The Swedish electricity market was historically based on predictable and controllable power plants. The introduction variable renewable energy (VRE) sources in the market have led to less predictability and larger short-term variations in the generation profiles. These effects are compounded as the market share of VRE sources are increasing, and in Sweden’s case as the nuclear power plants are being phased out. Different metrics of value are calculated to shed light on the economic potential of new power sources. A not yet commonly used metric is the value factor of a technology, which represents the net increase or net decrease in revenue due to if the generation coincides with a high or low spot price of electricity. The thesis seeks to calculate the value factors and analyse their place within the northern European electricity market. In order to calculate the value factors and analysing them, the acquisition of datasets for varying market variables was required. The three sources of these datasets was for this thesis the ENTSO-E Transparency Platform, Nord Pool and Svenska kraftnät. These sources combined could supply datasets for market variables dating back to 2015 for Sweden and each country with an international connection with Sweden. This limits the scope of this analysis to 2015 - 2019 for Sweden and six other countries. The value factors were calculated for each Swedish electric price region divided into five categorical technologies, wind-, solar-, hydro-, nuclear- and heat power. The results from this only gave concrete results for two technologies. Wind power are shown to generally have a value factor below one and hydro power in the two northern regions have a value factor above one. This indicates that the market is saturated for wind power while in demand for hydro power from northern Sweden. Every other pair of technology and region vary as to not indicate whether the market is in demand of it or not. Analysing the association of variables was accomplished using a correlation study. Variables that consistently have a critical correlation factor, either linear or monotonic, are identified as associated variables. Out of these pairs of associated variables, the ones with a shared trend in either correlation or normalized regression with the trend of the appropriate value factor are identified as associated with the same value factor. This resulted in several associated variables for each value factor. Neither of these associations can by this methodology be identified as having a causal relation, it only displays correlations which could be incidental.

This bachelor thesis investigates the development of value factors on the Swedish electricity market and how the development can be explained. Value factor is a parameter that indicates how well an energy source’s market price corresponds to the average spot price for the electricity mix. Value factors for nuclear-, thermal-, wind-, solar- and hydropower are calculated for the years 2014-2019. Electricity production- and spot price data has been sourced from Svenska Kraftnät, Nord Pool and Uppsala University. The influence of weather conditions, spot price, production and consumption on the development of the value factors is discussed. The Pearson correlation coefficient is used for analytical purposes, showing the correlation between two specific variables. The conclusion is that the value factor for each power source is the result of the conditions present during the specific time period. The value factors for solar- and thermal power are discontinuous since they are temperature-dependent. For nuclear-, wind- and hydropower, the value factors are more continuous during the time span. This is due to, for instance, their important roles in the Swedish energy system and their ability to match demands.

Thesis advisor: Jeffrey J.P. Pontiff / My dissertation includes three chapters on the value premium. In the first chapter, I study whether seemingly innocuous decisions in the construction of the original HML portfolio (Fama and French, 1993) affect our inference on the value premium. I find that the value premium is dramatically smaller than we thought. In sample, the average estimate of the value premium is 0.09% per month smaller than the original estimate of the value premium. Out of sample, however, the difference is statistically insignificant. The results suggest that the original value premium estimate is upward biased because of a chance result in the original research decisions. In the second chapter, I propose an estimate for intangible assets and growth opportunities and examine if this estimate improves book-to-market equity as a measure of value. I find that portfolios sorted on book equity plus the estimate to market equity have lower returns than portfolios sorted on book-to-market equity. The results suggest that intangible assets and growth opportunities diminish book-to-market equity as a measure of value because investors value intangible assets and growth opportunities in an overly optimistic way. In my third chapter, I simultaneously study nine explanations of the value effect to better understand what the dominant value explanation is. I find that duration accounts for most of the value effect and that the eight other explanations account for a negligible part of it. The results suggest that duration is the dominant explanation of the value effect. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2021. / Submitted to: Boston College. Carroll School of Management. / Discipline: Finance.

Syftet med den här studien är att beskriva och analysera hur ett småhus ålder kan påverka marknadsvärdet och taxeringsvärdet för en småhusfastighet samt hur den svenska taxeringsmodellen tar hänsyn till hur ett småhus ålder påverkar värdet. Målet är att ge förslag på hur ett småhus ålder kan behandlas vid fastighetstaxering i Sverige. Ett småhus definieras som en byggnad inrättad till bostad för en till två familjer och en småhusfastighet utgörs av ett småhus plus dess tomtmark. Vid fastighetstaxering av småhusfastigheter i Sverige bestäms ett byggnads- och ett tomtmarksvärde som sedan slås ihop till ett taxeringsvärde för småhusfastigheten, taxeringsvärdet ska motsvara 75 % av marknadsvärdet två år före taxeringsåret. Byggnadsvärdet respektive tomtmarksvärdet bestäms utifrån olika värdefaktorer, en av dem är värdefaktorn ålder vilket anges som ett värdeår ämnat att uttrycka en byggnads återstående ekonomiska livslängd. Metoder som har använts i studien är en litteraturstudie som granskat tidigare forskning inom ämnet samt lagstiftning och facklitteratur. En kvantitativ undersökning av småhus och köp i Gävle kommun har genomförts för att skapa en generell bild av hur ett småhus ålder påverkar småhusfastigheters taxeringsvärde samt en generell bild av när taxeringsvärdet är svårbedömt på grund av ett småhus ålder. För att erhålla en djupare förståelse för hur ett småhus ålder kan påverka småhusfastigheters marknadsvärde genomfördes en kvalitativ undersökning av ett fåtal småhus. Resultatet av litteraturstudien visar att de åldersrelaterade variabler som kan påverka ett småhus marknadsvärde är: depreciering, läge, byggnadskonstruktion, underhåll samt vintage-effekt. De åldersrelaterade variabler som den svenska taxeringsmodellen tar hänsyn till är: depreciering, åldersinverkan i förhållande till läge samt jämkning av värdeår. Litteraturstudien samt den kvantitativa och den kvalitativa undersökningen tyder på att det finns vissa brister i hur åldersfaktorn hanteras vid fastighetstaxering i Sverige, främst när det gäller äldre byggnader. Eftersom de båda undersökningarna genomfördes endast med småhusfastigheter i Gävle kommun är dock resultatet inte direkt applicerbart på hela Sveriges småhusbestånd. Ändock drogs slutsatsen att det anses motiverat att ge förslag på hur den svenska taxeringsmodellen kan behandla åldersfaktorn vid fastighetstaxering av småhus. Förslaget innefattade de åldersrelaterade variablerna: depreciering, läge, underhåll, köparpreferenser samt byggnadskonstruktion.

Investors and fund managers have, since the start of financial markets, always been on the lookout for new ways of beating the market. However, researchers of the Efficient Market Hypothesis have shown that markets are usually highly efficient, implying that there are few possibilities of earning returns that are higher than the market returns, on a risk adjusted basis. Prevailing theories, such as the Capital Asset Pricing Model, has shown that increased return must stem from taking on higher risk. Though, this model’s explanatory power has been challenged by numerous researchers who propose different factors, other than market risk, which could hold explanatory power when it comes to returns in the stock market. This area of research is called factor investing, and has shown that factors such as momentum, size, and value, all can lead to outperforming the market.This study examines how a model based on two common factors, quality and value, would have performed on the Swedish stock market. The study is based on five portfolios chosen by the quality and value factors, each one held for 5 years, examined over a 25-year time span and uses the capital asset pricing model as a tool to measure whether or not the selected factors outperform the market. The study has taken a quantitative approach to examining the research question, using a positivistic and objectivistic view.The results of the study show evidence that the quality and value factors can lead to significant outperformance relative to the market index. Both total returns and risk adjusted returns were higher than the market index for some of the portfolios created using the quality and value factors. Furthermore, statistical evidence was found of that CAPM not fully explains all returns, and thus, that the returns are in part explained by the quality and value factors. The findings led to the conclusion that the quality and value factors does, in fact, hold explanatory power beyond that of CAPM. Purchasing quality companies at a reasonable price is shown to be a sound investment strategy, and that a portfolio created using the quality and value factors has good chances of outperforming the market index.