to industrial production. The results indicate that the northeast export tariff undergoes a reprimarization that, when associated with the increased presence of industrial products with higher technological content of imports, show signs of deindustrialization. However, it is not possible to come to the conclusion that the northeast economy suffers the dutch disease because signs of loss of importance on the industrial sector in total did not appear on the analysis of industrial employment and of the value added by industry in the totaleconomy. There, such results corroborated with the econometric model regressed. However, some industries (textile, clothing and accessories and machinery, equipment and material) showed a decreasing trend in the evolution of the physical industry production index, which may indicate a kind of loss. / Nos dias atuais, é tema dos principais debates a desindustrialização em curso nas economias que ainda não atingiram alta renda per capita. Vários estudos foram realizados no Brasil sobre o assunto, mas a região Nordeste ainda carece de análises nessa área. A hipótese central deste estudo é verificar se a economia nordestina se desindustrializou no per5íodo 1991-2012, com o crescimento contínuo de commodities na pauta de exportações, aliado à maior participação de produtos de conteúdo tecnológico mais relevante na pauta de importações. A análise foi realizada fazendo uso de dados da balança comercial, exportação e importação, registrando a participação das commodities e dos produtos industriais segundo a classificação adotada pelo MDIC e OCDE (Ala, méida-alta, média-baixa, baixa intensidade tecnológica e produtos não industrializados), do valor agregado pela indústria, pela participação do emprego industrial no total e a renda (PIB). Para tal fim, foram calculados indicadores do comércio exterior (Índice de Concentração das Exportações-ICX, Índice de Concentração das Importações-ICM, Índice de Vantagem comparativa Revelada em relação ao saldo comerciakl-VCR, Taxa simples de Cobertura das importações-TC e o Índice de Comércio Intraindústria-CII) e regredido um modelo econométrico para verificar vestígios de desindustrialização concernente à produção industrial. Os resultados indicam que a pauta de exportação nordestina passa por uma reprimarização, que associada à maior presença de produtos industriais com maior conteúdo tecnológico nas importações apresenta sinais de desindustrialização. Não é possível concluir, no entanto, que a economia nordestina padeça da doença holandesa, pois, na análise do emprego industrial e do valor adicionado pela indústria no total da economia, não apareceram sinais de perda de importância do setor industrial no total, resultados esses corroborados pelo modelo econométrico regredido. Alguns segmentos industriais (têxtil, vestuário e acessórios, máquinas, aparelhos e materiais elétricos) expressam, contudo, uma tendência decrescente na evolução do índice de produção física industrial, o que pode indicar perda relativa desses ramos especificamente.

The approximately 2.9 Ga old Witwatersrand Basin of South Africa hosts different types of pyrite grains. The pyrite grains are hosted in different quartz pebble conglomerate reefs including the Ventersdorp Contact Reef (VCR). The various reefs are accessible from numerous goldfields. Regardless of years of studying the various types of pyrite grains from the VCR, there is still a disagreement as to their origins. Numerous pyrite grains of different types, shapes, and textures have been identified in the VCR of the Kloof Gold Mine. The origin of the different types of pyrite grains have been attributed to various mechanisms. Consequently, different depositional models were suggested for the mineralisation of the pyrite grains. Nevertheless, the style of mineralisation and origin of the different types of pyrite grains require further work especially for the VCR. This study determined whether a single or multiple processes were responsible for the formation of the different pyrite grains. The different types of pyrite grains including the rounded porous, rounded massive and angular massive grains were identified using a reflected light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and Röntec energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. The above techniques were used to describe the shapes, sizes, and textures of the different types of pyrite grains in order to classify and group the pyrite grains for further investigation by chemical analysis. Identification and description of minerals associated with pyrite were conducted to determine the environment and conditions under which pyrite grains were formed. Genetic structures were identified in order to resolve whether the pyrite grains were transported or crystallised in situ. Different types of inclusions hosted in pyrite grains were identified and described to determine the nature of pyrite grains. Rounded zircon grains were identified in rounded massive pyrite grains, and the appearance the rounded zircon grains might suggest that the rounded massive pyrite grains formed later after the deposition of the Witwatersrand basin sediments. A particle induced x-ray emission, an electron microprobe, and a laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry were used to carry out chemical analysis of the major, minor and trace elements of the different pyrite grains. The chemical analyses were conducted to investigate and determine the chemical signatures and the composition of the different types of the pyrite grains to determine their processes of formation. Compositional zonation patterns and overgrowths of the pyrite grains were identified in order to determine whether the pyrite grains were formed through multiple mechanisms. The compositional zonation patterns were observed in the rounded porous pyrite grains. The zonations suggest multiple stages of growth processes resulting in most porous parts of the pyrite being enclosed by nearly pure pyrite. The rounded pyrite grains are generally containing high concentrations of Ni and Co as opposed to angular pyrite grains. The Ni/Co ration is low in the angular pyrite grains, but high in the rounded grains. The high Ni/Co ratio in rounded grains may be related to low-temperature sedimentary processes, whereas the low Ni/Co ratio in angular pyrite grains may indicate hydrothermal source. The differences between rounded and angular pyrite grains can be interpreted as a result of different genetic history, and origin from different sources. Thus the different pyrite grains formed under different chemical and atmospheric conditions, and by different depositional mechanisms. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Geology / unrestricted

No description available.

Dune grasses are integral to biogeomorphic feedbacks that create and alter foredunes and barrier island stability. In a glasshouse study, Ammophila breviligulata Fern. and Uniola paniculata L. were planted together and subjected to sand burial to quantify morphological and physiological response. Ammophila breviligulata physiological and morphological performance declined when planted with U. paniculata but U. paniculata was not affected when planted with A. breviligulata. Burial had a positive effect on A. breviligulata and U. paniculata as indicated by electron transport rate and total biomass at the end of the experiment. Due to their different growth strategies, A. breviligulata and U. paniculata form continuous versus hummocky dunes, respectively. As global temperatures rise and U. paniculata migrates into A. breviligulata dominated habitat, A. breviligulata performance may diminish, and changes in dune form could result in altered island stability via increased overwash. Foredune community structure could also change due to the shift in dominant species which could alter dune succession.

Em 1988, dois professores do sistema público de ensino de São Paulo Cristina Bruzzo e Antônio Rebouças Falcão foram convidados a montar um acervo audiovisual na Fundação para o Desenvolvimento da Educação (FDE), que seria disponibilizado aos educadores da rede. O advento do videocassete trouxe consigo novas possibilidades de utilização de recursos audiovisuais na sala de aula, e, frente a isso, constatou-se que alguns professores estavam, espontaneamente, alugando fitas em videolocadoras comerciais para utilizar na escola. Esse fenômeno fez surgir a ideia de se montar uma videoteca no Centro de Documentação e Informação para a Educação (Ceduc) da FDE, que disponibilizasse, gratuitamente, um conjunto de fitas VHS para fins pedagógicos. Esse foi o início do projeto Ceduc-vídeo e da Videoteca Pedagógica da FDE. A partir dessa data até o ano de 1997, a FDE foi palco de várias ações que visaram a promover a entrada do cinema e do vídeo na escola: montou uma videoteca circulante, produziu e distribuiu vídeos e filmes educativos, editou diferentes tipos publicações sobre o tema dentre os quais destacamos a série Apontamentos, as coletâneas Lições com Cinema e a revista Quadro a Quadro e realizou seminários entre cineastas, pesquisadores e educadores, dentre outras ações. Nesta pesquisa, fizemos o levantamento, a organização e a descrição das ações, relativas ao cinema e a educação, realizadas na entidade, com especial destaque para as iniciativas implantadas pelo projeto Ceduc-vídeo, principal responsável pelo crescimento da Videoteca Pedagógica e pela proposição dos desdobramentos que ela teve. Com o intuito de compreendermos o contexto em que essas ações ocorreram, optamos pela realização de uma reflexão histórica acerca da conjuntura educacional paulista no momento de criação da FDE, em 1987, e também uma reflexão sobre as três entidades que a formaram CENAFOR, FLE e CONESP , sua estrutura interna e seu modo de funcionamento. Em suma, esta pesquisa tratou de um projeto educacional inovador, dos subsídios criados por ele para que os educadores fizessem uso de recursos audiovisuais no processo de ensino e aprendizagem, do acervo de fitas VHS efetivamente montado e também da instituição que propiciou que, durante um tempo, essas e outras ações relativas ao audiovisual ocorressem junto aos educadores e às escolas públicas de São Paulo. / In 1988, two São Paulo public system teachers Cristina Bruzzo and Antonio Rebouças Falcão were invited to set an audio-visual archive ah the Development of Education Institution that would be avaliable to this systems educators. The VCR brought with it new possibilities for the use of the audio-visual resources inside the classroom and, after that, they started noticing that some of the teachers were renting films in a video rent shop to use at school. This phenomenom triggered the idea of putting together a video archive at the Information and Documentation Center of the Development of Education Institution where a set of videotapes would be available for free for educational purposes. This was the star of the Ceduc-video project and the Development of Education Institutions Pedagogic Audiovisual Archive. From this day to 1997, the DEI (FDE) was the stage of several actions who aimed to promote the entry of cinema and video in the schools : a moving archive was set, educational vídeos were made and distributed, several types of publishings about the theme among them we must highlight the series Pointings, the Lessons With Cinema collections and the Frame to Frame magazine and seminars with moviemakers, researchers and educators were performed, among other actions. In this research we raise up the facts, the organization and the description of actions related to cinema and education that were made at the Institution, with a special highlight for the initiatives started by the Ceduc-video project, the main responsible for the Pedagogical Archive growth and for the proposition of the splits it had. In order to understand the context within these actions took place, we chose to carry out a historical reflection around the circumstances of São Paulos education system the moment the DEI was created, in 1987, and also a reflection about three others institutions that were parts of it CENAFOR, FLE and CONESP their internal structure and the way it worked. To sum up, this research is about an innovative educational project, the tools created so that the educators made use of the audiovisual resources during the learning and teaching process, the VHS effectively set archive and also the institution that provided, for a while, that these and other actions occurred altogether with educators and Sao Paulos public schools.

Em 1988, dois professores do sistema público de ensino de São Paulo Cristina Bruzzo e Antônio Rebouças Falcão foram convidados a montar um acervo audiovisual na Fundação para o Desenvolvimento da Educação (FDE), que seria disponibilizado aos educadores da rede. O advento do videocassete trouxe consigo novas possibilidades de utilização de recursos audiovisuais na sala de aula, e, frente a isso, constatou-se que alguns professores estavam, espontaneamente, alugando fitas em videolocadoras comerciais para utilizar na escola. Esse fenômeno fez surgir a ideia de se montar uma videoteca no Centro de Documentação e Informação para a Educação (Ceduc) da FDE, que disponibilizasse, gratuitamente, um conjunto de fitas VHS para fins pedagógicos. Esse foi o início do projeto Ceduc-vídeo e da Videoteca Pedagógica da FDE. A partir dessa data até o ano de 1997, a FDE foi palco de várias ações que visaram a promover a entrada do cinema e do vídeo na escola: montou uma videoteca circulante, produziu e distribuiu vídeos e filmes educativos, editou diferentes tipos publicações sobre o tema dentre os quais destacamos a série Apontamentos, as coletâneas Lições com Cinema e a revista Quadro a Quadro e realizou seminários entre cineastas, pesquisadores e educadores, dentre outras ações. Nesta pesquisa, fizemos o levantamento, a organização e a descrição das ações, relativas ao cinema e a educação, realizadas na entidade, com especial destaque para as iniciativas implantadas pelo projeto Ceduc-vídeo, principal responsável pelo crescimento da Videoteca Pedagógica e pela proposição dos desdobramentos que ela teve. Com o intuito de compreendermos o contexto em que essas ações ocorreram, optamos pela realização de uma reflexão histórica acerca da conjuntura educacional paulista no momento de criação da FDE, em 1987, e também uma reflexão sobre as três entidades que a formaram CENAFOR, FLE e CONESP , sua estrutura interna e seu modo de funcionamento. Em suma, esta pesquisa tratou de um projeto educacional inovador, dos subsídios criados por ele para que os educadores fizessem uso de recursos audiovisuais no processo de ensino e aprendizagem, do acervo de fitas VHS efetivamente montado e também da instituição que propiciou que, durante um tempo, essas e outras ações relativas ao audiovisual ocorressem junto aos educadores e às escolas públicas de São Paulo. / In 1988, two São Paulo public system teachers Cristina Bruzzo and Antonio Rebouças Falcão were invited to set an audio-visual archive ah the Development of Education Institution that would be avaliable to this systems educators. The VCR brought with it new possibilities for the use of the audio-visual resources inside the classroom and, after that, they started noticing that some of the teachers were renting films in a video rent shop to use at school. This phenomenom triggered the idea of putting together a video archive at the Information and Documentation Center of the Development of Education Institution where a set of videotapes would be available for free for educational purposes. This was the star of the Ceduc-video project and the Development of Education Institutions Pedagogic Audiovisual Archive. From this day to 1997, the DEI (FDE) was the stage of several actions who aimed to promote the entry of cinema and video in the schools : a moving archive was set, educational vídeos were made and distributed, several types of publishings about the theme among them we must highlight the series Pointings, the Lessons With Cinema collections and the Frame to Frame magazine and seminars with moviemakers, researchers and educators were performed, among other actions. In this research we raise up the facts, the organization and the description of actions related to cinema and education that were made at the Institution, with a special highlight for the initiatives started by the Ceduc-video project, the main responsible for the Pedagogical Archive growth and for the proposition of the splits it had. In order to understand the context within these actions took place, we chose to carry out a historical reflection around the circumstances of São Paulos education system the moment the DEI was created, in 1987, and also a reflection about three others institutions that were parts of it CENAFOR, FLE and CONESP their internal structure and the way it worked. To sum up, this research is about an innovative educational project, the tools created so that the educators made use of the audiovisual resources during the learning and teaching process, the VHS effectively set archive and also the institution that provided, for a while, that these and other actions occurred altogether with educators and Sao Paulos public schools.

This thesis investigates the semi-blind channel estimation in uplink (UL) of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) systems based on subspace decomposition. We exploit the orthogonality between signal subspace and noise subspace induced by virtual carriers (VCs) and cyclic prefix (CP) and the property of that the exclusive sub-carriers set is assigned to each user to estimate and identify the channels for each user individually. In OFDMA systems, when some users don¡¦t communicate with base station, the sub-carriers of non-active user provide extra redundancy for channel estimate to enhance the accuracy of channel estimation. Furthermore, the sufficient channel identifiability condition is developed. Furthermore, a novel scheme, called as virtual carriers recovery (VCR) scheme, is proposed to improve the performance of the subspace-based channel estimation method. It suppresses the noise interference by recovering the VCs to zeros at receiver. The simulation results illustrate that the enhancement of VCR scheme is particularly apparent for the partially loaded OFDMA system at low signal to noise ratio (SNR). In addition, the VCR scheme increases the convergence rate of the subspace-base semi-blind channel estimation.