Motivation: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity in South Africa and worldwide. Various investigations have confirmed the hypothesis that elevated plasma homocysteine (Hcy) levels may be linked to vascular disease, and it has become clear that hyperhomocysteinemia is an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis and atherothrombosis. Extensive research on the influence of vitamin supplementation leading to the lowering of homocysteine levels has been done, but extensive research on the effect of physical activity on high homocysteine levels is lacking. The interaction of vitamin supplementation in combination with physical activity has also not been investigated. If a conditioning exercise programme can demonstrate a lowering effect on elevated homocysteine levels, it will confirm the importance of physical activity as a less expensive alternative for a better lifestyle that can also continue to lower morbidity and mortality rates. Objective: This study examined the effect of a conditioning program, vitamin supplement and a combination of both on Hcy levels in men with coronary heart disease risk factors. Methods: In a randomized, placebo-controlled, blinded crossover study, 84 men matched for physical activity (PA) levels, age and risk factors were randomly assigned to one of 4 groups [A = physical conditioning, 20-30 min; 70-80% (THR), 8 = physical conditioning + supplement, C = supplement (12,5 ug vitamin 812; 200 ug folic acid) or D = control). Groups A, B, and C were crossed over according to the Latin square design. Total plasma homocysteine, maximal oxygen consumption (V02max) and body composition (BMI & Fat %) were measured before and after each 12-week intervention period. A 6-week washout period separated the crossovers. Results: The experimental and control groups presented similar baseline characteristics and the profile analysis of the V02max values and Hcy concentrations indicated positive results (multivariate p-value <0.0001), due to the fact that the four groups repeated measurements, presented different patterns. A phase effect for the V02max values and a phase and interaction effect for the Hcy concentrations were indicated, though all the subjects were requested to maintain their normal daily routine (eating pattern, PA levels and alcohol consumption) for the duration of the study. The lack of compliance to the conditioning programme makes it impossible to draw conclusions for V02max values. The poor compliance lead to a small sample size that eventually leads to less statistical power. Conclusion: This study found that a 12-week conditioning programme had no effect on Hcy concentrations. The results of this study make it impossible, due to poor compliance, to suggest that the effect of increased PA on homocysteine may play an important role in the prevention and treatment of CVD. It is, therefore, recommended that more studies should be conducted to further investigate the effect of PA and vitamin supplements on tHcy levels. / Thesis (M.Sc. (Human Movement Science))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T18:11:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Nassara Luiza Lanzoni Alves.pdf: 1912204 bytes, checksum: 95898c5990aa67685cbb196a8fcb1806 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-12-14 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Introduction: high occurrence of voice disorders in teachers is observed, probably due to extensive use of speech in unfavorable working conditions, the determining factor for the work ability loss. Objective: Analyzing the association between the presence of voice disorder and work ability in female teachers of municipal schools in São Paulo. Methods: Case-control study in which the cases (167) were represented by teachers with voice changes observed in perceptual assessment of voice performed by a speech therapist and visual-perceptual assessment of voice performed by otolaryngologists. The control group (105) was selected in the same schools participating in the group of cases, finding no change in the assessments described above. All teachers answered two questionnaires: Condition of Vocal Production - Professor (CPV-P) to characterize the sample, and Work Ability Index (WAI - ICT), to examine the issues of capacity for work. The instrument liability was verified in the statistical analysis through the Cronbach's alpha coefficient. For the univariated analysis, chi-square test was performed with Yates correction to determine the association between the variables of each dimension of ICT and the presence of the voice disorder and univariated analysis and multiple logistic regression to estimate the factors independently associated with voice disorder. Results: The best current capacity for work in relation to all lifelong was found in the control group (35.2%). The ability in relation to the requirements for the work had the lowest score (47.3%) in the case group. Both the case group (44.9%) and control group (42.9%), teachers indicated the presence of one to three diseases. A great portion of the case group (27.8%) reported impairment or incapability to work. The number of work absences due to any disease up to nine days was found in higher percentage in the case group (43.6%). Most of the control group considered to be likely the good capability to work in two years (75.2%) showed high scores on mental resources (49.4%). Conclusion: therefore, teachers who had the voice disorder were more likely to lose the capability to work. There was a statistically significant association between the voice disorder related to work in the following dimensions: CURRENT ABILITY TO WORK AS COMPARED WITH THE BEST IN LIFELONG and ESTIMATED LOSS FOR THE WOR DUE TO ILLNESSES. New information can be raised about the conditions of the teacher's vocal production. It will give sequence to discussions on Voice Disorders Related to Work (DVRT), and also grant subsidy for the development of actions to promote health and prevention of voice disorders within this professional category / Introdução: grande ocorrência de distúrbios vocais é constatada em docentes, provavelmente pelo uso intenso da voz em condições desfavoráveis de trabalho, o que é determinante para a perda de capacidade para o trabalho. Objetivo: analisar a associação entre a presença de distúrbio de voz e capacidade para o trabalho em docentes do sexo feminino da rede municipal de ensino de São Paulo. Métodos: Estudo caso-controle em que os casos (167) foram representados por docentes com alteração de voz constatada em avaliação perceptivo-auditiva da voz realizada por fonoaudiólogo e perceptivo-visual de pregas vocais realizada por otorrinolaringologista. Os controles (105) foram selecionados nas mesmas escolas dos participantes do grupo de casos, sem constatação de alteração nas avaliações descritas anteriormente. Todas as docentes responderam dois questionários: Condição de Produção Vocal Professor (CPV-P) para caracterização da amostra, e Índice de Capacidade para o Trabalho (ICT), para analisar as questões de capacidade para o trabalho. Na análise estatística foi verificada a confiabilidade do instrumento pelo coeficiente de alpha de Cronbach. Foi realizado teste qui-quadrado, com correção de Yates, para determinar a associação entre as variáveis de cada dimensão do ICT e a presença do distúrbio de voz e análise de regressão logística univariada e múltipla para estimar os fatores associados independentes para o distúrbio de voz. Resultados: A melhor capacidade atual para o trabalho com relação à de toda a vida foi encontrada no grupo controle (35,2%). A capacidade em relação às exigências para o trabalho apresentou a mais baixa pontuação (47,3%) no grupo caso. Tanto no grupo caso (44,9%), como no controle (42,9%) as docentes indicam presença de uma a três doenças. Parte do grupo caso (27,8%) relatou impedimento ou incapacidade para trabalhar. O número de faltas no trabalho por doenças de até nove dias foi constatado em maior porcentagem no grupo caso (43,6%). A maioria do grupo controle considerou ser provável a boa capacidade para trabalhar em dois anos (75,2%) e apresentou alta pontuação nos recursos mentais (49,4%). Conclusão: foi possível concluir que as docentes que apresentaram distúrbio de voz tinham maior chance de perder a capacidade para o trabalho. Houve associação estatisticamente significativa entre o distúrbio de voz relacionado ao trabalho nas dimensões: CAPACIDADE ATUAL PARA O TRABALHO COMPARADA COM A MELHOR DE TODA A VIDA e PERDA ESTIMADA PARA O TRABALHO POR CAUSA DE DOENÇAS. Acredita-se que novas informações poderão ser levantadas a respeito das condições de produção vocal do professor. Essas permitirão dar sequência às discussões sobre o Distúrbio de Voz Relacionado ao Trabalho (DVRT), além de conceder subsídios para a elaboração de ações de promoção à saúde e prevenção de distúrbios vocais junto a essa categoria profissional

Neste trabalho foi realizado o estudo de transformações de óleo de soja com o catalisador VO(acac)2 em meio homogêneo e heterogêneo. Estes processos catalíticos estão de acordo com os conceitos de química limpa, no sentido de economia de reagentes e diminuição de subprodutos, enquanto que a matéria-prima, óleo vegetal, foi escolhida por ser de fonte renovável, sustentável e abundante no Rio Grande do Sul e no Brasil. A reação de transesterificação do óleo de soja foi realizada através do sistema VO(acac)2 e VO(acac)2 suportado em uma argila celadonita, cujo depósito localiza-se na região de Ametista do Sul – RS. O sistema heterogêneo foi caracterizado pelas técnicas de DRX, BET, BJH, ATG, FTIR, CHN, MEV/EDS e ICP/OES. O teor de vanádio impregnado na argila foi de 1,06 %. O melhor rendimento das reações de transesterificação foi de 36 % e 30 % para os sistemas homogêneo e heterogêneo, respectivamente, para as condições de 2 % em mol e 5 % em mol de vanádio, a 65 ºC de temperatura e 48 horas de reação. Alguns testes foram realizados em reações de epoxidação. Do sistema celadonita/VO(acac)2 foi obtido conversão de 44 %, 15 % de monoepóxido e 34 % de seletividade, em 3 horas de reação. A avaliação quantitativa das reações foi realizada por RMN de 1H. / This work presents the study of soybean oil reactions with VO(acac)2 in homogeneous and heterogeneous catalytic systems. The catalytic systems follow the green chemistry principles of economy of reagents and reduction in sub-products of the reaction while the starting material, soybean oil, was chosen as a renewable source, sustainability of its crop and abundancy. Soybean oil transesterification reactions were done with the catalytic system VO(acac)2 and VO(acac)2 supported in celadonita, which is a mineral found in Ametista do Sul / RS. The heterogeneous system was characterized by the XRD, BET, BJH, TGA, FTIR, CHN, SEM/EDX and ICP/OES techniques. The amount of vanadium impregnated in the clay it was 1,06%. The best conditions for transesterification reaction gave 36 % yield for homogeneous system and 30 % yield for heterogeneous system, using 2 % molar and 5 % molar of vanadium, respectively, at 65 ºC of temperature and 48 hours of reaction. Some tests on epoxidation reactions were performed. With celadonita/VO(acac)2 system it was obtained a conversion of 44%, 15% of monoepoxide and 34 % of selectivity after 3 hours of reaction. The quantitative evaluation of the reactions was made by 1H NMR.

<p>This thesis deals with the alternation in the<br />AB position of the finite and the non-finite verb in Old English, specifically, with the alternation finite verb-final vs. finite verb-non-final embedded clauses, and the alternation object&ndash;verb (OV) vs. verb&ndash;object (VO) alternation in the non-finite verb phrase. The central proposal is that information-structural factors underlie most of the Old English word order patterns, including these alternations. What influences the surface position of the finite verb in embedded clauses is the discourse status of the proposition. Verb-final clauses are pragmatically presupposed, while non-final verb position signals pragmatic assertion. The OV/VO alterantion does not reflect competing structures/grammars, but rather focus marking strategies on the VP material, reflected in VO orders. We therefore propose a multi-layered model of information-structure, according to which, topic/background-focus structures are represented at three different levels, whereby<br />the following types of focus are distinguished: sentence focus, predicate focus and &lsquo;new information&rsquo; focus. We also present a mechanism of their interaction and syntactic encoding in Old English. Two important insights emerge from this analysis. First, Old English is a discourse configurational language. Second, at least some discourse configurational languages do not syntactically mark each individual information-structural interpretation of sentence elements. It rather seems that the syntax reflexts IS marking of a larger constituent, leaving it to the context for specific resolutions.</p> / <p>Ova disertacija bavi se problemom alternacije u<br />IZ poziciji finitnog i nefinitnog glagola u staroengleskom, preciznije, razlikom između zavisnih rečenica u kojima je finitni glagol u poslednjoj poziciji u klauzi, i onih u kojima se finitni glagol nalazi u vi&scaron;oj poziciji, kao i alternacijom u položaju nefinitnog leksičkog glagola u odnosu na objekat (objekat-glagol, naspram glagol-objekat). Osnovna hipoteza u radu jeste da su glavni redosledi reči u staroengleskom, uključujući i navedene alternacije, rezultat uticaja informacijsko-strukturalnih faktora. Položaj finitnog glagola u zavisnim rečenicama određen je diskursnim statusom propozicije. Rečenice s glagolom na poslednjem položaju u klauzi su pragmatski presuponirane, dok su one s glagolom u vi&scaron;oj pozicji asertivne. &Scaron;to se tiče alternacije objekat-glagol/glagol-objekat, ona ne odražava sistem dvostruke gramatike, već način obeležavanja fokusa unutar glagolske fraze. Redosled glagol-objekat je markiran, u smislu da se fokus nalazi Ova disertacija bavi se problemom alternacije u poziciji finitnog i nefinitnog glagola u staroengleskom, preciznije, razlikom između zavisnih rečenica u kojima je finitni glagol u poslednjoj poziciji u klauzi, i onih u kojima se finitni glagol nalazi u vi&scaron;oj poziciji, kao i alternacijom u položaju nefinitnog leksičkog glagola u odnosu na objekat (objekat-glagol, naspram glagol-objekat). Osnovna hipoteza u radu jeste da su glavni redosledi reči u staroengleskom, uključujući i navedene alternacije, rezultat uticaja informacijsko-strukturalnih faktora. Položaj finitnog glagola u zavisnim rečenicama određen je diskursnim statusom propozicije. Rečenice s glagolom na poslednjem položaju u klauzi su pragmatski presuponirane, dok su one s glagolom u vi&scaron;oj pozicji asertivne. &Scaron;to se tiče alternacije objekat-glagol/glagol-objekat, ona ne odražava sistem dvostruke gramatike, već način obeležavanja fokusa unutar glagolske fraze. Redosled glagol-objekat je markiran, u smislu da se fokus nalazi.</p>

The Vietnamese people have always harboured an extraordinarily strong patriotic drive. But the government formed by Ho Chi Minh (1890-1969) after the Declaration of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) on the 2nd September 1945, the group that was to represent majority Vietnamese opinion until and after 1975, was spearheaded by the Vietminh (League for Vietnam's Independence) - a movement that did not define itself as Nationalist, but rather as an expressly Communist group. When the people of Vietnam looked for leadership, this was the obvious group to choose - the only movement prepared and willing to step in (other, more nationalist resistance groups had prematurely flourished and failed, as shall be discussed). In the Vietnam that found itself suddenly free at the close of the Second World War, no other lobby was ready, no group presented itself nationally as the Communists were and did. The Liberation Army that seized control of town after town was the military arm of the Viet Minh, formed in 1944 under Vo Nguyen Giap (b. 1912), an element of a movement that published its manifesto in February 1930, that had begun preparation and ideological training in the late 1920's in Guangzhou under Ho Chi Minh. Given the long preparation carried out by the Vietminh, the progression to the declaration of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam as a Communist nation with Ho at its head was a natural one. Whilst that development seems logical given the conditions of the day, the manner in which those conditions were reached (or manipulated) has been the subject of intense debate. Was that natural progression one in which the ideologists of Communist revolution 'captured' the Nationalist movement, exploited a nationalistic fervour to produce the desired revolt, using the front of the Viet Minh to blend their esoteric dogmas with the more easily understood nationalist cause of resistance? This is a perception held by many modern historians - that, in effect, Communists are the parasites of the modernization process. This attitude was and is encouraged by examination of advice given to Asian revolutionaries by their Soviet counterparts; Grigori Zinoviev (1833-1936) - later to die by Stalin's order - argued in 1922 that Communists should co-operate with the rising nationalists in Asia, gain the leadership of their movement, and then cast aside the genuine national leaders. For by itself, the tiny Indochina Communist Party could never have hoped to attract the support of politically engaged Vietnamese, let alone the hearts and minds of the nation at large. This is the essence of the currently accepted analysis of the revolutionary Vietnamese setting - that the Communist lobby exploited a majority furious with the abuses of French rule, sliding Communism into a dominant role in Vietnamese life. The majority of people had not fought for a communist government, but to be rid of the colonial occupying power. Such a perception, as shall be discussed, is representative of the Western reading of the whole Southeast Asian region of the day. The Vietnamese people were accustomed to the use of violence to protect their independence; perennial opposition to expansionist China meant that few peoples in Asia had been compelled to fight longer and harder to retain their identity as a separate and independent state than the Vietnamese. Whilst the ability and commitment of the Vietcong in resistance to outside power has been recognised, the strong sense of Vietnamese identity in and of itself has never really been acknowledged beyond the most simplistic of terms by external observers, perhaps because of the difficulty of comprehending how such an emotion can form when looking at the odd shape of the nation on a map. Such a lack of awareness allows supposed Vietnam specialists to assert that the dominant Vietnamese self-assessment is the extent to which the country is not Chinese (and, to a lesser extent, not French) rather than entering into a more significant analysis of how a national identity formed: how, whilst certainly influenced by feelings of encirclement and domination, Vietnam also developed a separate, distinct sense of self. This, whilst a sense that has only relatively recently manifested itself in territorial demands, is a longstanding emotion and sense, in and of itself. Given an understanding of that sense or merely an awareness of its existence, the willingness of the Vietnamese to combat the most powerful nation on Earth, though certainly impressive, needs little explanation; this work has attempted to explore a more difficult question - why they chose the dogma that served them. The idea that the majority of the Vietnamese people had not fought for a communist government, but to be rid of the colonial occupying power is in truth the presentation of a false dichotomy. The fact that a group within a broad movement participates for different reasons from another group does not necessarily imply exploitation or pretense. Neither does the fact that one has a strong political ideology such as socialism forbid the possession of any other political inclination, such as patriotism. The concept of a socialist exploitation of Vietnamese nationalism will be opposed here: a discussion of the disputed importance of nationalism to the Vietnamese Communist movement in resistance, and of Communism to the nationalist movement, will form the subject of this essay. The unity of Vietnam under Communist government in 1975 seems a fitting end to the period to be considered. Much of interest - the politics behind partition, or the Communist-led conduct of war with America, for example - can be considered only briefly; fortunately, these are issues considered in great depth elsewhere. The central issue to this work shall be the development of the Communist movement in French Indochina, and the thesis herein shall be that nationalism and Marxist-Leninism occupied a symbiotic relationship in the motivation of the Communist movement and its chief practitioners in the nation once again known as Vietnam.

Motivation: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity in South Africa and worldwide. Various investigations have confirmed the hypothesis that elevated plasma homocysteine (Hcy) levels may be linked to vascular disease, and it has become clear that hyperhomocysteinemia is an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis and atherothrombosis. Extensive research on the influence of vitamin supplementation leading to the lowering of homocysteine levels has been done, but extensive research on the effect of physical activity on high homocysteine levels is lacking. The interaction of vitamin supplementation in combination with physical activity has also not been investigated. If a conditioning exercise programme can demonstrate a lowering effect on elevated homocysteine levels, it will confirm the importance of physical activity as a less expensive alternative for a better lifestyle that can also continue to lower morbidity and mortality rates. Objective: This study examined the effect of a conditioning program, vitamin supplement and a combination of both on Hcy levels in men with coronary heart disease risk factors. Methods: In a randomized, placebo-controlled, blinded crossover study, 84 men matched for physical activity (PA) levels, age and risk factors were randomly assigned to one of 4 groups [A = physical conditioning, 20-30 min; 70-80% (THR), 8 = physical conditioning + supplement, C = supplement (12,5 ug vitamin 812; 200 ug folic acid) or D = control). Groups A, B, and C were crossed over according to the Latin square design. Total plasma homocysteine, maximal oxygen consumption (V02max) and body composition (BMI & Fat %) were measured before and after each 12-week intervention period. A 6-week washout period separated the crossovers. Results: The experimental and control groups presented similar baseline characteristics and the profile analysis of the V02max values and Hcy concentrations indicated positive results (multivariate p-value <0.0001), due to the fact that the four groups repeated measurements, presented different patterns. A phase effect for the V02max values and a phase and interaction effect for the Hcy concentrations were indicated, though all the subjects were requested to maintain their normal daily routine (eating pattern, PA levels and alcohol consumption) for the duration of the study. The lack of compliance to the conditioning programme makes it impossible to draw conclusions for V02max values. The poor compliance lead to a small sample size that eventually leads to less statistical power. Conclusion: This study found that a 12-week conditioning programme had no effect on Hcy concentrations. The results of this study make it impossible, due to poor compliance, to suggest that the effect of increased PA on homocysteine may play an important role in the prevention and treatment of CVD. It is, therefore, recommended that more studies should be conducted to further investigate the effect of PA and vitamin supplements on tHcy levels. / Thesis (M.Sc. (Human Movement Science))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.

Neste trabalho foi realizado o estudo de transformações de óleo de soja com o catalisador VO(acac)2 em meio homogêneo e heterogêneo. Estes processos catalíticos estão de acordo com os conceitos de química limpa, no sentido de economia de reagentes e diminuição de subprodutos, enquanto que a matéria-prima, óleo vegetal, foi escolhida por ser de fonte renovável, sustentável e abundante no Rio Grande do Sul e no Brasil. A reação de transesterificação do óleo de soja foi realizada através do sistema VO(acac)2 e VO(acac)2 suportado em uma argila celadonita, cujo depósito localiza-se na região de Ametista do Sul – RS. O sistema heterogêneo foi caracterizado pelas técnicas de DRX, BET, BJH, ATG, FTIR, CHN, MEV/EDS e ICP/OES. O teor de vanádio impregnado na argila foi de 1,06 %. O melhor rendimento das reações de transesterificação foi de 36 % e 30 % para os sistemas homogêneo e heterogêneo, respectivamente, para as condições de 2 % em mol e 5 % em mol de vanádio, a 65 ºC de temperatura e 48 horas de reação. Alguns testes foram realizados em reações de epoxidação. Do sistema celadonita/VO(acac)2 foi obtido conversão de 44 %, 15 % de monoepóxido e 34 % de seletividade, em 3 horas de reação. A avaliação quantitativa das reações foi realizada por RMN de 1H. / This work presents the study of soybean oil reactions with VO(acac)2 in homogeneous and heterogeneous catalytic systems. The catalytic systems follow the green chemistry principles of economy of reagents and reduction in sub-products of the reaction while the starting material, soybean oil, was chosen as a renewable source, sustainability of its crop and abundancy. Soybean oil transesterification reactions were done with the catalytic system VO(acac)2 and VO(acac)2 supported in celadonita, which is a mineral found in Ametista do Sul / RS. The heterogeneous system was characterized by the XRD, BET, BJH, TGA, FTIR, CHN, SEM/EDX and ICP/OES techniques. The amount of vanadium impregnated in the clay it was 1,06%. The best conditions for transesterification reaction gave 36 % yield for homogeneous system and 30 % yield for heterogeneous system, using 2 % molar and 5 % molar of vanadium, respectively, at 65 ºC of temperature and 48 hours of reaction. Some tests on epoxidation reactions were performed. With celadonita/VO(acac)2 system it was obtained a conversion of 44%, 15% of monoepoxide and 34 % of selectivity after 3 hours of reaction. The quantitative evaluation of the reactions was made by 1H NMR.

Submitted by Jos? Henrique Henrique (jose.neves@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2017-09-05T19:55:41Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) lomanto_zogaib_neves.pdf: 8358673 bytes, checksum: 9f42efc6634c0b49d194cc2a19630c84 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Martins Cruz (rodrigo.cruz@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2017-09-18T17:00:26Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) lomanto_zogaib_neves.pdf: 8358673 bytes, checksum: 9f42efc6634c0b49d194cc2a19630c84 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-18T17:00:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) lomanto_zogaib_neves.pdf: 8358673 bytes, checksum: 9f42efc6634c0b49d194cc2a19630c84 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES) / O Cerrado ? considerado um hotspot mundial de biodiversidade, por apresentar uma vasta abund?ncia de esp?cies end?micas que sofrem uma anormal perda de habitat. Al?m disso neste bioma h? importantes bacias hidrogr?ficas, cuja preserva??o das nascentes e leito dos rios e c?rregos ? de extrema necessidade. Com a finalidade de facilitar o estudo dessas ?reas a utiliza??o do Sensoriamento Remoto tornou-se uma excelente ferramenta. Assim, num primeiro momento, este trabalho utilizou imagens dos sensores dos sat?lites Landsat-5 e Landsat-8 para monitorar o desenvolvimento de ?reas de degrada??o, utilizando o ?ndice NDVI, na sub-bacia Hidrogr?fica do Ribeir?o Chiqueiro entre 1984 e 2016. No segundo momento verificou a aplicabilidade das imagens do sat?lite CBERS-4 na distin??o de diferentes tipos de vegeta??o e ou uso e ocupa??o do terreno, comparando-o com o sat?lite Landsat-8, e Rapideye-3, por meio do ?ndice NDVI e da diferen?a NDVI. Como resultados da primeira parte do trabalho foi poss?vel quantificar 108 vo?orocas na regi?o e atestar que a ?rea da sub-bacia sofreu grandes mudan?as nos anos estudados, principalmente com aumento expressivo do uso e ocupa??o do terreno. Nas ?reas de entorno das vo?orocas, que tinham como predomin?ncia tipos de vegeta??o com menor densidade de dossel, como cultura agropecu?rias (principalmente pasto), Campo limpo e Campo Sujo, verificou-se uma maior tend?ncia de crescimento dos vo?orocamentos. Na segunda parte do trabalho foi poss?vel verificar que, como j? era esperado, as imagens do sensor do sat?lite Rapideye, apresentaram melhor resolu??o, sendo seguidas pela imagem do sensor do sat?lite CBERS-4, que se mostrou vi?vel para uso em ?reas de Cerrado. Mesmo assim, estas s?o preteridas por imagens do sensor do sat?lite Landsat-8, que no presente trabalho obteve os piores resultados, deixando de identificar muitas diferen?as na vegeta??o. / Disserta??o (Mestrado) ? Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Ci?ncia Florestal, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2017. / The Cerrado is considered a global biodiversity hotspot due to the abundance of Endemic species that suffer a huge habitat loss. Besides in this biome there are important hydrographic basins, whose Preservation of springs, rivers and streams is of utmost importance. In order to facilitate the study of these areas, the use of Remote Sensing has become an excellent tool. Thus, in the first stage, this work used images from the Landsat-5 and Landsat-8 satellite sensors to monitor the development of degradation areas, using the NDVI index, in the sub-basin of Ribeir?o Chiqueiro between 1984 and 2016. In the second The results obtained in this study show the applicability of the CBERS-4 satellite images to the distinction between different vegetation types and or use and occupation of land, comparing it with the satellite Landsat-8 and Rapideye-3, using the NDVI index and the NDVI difference. As a result of the first part, it was possible to quantify 108 gullies in the region attesting that the sub-basin area underwent major changes in the years studied, mainly with a significant increase in use and occupation of land. In the areas surrounding the gullies, which had as predominant types of vegetation with lower canopy density, such as agricultural culture (mainly pasture), Campo Limpo and Campo Sujo, there was a greater tendency of vo?orocamentos growth. In the second part of the work, it was possible to verify that, as expected, the images of Rapideye satellite sensor presented better resolution and were followed by the CBERS-4 satellite image, which proved to be feasible for use in Cerrado areas. Even so, these are neglected by images of the Landsat-8 satellite sensor, which in the present work obtained the worst results, failing to identify many differences in vegetation.

Neste trabalho foi realizado o estudo de transformações de óleo de soja com o catalisador VO(acac)2 em meio homogêneo e heterogêneo. Estes processos catalíticos estão de acordo com os conceitos de química limpa, no sentido de economia de reagentes e diminuição de subprodutos, enquanto que a matéria-prima, óleo vegetal, foi escolhida por ser de fonte renovável, sustentável e abundante no Rio Grande do Sul e no Brasil. A reação de transesterificação do óleo de soja foi realizada através do sistema VO(acac)2 e VO(acac)2 suportado em uma argila celadonita, cujo depósito localiza-se na região de Ametista do Sul – RS. O sistema heterogêneo foi caracterizado pelas técnicas de DRX, BET, BJH, ATG, FTIR, CHN, MEV/EDS e ICP/OES. O teor de vanádio impregnado na argila foi de 1,06 %. O melhor rendimento das reações de transesterificação foi de 36 % e 30 % para os sistemas homogêneo e heterogêneo, respectivamente, para as condições de 2 % em mol e 5 % em mol de vanádio, a 65 ºC de temperatura e 48 horas de reação. Alguns testes foram realizados em reações de epoxidação. Do sistema celadonita/VO(acac)2 foi obtido conversão de 44 %, 15 % de monoepóxido e 34 % de seletividade, em 3 horas de reação. A avaliação quantitativa das reações foi realizada por RMN de 1H. / This work presents the study of soybean oil reactions with VO(acac)2 in homogeneous and heterogeneous catalytic systems. The catalytic systems follow the green chemistry principles of economy of reagents and reduction in sub-products of the reaction while the starting material, soybean oil, was chosen as a renewable source, sustainability of its crop and abundancy. Soybean oil transesterification reactions were done with the catalytic system VO(acac)2 and VO(acac)2 supported in celadonita, which is a mineral found in Ametista do Sul / RS. The heterogeneous system was characterized by the XRD, BET, BJH, TGA, FTIR, CHN, SEM/EDX and ICP/OES techniques. The amount of vanadium impregnated in the clay it was 1,06%. The best conditions for transesterification reaction gave 36 % yield for homogeneous system and 30 % yield for heterogeneous system, using 2 % molar and 5 % molar of vanadium, respectively, at 65 ºC of temperature and 48 hours of reaction. Some tests on epoxidation reactions were performed. With celadonita/VO(acac)2 system it was obtained a conversion of 44%, 15% of monoepoxide and 34 % of selectivity after 3 hours of reaction. The quantitative evaluation of the reactions was made by 1H NMR.