Dicamba is often tank mixed with glyphosate to increase herbicidal efficacy but may contribute to off-target movement (OTM). In recent years, volatilization has become problematic for dicamba-containing herbicides, resulting in increased regulatory requirements necessitating the use of volatility-reducing agents (VRA) for application. Research was conducted in 2021 and 2022 using low tunnels in a field environment and humidomes in a greenhouse environment to further assess how glyphosate salts and VRAs affect dicamba volatility. Our data indicate that the inclusion of glyphosate to dicamba can increase dicamba volatility, depending on the glyphosate salt used. The inclusion of the evaluated VRAs will decrease dicamba volatility when applied to a tank mixture of dicamba plus potassium salt of glyphosate.

En hörselnedsättning är en kommunikationsstörning som starkt påverkar en bebis utveckling på många områden, inte bara ljudperception och talad kommunikation. I Sverige screenas idag alla bebisar redan på BB, för att så tidigt som möjligt upptäcka medfödda skador. Dessa metoder har dock informationsbegränsningar angående hörselnedsättningens grad och frekvensberoende. När bebisar är ett halvår gamla kan den observerande audiometriska metoden Visual Reinforcement Audiometry (VRA) användas för att utreda hörselnedsättningen. Metoden baseras på att en audionom gör en subjektiv bedömning om bebisen reagerar och vänder huvudet till följd av presenterade ljudstimuli med känt frekvensinnehåll och känd ljudtrycksnivå. År 2009 genomfördes tester med en prototyp för att utreda om VRA-metoden lämpar sig att kombinera med eye-tracking. Detta för att kunna tidigarelägga utredningar eftersom bebisen inte behöver kontrollera sina nackrörelser, utan reaktionsbekräftan kan baseras på förändringar i bebisens blickfokus. Insamlad data var dock svårtolkad, men gav indikationer om att fortsatt arbete kunde leda till en mer objektiv version av VRA-metoden, lämpad för låga åldrar.I detta examensarbete har idén om ett eye-trackerbaserat hörseltest vidareutvecklats vilket resulterat i en ny prototypgeneration, grundad på ny metod för att fastställa hörnivåer. Metoden har främst släktskap med Békésy-metoden, med dynamiska ljudtrycksnivåer, men tar även den individuella reaktionslatensen i beaktning för att bedöma hörnivån vid tidpunkten patienten stimulerades att reagera, inte då reaktionen senare kunde registreras. Ett utredande arbete med studiebesök hos praktiserande audionomer, observationer av tester med föregående prototyp samt en fokusgruppdiskussion har resulterat i ett nytt användargränssnitt och en ny SQL-databasdriven resultathantering för att stödja forskning. Produktutvecklingen har även resulterat i en omarbetad konditioneringsfas, där bebisen fixerar blicken på ett objekt, som efter ett presenterat ljud kan bytas mot en belöning i form av en webbkameraström med t.ex. föräldern. Projektdeltagarna, som arbetat agilt enligt Deming-cykeln (även kallad PDCA), har löpande planerat, utvecklat, testat och tagit beslut med hjälp av funktionsprototyper som pilottestats på totalt 21 bebisar, 1 barn och 6 vuxna. Projektet avslutades med två verifierande tester. I det ena testades fem femmånaders bebisar för att bekräfta att hörnivåer kan bedömas vid en tidig ålder med den nya audiometriska metoden. För 80 % av bebisarna kunde, under en testsession, en till åtta hörtrösklar utredas. Det andra testet utredde precisionen i metoden jämfört med rentonsaudiometri utförd av Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset. Resultatet visar på en medelvägd differens om c:a 3 dB respektive 6-8,5 dB för de båda testdeltagarna. Fortsatt bekräftas att kombinationen av VRA-metoden och reaktionsdetektion med en eye-tracker kan realiseras även vid låga patientåldrar. Den nyutvecklade metoden för att bestämma hörnivåer visar på hög precision, men behöver fortsatt verifiering i likvärdiga testmiljöer samt evidensforskning. / Hearing impairment is a communication disorder which greatly affects an infant’s development in many areas, not just in sound perception and oral communication. Today all babies in Sweden are screened already in the maternity hospital, in order to detect birth defects as early as possible. However, the information given by these methods are limited in terms of how severe the hearing loss is and its frequency dependency. At six months of age the infants hearing reduction can be investigated by using the observation based audiometric method, Visual Reinforcement Audiometry (VRA). The method is based on an audiologist’s subjective observation of the infant’s reactions; to turn its head towards a reward due to sound stimuli of known frequency and sound pressure level. In 2009, a prototype was developed in order to investigate whether the VRA method is suitable to combine with eye tracking. The investigations could thus be performed earlier since the baby does not need to control their head movements, but the reaction detection can be based on changes in the infants gaze. The collected data were difficult to interpret, but indicated that further work could lead to a more objective version of the VRA method, suitable for infants of low age.In this thesis, the idea of an eye-tracker based hearing test has been further developed and has resulted in a new prototype generation, based on an entirely new method of determining hearing thresholds. The method are mostly related to the Békésy method, with dynamic sound pressure levels, but also takes the individual reaction latency into consideration in order to assess the hearing threshold. The assessment is based on the moment in time when the patient was stimulated to react, not when the latter reaction could be recorded. An investigative work based on a study of practicing audiologists, observation of tests with the previous prototype and a focus group discussion has led to a new user interface and a new SQL database-driven results handling in order to support research. The product development has also resulted in a revised conditioning phase. When the infant moves its gaze from a fixation object, due to sound stimuli, the object can be exchanged with a reward in the form of a webcam stream with e.g. the infant’s parent. Project participants, who have been working agile according to the Deming Cycle (also called PDCA), have regularly planned, developed, tested and taken decisions using prototypes which were pilot tested on a total of 21 babies, 1 child and 6 adults. The project was finalized with two verifying tests. In one of the tests five five-month old babies were tested in order to confirm that hearing thresholds can be assessed at low ages by the new audiometric method. One to four frequencies could be investigated during one test session with 80% of the babies. The second test investigated the accuracy of the method compared to pure tone audiometry, conducted at the Karolinska University Hospital. The results show an average weighted difference of approximately 3 dB respectively 6-8.5 dB for the participants. The combination of the VRA method with reaction detection via an eye-tracker remains realizable, even for infant patients. The newly developed method for determining hearing thresholds shows high precision, but needs further verification in identical test environments and further evidence-research.

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Submitted by FABIO ROGERIO BATISTA LIMA (fabio.robal@yahoo.com.br) on 2018-04-16T02:19:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 O GRAFFITI COMO PATRIMÔNIO CULTURAL MATERIAL.pdf: 3817144 bytes, checksum: a4ea30857d72c833100e99f177316778 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Satie Tagara (satie@marilia.unesp.br) on 2018-04-16T16:59:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 lima_frb_dr_mar.pdf: 3817144 bytes, checksum: a4ea30857d72c833100e99f177316778 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-16T16:59:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 lima_frb_dr_mar.pdf: 3817144 bytes, checksum: a4ea30857d72c833100e99f177316778 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-22 / Não recebi financiamento / Na atualidade vivencia-se o que Bauman (2001) conceituou de modernidade líquida, identificada como aquela em que as relações humanas e sociais são caracterizadas por não terem configuração de solidez ou como aquela em que não se conserva forma por muito tempo; prima-se pela mudança; vive-se das inconstâncias. A natureza desta liquidez é reconhecida por conta da leveza, da mutabilidade e da mobilidade das relações. A importância da preservação da memória artística para as futuras gerações também tem mudado. Com o grande avanço nas tecnologias de reprodução e exposição às massas, obras de arte se disseminam com a facilidade de circulação das imagens. Essas manifestações estão nos muros da cidade, locais esses que têm suas superfícies alteradas e apagadas diariamente. Diante disso, questiona-se como se dá o tratamento documental do graffiti como manifestação de arte efêmera? Em decorrência, como pressuposto da tese, aponta-se que o tratamento documental do graffiti, convertido em recurso digital, apresentará elementos para sua consolidação como patrimônio cultural material. Delimitou-se como objetivo propor como se dá o tratamento documental do graffiti, convertido em recurso imagético, considerando a ubiquidade, os aspectos da informação líquida e da ecologia da informação e as novas formas de disponibilizar o acesso. O estudo apresenta abordagem qualitativa, de natureza descritivoexploratória tendo como universo de pesquisa projetos de exposições digitais de arte urbana. omo resultado, verificou-se que o uso estratégico das tecnologias de informação e comunicação e a aplicação efetiva dos padrões de representação de obras de artes são fatores determinantes para garantia do armazenamento, recuperação e acesso ubíquo ao patrimônio cultural material. A proposta de representação documental de graffiti apresenta o padrão de estrutura de dados R ore - Resources Association Visual versão 4 0, por sua melhor adequação à descrição da manifestação de arte do tipo graffiti, por possibilitar a correlação entre obra, imagem e coleções Nesse sentido, foi possível elaborar uma proposta de aplicação contendo três novos elementos descritivos: "citação cultural", "citação espaço temporal" e "citação ideológica" como forma de trazer o contexto em que o graffiti foi criado e apresentar elementos que viabilize a efetivação do graffiti como patrimônio cultural material. / Nowadays we live what Bauman (2001) defined as liquid modernity, it is identified as human and social relationships that are caracterized by not having solid aspects in it or that one which doesn´t keep its format for too long; changes are constant and inconsistencies are lived. The nature of this liquidity is know by the lightness, mutability and mobility of relationships. The importance of artistic memories preservation has also changed. With the breakthrough in playback technologies and exposition techniques to majority of people has made works of art disseminate easily just like images. These manifastations are in the city walls, places that have their surfaces changed and erased daily. In view of this, one questions how the documentary treatment of graffiti as a manifestation of ephemeral art takes place? As a consequence of this thesis, it is pointed out that the documentary treatment of graffiti, converted into a digital resource, will present elements for its consolidation as material cultural patrimony. The purpose of this paper was to propose how the graffiti documentary treatment, converted into an imagery resource, considering the ubiquity, the aspects of net information and information ecology, and the new ways of making access available, were proposed. The study presents a qualitative approach, of a descriptive-exploratory nature having as research universe projects of digital exhibitions of urban art. As a result, it has been found that the strategic use of information and communication technologies and the effective application of the standards of representation of works of art are determining factors for guaranteeing storage, retrieval and ubiquitous access to material cultural heritage. The graffiti document representation proposal presents the VRA Core - Resources Association Visual Version 4.0 data structure standard, due to its better adaptation to the description of the graffiti - type art manifestation, as it allows the correlation between work, image and collections. In this sense, it was possible to elaborate an application proposal containing three new descriptive elements: "cultural citation", "citation space" and "ideological citation" as a way to bring the context in which graffiti was created and present elements that make feasible the graffiti as material cultural heritage.