Academisch proefschrift--Vrije Universiteit te Amsterdam, 1998. / "Code 923, NASA GSFC Biospheric Sciences Branch"--Cover. "April 1998." "GSFC/CR-1998-206852." "Contract NAS-31752." Includes bibliographical references (p. 81-90).

The aim of this thesis is to evaluate the success of woody plantings carried out in order to revitalize small streams. For selected restorations was assessed dendrological composition, establishment, health and care after planting. The most common species planted in the revitalization of small streams is the alder (Alnus glutinosa), a pioneer tree species reinforcing shores, to which it was coupled with flowing water home. Sometimes forming groups with gray alder (Alnus incana) but that does not fit stagnant water and silver birch (Betula pendula). Also mountain elm (Ulmus glabra) and willow species (Salix sp.) are widely planted along streams. Locally, there were planted common ash (Fraxinus excelsior) but mostly in very poor condition, and oak (Quercus robur), sporadically rowan (Sorbus aucuparia), dogwood (Swida sanquinea) and Norway maple (Acer platanoides). A statistical evaluation shows that the biggest influence on species composition and state of health of trees has the revitalization age. Also important is the care of the vegetation in later years after planting.

The aim of the diploma thesis was to map the individual elements of dispersion of greenery, which we find in the catastral area of Mojné-Skřidla. The elements were included in the map and a proposal for additional planting of scattered greenery was created. In our conditions, the scattered greenery is typical for cultural, especially for the agricultural landscape. In the work is explained and defined the concept of scattered greenery and its distribution, and here are explained the most important functions of scattered greenery (divided into several areas: ecological, aesthetic, conservation, production, historical, sacral, ritual, etc.) and have not forgotten nor the interaction elements, planting, care of greenery and, last but not least, the protection of greenery and the topic of subsidies.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-10-31T13:32:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 isabelafernandamoraesdepaula.pdf: 8651561 bytes, checksum: 51b9a252199579213a423569927ae229 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-11-09T14:05:14Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 isabelafernandamoraesdepaula.pdf: 8651561 bytes, checksum: 51b9a252199579213a423569927ae229 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-09T14:05:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 isabelafernandamoraesdepaula.pdf: 8651561 bytes, checksum: 51b9a252199579213a423569927ae229 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-07-27 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A cobertura vegetal, entendida como o conjunto das tipologias arbórea, arbustiva e rasteira, constitui um importante elemento a compor os centros urbanos em função dos diversos benefícios de cunho ecológico, social e estético que proporcionam. Nesse sentido, o conhecimento de sua ocorrência no espaço torna-se fundamental tanto para se identificar as funcionalidades destes no meio quanto para se instituir políticas ambientais que visem melhorias na sua disposição. Sendo assim, considerando a relevância deste recurso natural, esta pesquisa buscou identificar a vegetação existente nas Regiões Administrativas do município de Juiz de Fora. Os resultados obtidos demonstram uma distribuição destituída de homogeneidade, evidenciando maiores fragmentos nas áreas periféricas e reduzidos remanescentes no sentido noroeste-sudeste, revelando um processo de uso e ocupação da terra mais intenso nesses locais. Nota-se, dessa forma, a ocorrência de manchas de vegetação mais pontuais e espaçadas nesses trechos, típicas da categoria Isolated, definida pelo pesquisador Jim como dominante de áreas impermeabilizadas, enquanto nas áreas próximas as bordas dos limites, encontram-se o tipo Connected, caracterizado pela presença de verde urbano mais contíguo e de maiores extensões. Tais aspectos refletem diretamente nos resultados dos índices de cobertura vegetal obtidos, no qual a Região Centro abrange os menores valores em relação as demais. No que se refere aos espaços de integração urbana e espaços livres de construção, observa-se escassez do elemento vegetativo nesses sistemas, visto que o primeiro abrange menos de 2,1% das regiões e o segundo menos de 1,5%, o que demonstra a necessidade de melhorias nesses ambientes, de forma a contribuir mais efetivamente ao bem estar humano. / The vegetal covering, understood as a set of arboreal typology, creeper shrub, consists of an important element that composes the cities and provide a lot of befits such as ecological, social, and esthetical. In this way, the knowledge about vegetal covering throughout the cities is an important issue in order to identify its best features for communities as well as to promote environmental policies for improves the vegetal covering displacement around cities. Thus, regarding the relevance of this natural resource, the aim of this work was identify the vegetal covering that exists at administrative regions of Juiz de Fora city. On the one hand the results shown that the vegetal covering is homogeneity distributed with larges fragments at peripheral regions. On the other hand a small remaining of vegetal covering was found at northwest and southeast regions of city which reveal an intensive process of use and occupation of the ground. Thus, we found sparse and punctual vegetal stains at downtown, typical of isolated category, defined by researcher Jim as impermeable dominants areas. While at cities’ board areas, it can be found connected type vegetal covering which is characterized by continuous green urban presence with larger extension. Such issues reflect directly at vegetal covering index results we have found, in which the downtown indexes are smaller than others regions evaluated. As far as urban spaces of integration as well as building free regions are concerned we can observe scarce vegetative elements. At urban spaces of integration we find only 2,1 % of regions have vegetative elements, while at building open spaces has 1,5 % as well. Therefore, the results have shown that there are demands for improvements in these environments in order to contribute effectively for the human well-being.

A vegetation survey of natural woodland and grassland was undertaken in the urban areas of the Gauteng Province, where 7,3 million of the 38,5 million people of South Africa live. Relevés were compiled in 132 stratified random sample plots in selected open spaces in the study area. A TWINSPAN classification, refined by Braun-Blanquet procedures, indicated six woodland communities represented by 72 relevés, and eight grassland communities represented by 59 relevés. The identification, classification and description of these plant communities are important for the continued conservation of open spaces in the urban environment in order to integrate landscape ecological mapping and urban spatial planning processes. The study further recorded a high number of species. It indicated that the natural areas in the urban environment have a high conservation status and maintain a high species richness. This information could in future be used for further biodiversity studies in the Province. Species with low occurrence were specifically listed and can be used to inform "red data" status research initiatives. / Dissertation (MSc (Botany))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Plant Science / unrestricted

Please read the abstract in the section, 00front, of this document / Thesis (PhD (Botany))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Plant Science / unrestricted

Avrinningsområden är landområden där det ofta finns förutsättningar för stor biologisk mångfald. År 2017 var ett område som undersöktes Ölmans avrinningsområde, där man dokumenterade och räknade antal individer av de olika växtarter som fanns på olika avstånd från vattnet, samt de olika vegetationstypernas procentuella täckning av marken. Det här är en undersökning som, i hopp om att ge en bättre förståelse för vegetationszonering vid vattendrag, försöker upptäcka huruvida det finns en skillnad i artmångfald och artfördelning på två olika substrat och på tre olika avstånd från vattnet vid Ölmans avrinningsområde i Värmland, Sverige. Alla data som användes i undersökningen hade redan samlats in i juli 2017. Analysen skedde under hösten 2018. Resultaten påvisade inget samband mellan substrat och artmångfald och artfördelning. Avståndet från vattnet hade inte heller någon inverkan på artmångfald och artfördelning. Ölmans avrinningsområde är påfallande litet, vilket med sannolikhet påverkar förekomst av naturlig zonering – eller en brist därav. Det finns också flera andra biotiska och abiotiska faktorer som kan påverka växtlivet, såsom pH-värden i vattnet och jorden, mänsklig påverkan, påverkan från djur, och så vidare. Att enbart känna till grovleken på det underliggande substratet ger inte tillräckligt med information för att tillåta dragande av några definitiva slutsatser gällande vegetationsstrukturen. / Watersheds are areas of land that often have the prerequisites for great biological diversity. In 2017 one area being examined was the Ölman watershed, where different plant species were accounted for, both by species and amount of individuals, on different distances from the water, as well as the percentage of ground coverage of different types' of vegetation. This is a study that, in an attempt to better understand vegetation zones along rivers and streams, tries to discover whether there is a statistically significant difference between the species diversity and species distribution on two different substrates and three different distances from the water of the Ölman watershed in Värmland, Sweden. All data used for the study were collected in July 2017 and analysed in autumn 2018. The results showed no relationship between substrate and species diversity or species distribution. The distance from the water did not have any effect on the species diversity or species distribution either. The Ölman watershed is quite small, which is likely to affect the presence of natural zoning – and the lack thereof. There are also several other biotic and abiotic factors that can influence plant life, such as pH of the water and soil, human and animal interference, etc. Only knowing the coarseness of the substrate does not provide enough information to be able to draw any definite conclusions on the vegetation structure.

Freshwater systems have, during human history, endured large-scale impacts. According to the water framework directive, measures must be developed to create a better environment for species in, and connected to, freshwater systems. Hydropower plants has caused loss of natural disturbance (e.g., floodings). Using already collected data from vegetation inventory in the riparian zone, probable distribution curves were created to find flooding requirements of different plant species, and linear regression analyses were run to see if hours of flooding and elevation above sea level had an effect on species richness and vegetation cover in the riparian zone. A model of Bredforsen 3 was conducted by using modelled values obtained from Vattenfall AB, with the aim to answer the following questions: How is riparian vegetation in mixed alluvial forests in reaches affected by static minimum flow levels structured according to flow dynamics? What would the zonation of riparian vegetation look like in an unregulated situation? How can minimum flow in Bredforsen be designed to better match the flooding regime similar to a natural riparian vegetation? Species richness showed to be dependent on elevation. Furthermore, significant results for species richness and vegetation cover both showed to be dependent on hours of flooding in the riparian zone for two of the three inventoried areas. In the alluvial forest, Picea abies, was not affected by hours of flooding. This might be caused by a low number of replicates available in Bredforsen of P. abies. In contrast, Quercus robur did show a significance towards hours of flooding and a vague negative trend for trees with high inundation distributed on lower elevations, though, it seems more parameters are affecting its distribution. The probable species distribution curves revealed the riparian zone in Bredforsen lack the clear vegetative zones visible along unregulated rivers. However, the model created for Bredforsen 3, following the assumptions of Ström et al. (2012) showed that today two vegetative zones, are apparent in Bredforsen 3 (amphibian zone and upland vegetation). With the modelled flow, a third zone (riparian forest) could appear. Because Bredforsen is a Natura 2000 reserve, the minimum flow needs alteration to mimic a relatively natural flow, which could lead to all vegetative zones to develop (amphibian zone, graminoids, willow shrubs, riparian forest, and upland vegetation). This could be achieved by using the spill water from Söderfors and time the release of spill to natural flow events. The model made from Bredforsen 3 indicates that this could cause positive changes in the riparian zone where a more natural distribution of vegetative zones is in place, meaning that species distribution returns to previous distribution patterns and would help disturbance dependent species.

Der Strahlungstransport (ST) in hoher Vegetation kann unter bestimmten Voraussetzungen analytisch beschrieben werden. Es sollen sogenannte Zweistrom-Modelle zur Simulation des spektralen aktinischen Flusses (AF) sowie der Photolyseraten (PR) verschiedener Spezies in Vegetation eingesetzt werden. Unter Vorgabe von Vegetationseigenschaften (Blattstreuung, Blattnormalenverteilung, Blattflächendichte etc.) können verschiedene Zweistrom-Verfahren eingeführt werden, die den Strahlungstransport vertikal aufgelöst modellieren. Dabei führt für den untersuchten Laub-Mischwald (hauptsächlich Buchen) bereits die einfache Annahme rein horizontal ausgerichteter Blätter (rein vertikale Blattnormalen) zum Erfolg: Der gemessene abwärtsgerichtete spektrale AF kann zufriedenstellend reproduziert werden, sofern bedeutsame Vegetationslücken im Kronenbereich unberücksichtigt bleiben, durch die diffuses und direktes Licht ohne Wechselwirkung mit der Vegetation zum Waldboden vordringen kann, um so den unteren Vegetationsbereich zu erhellen. / The radiation transfer in vegetation can be desribed analytically if certain assumptions are introduced. So-called two-stream methods for the simulation of the actinic flux (AF) and photolysis rates (PR) of several species in vegetation are considered. By the input of vegetation properties (leaf scattering, leaf normal distribution, leaf area density etc.) variants of two-stream methods can be introduced, which model the vertically resolved radiation field. In the case of a deciduous forest the assumption of only horizontal oriented leaves (only vertical leaf normals) already leads to good results: The measured downward spectral AF can be reproduced satisfactorily as long as significant gaps in the vegetation canopy can be left out of consideration which directly lead to an illumination of the lower layers of the vegetation.

The Ethiopian Wildlife Conservation Organization has little information on the lll extent and ecological determinants of plant species composition and distribution in Omo National Park. Elsewhere, the determinants of African savanna vegetation dynamics have been the focus of numerous investigations, yet our understanding of the hierarchical nature and relative importance of any relationships remains very general. As well, our ability to derive predictions about vegetation responses is limited to extreme generalizations. African savanna landscape ecotones have received even less attention than most landscapes. In this dissertation, I test hypotheses about plant species distribution-determinant relationships in Omo National Park, a park that occurs in a landscape ecotone. Determinants investigated include rainfall and topographic-related gradients in soil moisture and edaphic conditions, and availability of soil constituents. Rainfall pattern was determined from meteorological data and multiple linear regression. Topographic attributes were measured in the field. Availability of soil constituents was determined by evaluating and using spatial interpolation models using limited soils data, and construction of surface soil maps. Hypotheses were tested using the simple and partial Mantel tests of matrix association. Results demonstrate that predictions using spatial interpolation models based on limited, coarse-scale soils data are accurate and reliable when compared with more data-intensive investigations. Results using spatial statistics indicate that the nature of the spatial pattern of perennial species associations is a monotonic spatial trend. The distribution of perennial species associations is influenced both directly or indirectly by rainfall. An indirect rainfall relationship occurs when there is variability in topography. The means of influence by the topographic-related attributes is unclear despite significant Mantel results. In the topographically invariant portion of the study area, however, exchangeable sodium and magnesium concentrations appear to indirectly influence the distribution of perennial species associations. Strength and ordering of the vegetation-determinant relationships varied depending on the type of perennial species association type being investigated. Differences in species range of tolerance and rate of change in species association, depending on association type, landforrn, and parent material differences, account for the nature of the vegetation-determinant relationships, the ordering of the determinants, and variability in responses.