The arrival of the North American Monsoon System (NAMS) terminates a presummer hyperarid period in the southwestern United States (U.S.), providing summer moisture that is favorable for forest growth. Montane forests in this region rely on winter snowpack to drive much of their growth; the extent to which they use NAMS moisture is uncertain. We addressed this by studying stable carbon and oxygen isotopes in earlywood and latewood from 11 sites along a latitudinal gradient extending from Arizona and New Mexico to Utah. This study provides the first regional perspective on the relative roles of winter versus summer precipitation as an ecophysiological resource. Here we present evidence that Ponderosa pine uses NAMS moisture differentially across this gradient. C-13/C-12 ratios suggest that photosynthetic water use efficiency during latewood formation is more sensitive to summer precipitation at the northern than at the southern sites. This is likely due to the fact that NAMS moisture provides sufficiently favorable conditions for tree photosynthesis and growth during most years in the southern sites, whereas the northern sites experience larger summer moisture variability, which in some years is limiting growth. Cellulose O-18 and C-13 values revealed that photoassimilates in the southern sites were produced under higher vapor pressure deficit conditions during spring compared to summer, demonstrating a previously underappreciated effect of seasonal differences in atmospheric humidity on tree ring isotope ratios. Our findings suggest that future changes in NAMS will potentially alter productivity and photosynthetic water use dynamics differentially along latitudinal gradients in southwestern U.S. montane forests.

Master of Science / Department of Civil Engineering / Robert J. Peterman / Epoxy polymer overlays have been used for decades on existing bridge decks to protect the deck and extend its service life. The polymer overlay’s ability to seal a bridge deck is now being specified for new construction. Questions exist about the amount of drying time needed to achieve an acceptable concrete moisture content to ensure an adequate bond to the polymer overlay. Current Kansas Department of Transportation (KDOT) specifications for new bridge decks call a 14 day wet curing period followed by 21 days of drying (Kansas DOT, 2007) If not enough drying is provided, the moisture within the concrete can form water vapor pressure at the overlay interface and induce delamination. If too much drying time is provided projects are delayed, which can increase the total project cost or even delay overlay placement until the next spring. A testing procedure was developed to simulate a bridge deck in order to test the concrete moisture content and bonding strength of the overlay. Concrete slabs were cast to test typical concrete and curing conditions for a new bridge deck. Three concrete mixtures were tested to see what effect the water –cement ratio and the addition of fly ash might have on the overlay bond strength. Wet curing occurred at 3 different temperatures (40°F, 73°F, and 100°F) to see if temperature played a part in the bond strength as well. The concrete was then allowed to dry for 3, 7, 14, or 21 days. Five epoxy-polymer overlay systems that had been preapproved by KDOT were each used in conjunction with the previously mentioned concrete and curing conditions. After, the slabs were setup to perform pull-off tests to test the tensile rupture strength. The concrete slabs with the different epoxy overlays were heated to 122-125°F to replicate summer bridge deck temperatures. Half of the pull-off tests were performed when the slabs were heated and half were performed once the slabs had cooled back down to 73°±5°F. Results from the pull-off tests as well as results from a moisture meter taken on the concrete prior to the overlay placement were compared and analyzed. Testing conditions were compared with each other to see which had a larger effect on the epoxy polymer overlay’s bond strength.

O estudo caracterizou as variáveis fisiológicas da fotossíntese, em 7 clones de Eucalyptus de alta produtividade, determinando-se as capacidades fotossintéticas máximas (Amax), e o comportamento da fotossíntese (A), condutância (gs) e transpiração (E) em relação ao Déficit de Pressão de Vapor (DPV). Para isso, um ensaio foi instalado em 2004, na ESALQ/USP, contendo os clones do Projeto BEPP (Brasil Eucalyptus Produtividade Potencial), sendo cada parcela composta de 49 plantas (7x7) no espaçamento de 3,0m x 2,7m. Mediram-se as alturas ou DAPs e selecionaram-se 3 árvores médias para as mensurações fisiológicas, aos 16 e 36 meses. A amostragem para Amax foi composta de duas posições superiores da copa (2 e 3), dois galhos por posição e duas folhas por galho. As medições foram feitas das 8 às 10 horas (baixo DPV). Para o comportamento de A e gs frente ao DPV, as medições continuaram, de hora em hora, das 11 às 15 horas, nas folhas do primeiro galho da posição 2. Ao final as folhas foram coletadas para determinação da área foliar específica (AFE) e do nitrogênio (N). Aos 16 meses, foram feitas curvas A/Ci, para posterior cálculo de Vcmax (taxa máxima de carboxilação), Jmax (taxa máxima de transporte de elétrons) e VTPU (utilização da triose fosfato), pelo programa Photosyn Assistant. As curvas foram feitas em 2 árvores por clone, nas posições superiores e inferiores da copa. Todas mensurações foram realizadas com o aparelho LiCor-6400. Os resultados mostraram que Amax foi similar para as posições 2 e 3. Entre os clones, houve variação, porém não consistente entre idades, e todos mostraram altos valores de Amax na idade de 16 meses (entre 26 e 31, com média de 29 µmol m-2s-1), reduzindo-se aos 36 meses (entre 19 e 26, com média de 22 µmol m-2s-1). A AFE e o N também foram similares entre as posições 2 e 3 e maiores na idade mais jovem (11 versus 8 m²kg-1, 29 versus 21 gN kg-1), podendo estar associados à queda de Amax. A, gs e E também apresentaram menores valores aos 36 meses, para todos os clones (23 versus 18 µmol m-2s-1; 0,41 versus 0,26 mol m-2s-1; 9,2 versus 6,1 mmol m-2s-1). Os clones mostraram sensibilidade ao DPV, reduzindo os valores de gs e A ao longo do dia, sendo a sensibilidade menor aos 36 meses. As sensibilidades foram distintas, evidenciando potencial de seleção de materiais mais aptos a tolerarem estresse hídrico. Em geral, maiores valores de fotossíntese estão relacionados a maiores valores de transpiração, evidenciando a necessidade de se conhecer a disponibilidade hídrica local quando do uso de clones de alta produtividade. Vcmax, Jmax e VTPU foram maiores para as posições superiores da copa, e não diferiram entre os clones. Devido à semelhança fisiológica entre as posições 2 e 3, pode-se sugerir que não haja distinção entre elas em futuras medições de fotossíntese, essenciais para a parametrização de modelos. Não houve relação direta entre crescimento do tronco e fotossíntese, evidenciando a necessidade de integração com estudos relacionados à alocação do carbono dentro da planta. / This study aimed to characterize the physiological variables related to photosynthesis, in seven commercial Eucalyptus clones with high productivity, by evaluating maximum photosynthetic capacity (Amax), and the response of photosynthesis (A), stomatal conductance (gs) and transpiration (E) to Vapor Pressure Deficit (VPD). A trial was installed in 2004, at ESALQ/USP, with the clones that were part of BEPP Project (Brazil Eucalyptus Potential Productivity), and each plot had 49 plants (7x7) in a 3 m x 2.7m spacing. We measured tree height or DBHs and three average trees were selected for measurements, at 16 and 36 months. The sample to estimate Amax was: two crown positions (2 and 3), two branches per tree and two leaves per branch. The measurements which were taken from 8 to 10 am (low VPD). To get the response of A and gs to VPD measurements continued hourly, from 11 am to 3 pm, on the leaves from the first branch and position 2. At the end of the measurements leaves were collected for specific leaf area (SLA) and nitrogen (N) determination. Additionally, at 16 months, A/Ci curves were established, and parameters Vcmax, Jmax and VTPU were estimated through the program Photosyn Assistant. The curves were done for 2 trees per clone, at superior crown positions (2 and 3) and inferior ones (4 and 5). The physiological measurements and A/Ci curves were made using LiCor-6400. The results showed that Amax was similar for positions 2 and 3. There was variation among clones, but not consistent between ages, and all the clones had high Amax at 16 months (between 26 and 31 µmol m-2s-1, with an average of 29 µmol m-2s-1), decreasing at 36 months (between 19 and 26 µmol m-2s-1, with an average of 22 µmol m-2s-1). SLA and N were also similar between positions 2 and 3 and higher at younger age (11,1 versus 8,3 m²kg-1, 29,6 versus 21,1 gN kg-1;), what may be associate with Amax decrease. A, gs and E also showed lower values at age 36, for all the clones (23 versus 18 µmol m-2s-1; 0,41 versus 0,26 mol m-2s-1; 9,2 versus 6,1 mmol m-2s-1). All clones showed sensitivity to VPD, reducing gs and A with increasing VPD. However, the clones showed different sensitivities and all of them were less sensitive to VPD at age 36, highlighting a selection potential of genetic materials for water stress. In general, higher photosynthesis values were associated with higher transpiration, showing the necessity to know the water conditions of sites when planting genetic materials with high productivity. Vcmax, Jmax and VTPU were greater for superior positions compared to inferior ones, and were not different among clones. Due to a similarity in SLA, N and physiological and biochemical traits between positions 2 and 3, no distinction on future photosynthesis measurements between these positions is needed. Finally, there was not a direct relation between stem growth and photosynthesis, at both ages, showing that photosynthesis at crown level by itself can not capture all the ecophysiological processes related to wood productivity, being necessary the integration with studies related to carbon allocation inside the plant.

A presença de sais no petróleo ocasiona grandes problemas operacionais relacionados à corrosão, uma vez que estes acabam formando ácido clorídrico no processo de separação do óleo bruto. Com o intuito de amenizar os efeitos de corrosão ácida, aminas podem ser adicionadas no topo das colunas para agir como neutralizantes. Porém, dependendo das condições operacionais e da quantidade de amina adicionada, pode ocorrer a deposição de cloridratos de aminas, promovendo a corrosão sob depósito. Assim, o conhecimento da pressão de sublimação desses sólidos é de extrema importância para especificar as condições de operação e o melhor desempenho destes aditivos no processo. Dentro desse contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho é determinar as pressões e entalpias de sublimação de cloridratos de aminas com a técnica termogravimétrica. Devido às dificuldades encontradas para obtenção de dados precisos de pressão em baixas temperaturas, uma extensão ao método termogravimétrico foi proposta, tornando possível medir pressões na ordem de 1 0,5 Pa. As substâncias estudadas foram: brometo de amônio, cloreto de amônio, cloridrato de etanolamina, cloridrato de metilamina, cloridrato de piridina, cloridrato de trimetilamina e dicloridrato de n-(1- naftil)etilenodiamina. Resultados de pressão e entalpia de sublimação alcançados com ácido benzoico, brometo de amônio e cloreto de amônio foram validados com dados da literatura Para os demais sólidos estudados, não há muitos dados disponíveis na literatura. No entanto, como a reação de sublimação do cloreto de amônio é análoga à dos demais cloridratos de amina, as entalpias de sublimação puderam ser comparadas e os resultados encontrados foram satisfatórios. Por fim, para uma melhor aplicabilidade dos resultados obtidos, uma equação de Clausius-Clapeyron modificada foi utilizada para correlacionar os dados medidos. Uma ótima correlação foi possível para todos os sais estudados, com coeficiente de correlação sempre superior a 0,97. / The presence of salts in petroleum causes operational problems related to corrosion, due to the fact that they end up forming hydrochloric acid in the crude oil separation process. In order to mitigate the effects of acid corrosion, amines can be added at the top of the columns to act as neutralizers. However, depending on the operational conditions and the amount of amine added, a deposition of amine hydrochlorides may occur, promoting under-deposit corrosion. Thus, the knowledge of the sublimation pressure of these salts has an extreme importance in trying to predict and to optimize the performance of the additives in the process. Within this context, the purpose of this study is to determine pressure and enthalpy of sublimation of amine hydrochlorides with the thermogravimetric technique. Due to the difficulties encountered to obtain precise pressure data at low temperatures, an extension of the thermogravimetric method was proposed, enabling to measure sublimation pressures in the order of 1 0,5 Pa. The substances studied were: ammonium bromide, ammonium chloride, ethanolamine hydrochloride, methylamine hydrochloride, pyridine hydrochloride, trimethylamine hydrochloride and n-(1-naphthyl)ethylenediamine dihydrochloride. Results of pressure and enthalpy of sublimation obtained with benzoic acid, ammonium bromide and ammonium chloride were validated using literature data. For other solids investigated in this study, experimental data is scarce in the literature. However, as the sublimation reaction of ammonium chloride is analogous to the others amine hydrochlorides, enthalpies of sublimation could be compared with the results found. Since similar values were observed, the results were considered satisfactory. Finally, the measured data were correlated using a modified Clausius-Clapeyron equation. A good correlation was possible for all salts studied, with correlation coefficient always higher than 0.97.

O estudo caracterizou as variáveis fisiológicas da fotossíntese, em 7 clones de Eucalyptus de alta produtividade, determinando-se as capacidades fotossintéticas máximas (Amax), e o comportamento da fotossíntese (A), condutância (gs) e transpiração (E) em relação ao Déficit de Pressão de Vapor (DPV). Para isso, um ensaio foi instalado em 2004, na ESALQ/USP, contendo os clones do Projeto BEPP (Brasil Eucalyptus Produtividade Potencial), sendo cada parcela composta de 49 plantas (7x7) no espaçamento de 3,0m x 2,7m. Mediram-se as alturas ou DAPs e selecionaram-se 3 árvores médias para as mensurações fisiológicas, aos 16 e 36 meses. A amostragem para Amax foi composta de duas posições superiores da copa (2 e 3), dois galhos por posição e duas folhas por galho. As medições foram feitas das 8 às 10 horas (baixo DPV). Para o comportamento de A e gs frente ao DPV, as medições continuaram, de hora em hora, das 11 às 15 horas, nas folhas do primeiro galho da posição 2. Ao final as folhas foram coletadas para determinação da área foliar específica (AFE) e do nitrogênio (N). Aos 16 meses, foram feitas curvas A/Ci, para posterior cálculo de Vcmax (taxa máxima de carboxilação), Jmax (taxa máxima de transporte de elétrons) e VTPU (utilização da triose fosfato), pelo programa Photosyn Assistant. As curvas foram feitas em 2 árvores por clone, nas posições superiores e inferiores da copa. Todas mensurações foram realizadas com o aparelho LiCor-6400. Os resultados mostraram que Amax foi similar para as posições 2 e 3. Entre os clones, houve variação, porém não consistente entre idades, e todos mostraram altos valores de Amax na idade de 16 meses (entre 26 e 31, com média de 29 µmol m-2s-1), reduzindo-se aos 36 meses (entre 19 e 26, com média de 22 µmol m-2s-1). A AFE e o N também foram similares entre as posições 2 e 3 e maiores na idade mais jovem (11 versus 8 m²kg-1, 29 versus 21 gN kg-1), podendo estar associados à queda de Amax. A, gs e E também apresentaram menores valores aos 36 meses, para todos os clones (23 versus 18 µmol m-2s-1; 0,41 versus 0,26 mol m-2s-1; 9,2 versus 6,1 mmol m-2s-1). Os clones mostraram sensibilidade ao DPV, reduzindo os valores de gs e A ao longo do dia, sendo a sensibilidade menor aos 36 meses. As sensibilidades foram distintas, evidenciando potencial de seleção de materiais mais aptos a tolerarem estresse hídrico. Em geral, maiores valores de fotossíntese estão relacionados a maiores valores de transpiração, evidenciando a necessidade de se conhecer a disponibilidade hídrica local quando do uso de clones de alta produtividade. Vcmax, Jmax e VTPU foram maiores para as posições superiores da copa, e não diferiram entre os clones. Devido à semelhança fisiológica entre as posições 2 e 3, pode-se sugerir que não haja distinção entre elas em futuras medições de fotossíntese, essenciais para a parametrização de modelos. Não houve relação direta entre crescimento do tronco e fotossíntese, evidenciando a necessidade de integração com estudos relacionados à alocação do carbono dentro da planta. / This study aimed to characterize the physiological variables related to photosynthesis, in seven commercial Eucalyptus clones with high productivity, by evaluating maximum photosynthetic capacity (Amax), and the response of photosynthesis (A), stomatal conductance (gs) and transpiration (E) to Vapor Pressure Deficit (VPD). A trial was installed in 2004, at ESALQ/USP, with the clones that were part of BEPP Project (Brazil Eucalyptus Potential Productivity), and each plot had 49 plants (7x7) in a 3 m x 2.7m spacing. We measured tree height or DBHs and three average trees were selected for measurements, at 16 and 36 months. The sample to estimate Amax was: two crown positions (2 and 3), two branches per tree and two leaves per branch. The measurements which were taken from 8 to 10 am (low VPD). To get the response of A and gs to VPD measurements continued hourly, from 11 am to 3 pm, on the leaves from the first branch and position 2. At the end of the measurements leaves were collected for specific leaf area (SLA) and nitrogen (N) determination. Additionally, at 16 months, A/Ci curves were established, and parameters Vcmax, Jmax and VTPU were estimated through the program Photosyn Assistant. The curves were done for 2 trees per clone, at superior crown positions (2 and 3) and inferior ones (4 and 5). The physiological measurements and A/Ci curves were made using LiCor-6400. The results showed that Amax was similar for positions 2 and 3. There was variation among clones, but not consistent between ages, and all the clones had high Amax at 16 months (between 26 and 31 µmol m-2s-1, with an average of 29 µmol m-2s-1), decreasing at 36 months (between 19 and 26 µmol m-2s-1, with an average of 22 µmol m-2s-1). SLA and N were also similar between positions 2 and 3 and higher at younger age (11,1 versus 8,3 m²kg-1, 29,6 versus 21,1 gN kg-1;), what may be associate with Amax decrease. A, gs and E also showed lower values at age 36, for all the clones (23 versus 18 µmol m-2s-1; 0,41 versus 0,26 mol m-2s-1; 9,2 versus 6,1 mmol m-2s-1). All clones showed sensitivity to VPD, reducing gs and A with increasing VPD. However, the clones showed different sensitivities and all of them were less sensitive to VPD at age 36, highlighting a selection potential of genetic materials for water stress. In general, higher photosynthesis values were associated with higher transpiration, showing the necessity to know the water conditions of sites when planting genetic materials with high productivity. Vcmax, Jmax and VTPU were greater for superior positions compared to inferior ones, and were not different among clones. Due to a similarity in SLA, N and physiological and biochemical traits between positions 2 and 3, no distinction on future photosynthesis measurements between these positions is needed. Finally, there was not a direct relation between stem growth and photosynthesis, at both ages, showing that photosynthesis at crown level by itself can not capture all the ecophysiological processes related to wood productivity, being necessary the integration with studies related to carbon allocation inside the plant.

Vapor pressure (Pvap), heat of vaporization (ΔHvap), liquid heat capacity (Cpl), and ideal gas heat capacity (Cpig) are important properties for process design and optimization. This work focuses on improving the thermodynamic consistency and accuracy of the aforementioned properties since these can drastically affect the reliability, safety, and profitability of chemical processes. They can be measured for pure organic compounds from the triple point, through the normal boiling point, and up to the critical point. Additionally, ΔHvap is proportional to the derivative of vapor pressure with respect to temperature through the Clapeyron equation, and the difference between Cpl and Cpig is proportional to the derivative of heat of vaporization with respect to temperature. In order to improve temperature-dependent correlations, all the properties were analyzed simultaneously. First, a temperature-dependent error model was developed using several versions of the Riedel and Wagner Pvap correlations. The ability of each correlation to match Cpl data was determined for 5 well-known compounds. The Riedel equation performed better than the Wagner equation when the best form was used. Second, the Riedel equation form was further modified, and the best correlation form was found for about 50 compounds over 7 families. This led to the development of a new vapor pressure prediction method using different Riedel equation forms to fit Pvap, ΔHvap, and Cpl data simultaneously. Seventy compounds were tested, and the error compared to liquid heat capacity data dropped from 10% with previous methods to 3% with this new prediction method. Additionally a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) was purchased, and melting points (Tm), enthalpies of fusion (ΔHfus), and liquid heat capacities (Cpl) were measured for over twenty compounds. For many of these compounds, the vapor pressure data and critical constants were re-evaluated, and new vapor pressure correlations were recommended that were thermodynamically consistent with measured liquid heat capacity data. The Design Institute for Physical Properties (DIPPR) recommends best constants and temperature-dependent values for pure compounds. These improvements were added to DIPPR procedures, and over 200 compounds were re-analyzed so that the temperature-dependent correlations for Pvap, ΔHvap, Cpig, and Cpl became more internally consistent. Recommendations were made for the calculation procedures of these properties for the DIPPR database.

Thesis (M.S.)--Texas State University--San Marcos, 2009. / Vita. Appendices: leaves 62-65. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 66-67). Also available on microfilm.

abstract: This thesis focuses on the theoretical work done to determine thermodynamic properties of a chalcopyrite thin-film material for use as a photovoltaic material in a tandem device. The material of main focus here is ZnGeAs2, which was chosen for the relative abundance of constituents, favorable photovoltaic properties, and good lattice matching with ZnSnP2, the other component in this tandem device. This work is divided into two main chapters, which will cover: calculations and method to determine the formation energy and abundance of native point defects, and a model to calculate the vapor pressure over a ternary material from first-principles. The purpose of this work is to guide experimental work being done in tandem to synthesize ZnGeAs2 in thin-film form with high enough quality such that it can be used as a photovoltaic. Since properties of photovoltaic depend greatly on defect concentrations and film quality, a theoretical understanding of how laboratory conditions affect these properties is very valuable. The work done here is from first-principles and utilizes density functional theory using the local density approximation. Results from the native point defect study show that the zinc vacancy (VZn) and the germanium antisite (GeZn) are the more prominent defects; which most likely produce non-stoichiometric films. The vapor pressure model for a ternary system is validated using known vapor pressure for monatomic and binary test systems. With a valid ternary system vapor pressure model, results show there is a kinetic barrier to decomposition for ZnGeAs2. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Materials Science and Engineering 2011

A presença de sais no petróleo ocasiona grandes problemas operacionais relacionados à corrosão, uma vez que estes acabam formando ácido clorídrico no processo de separação do óleo bruto. Com o intuito de amenizar os efeitos de corrosão ácida, aminas podem ser adicionadas no topo das colunas para agir como neutralizantes. Porém, dependendo das condições operacionais e da quantidade de amina adicionada, pode ocorrer a deposição de cloridratos de aminas, promovendo a corrosão sob depósito. Assim, o conhecimento da pressão de sublimação desses sólidos é de extrema importância para especificar as condições de operação e o melhor desempenho destes aditivos no processo. Dentro desse contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho é determinar as pressões e entalpias de sublimação de cloridratos de aminas com a técnica termogravimétrica. Devido às dificuldades encontradas para obtenção de dados precisos de pressão em baixas temperaturas, uma extensão ao método termogravimétrico foi proposta, tornando possível medir pressões na ordem de 1 0,5 Pa. As substâncias estudadas foram: brometo de amônio, cloreto de amônio, cloridrato de etanolamina, cloridrato de metilamina, cloridrato de piridina, cloridrato de trimetilamina e dicloridrato de n-(1- naftil)etilenodiamina. Resultados de pressão e entalpia de sublimação alcançados com ácido benzoico, brometo de amônio e cloreto de amônio foram validados com dados da literatura Para os demais sólidos estudados, não há muitos dados disponíveis na literatura. No entanto, como a reação de sublimação do cloreto de amônio é análoga à dos demais cloridratos de amina, as entalpias de sublimação puderam ser comparadas e os resultados encontrados foram satisfatórios. Por fim, para uma melhor aplicabilidade dos resultados obtidos, uma equação de Clausius-Clapeyron modificada foi utilizada para correlacionar os dados medidos. Uma ótima correlação foi possível para todos os sais estudados, com coeficiente de correlação sempre superior a 0,97. / The presence of salts in petroleum causes operational problems related to corrosion, due to the fact that they end up forming hydrochloric acid in the crude oil separation process. In order to mitigate the effects of acid corrosion, amines can be added at the top of the columns to act as neutralizers. However, depending on the operational conditions and the amount of amine added, a deposition of amine hydrochlorides may occur, promoting under-deposit corrosion. Thus, the knowledge of the sublimation pressure of these salts has an extreme importance in trying to predict and to optimize the performance of the additives in the process. Within this context, the purpose of this study is to determine pressure and enthalpy of sublimation of amine hydrochlorides with the thermogravimetric technique. Due to the difficulties encountered to obtain precise pressure data at low temperatures, an extension of the thermogravimetric method was proposed, enabling to measure sublimation pressures in the order of 1 0,5 Pa. The substances studied were: ammonium bromide, ammonium chloride, ethanolamine hydrochloride, methylamine hydrochloride, pyridine hydrochloride, trimethylamine hydrochloride and n-(1-naphthyl)ethylenediamine dihydrochloride. Results of pressure and enthalpy of sublimation obtained with benzoic acid, ammonium bromide and ammonium chloride were validated using literature data. For other solids investigated in this study, experimental data is scarce in the literature. However, as the sublimation reaction of ammonium chloride is analogous to the others amine hydrochlorides, enthalpies of sublimation could be compared with the results found. Since similar values were observed, the results were considered satisfactory. Finally, the measured data were correlated using a modified Clausius-Clapeyron equation. A good correlation was possible for all salts studied, with correlation coefficient always higher than 0.97.

A presença de sais no petróleo ocasiona grandes problemas operacionais relacionados à corrosão, uma vez que estes acabam formando ácido clorídrico no processo de separação do óleo bruto. Com o intuito de amenizar os efeitos de corrosão ácida, aminas podem ser adicionadas no topo das colunas para agir como neutralizantes. Porém, dependendo das condições operacionais e da quantidade de amina adicionada, pode ocorrer a deposição de cloridratos de aminas, promovendo a corrosão sob depósito. Assim, o conhecimento da pressão de sublimação desses sólidos é de extrema importância para especificar as condições de operação e o melhor desempenho destes aditivos no processo. Dentro desse contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho é determinar as pressões e entalpias de sublimação de cloridratos de aminas com a técnica termogravimétrica. Devido às dificuldades encontradas para obtenção de dados precisos de pressão em baixas temperaturas, uma extensão ao método termogravimétrico foi proposta, tornando possível medir pressões na ordem de 1 0,5 Pa. As substâncias estudadas foram: brometo de amônio, cloreto de amônio, cloridrato de etanolamina, cloridrato de metilamina, cloridrato de piridina, cloridrato de trimetilamina e dicloridrato de n-(1- naftil)etilenodiamina. Resultados de pressão e entalpia de sublimação alcançados com ácido benzoico, brometo de amônio e cloreto de amônio foram validados com dados da literatura Para os demais sólidos estudados, não há muitos dados disponíveis na literatura. No entanto, como a reação de sublimação do cloreto de amônio é análoga à dos demais cloridratos de amina, as entalpias de sublimação puderam ser comparadas e os resultados encontrados foram satisfatórios. Por fim, para uma melhor aplicabilidade dos resultados obtidos, uma equação de Clausius-Clapeyron modificada foi utilizada para correlacionar os dados medidos. Uma ótima correlação foi possível para todos os sais estudados, com coeficiente de correlação sempre superior a 0,97. / The presence of salts in petroleum causes operational problems related to corrosion, due to the fact that they end up forming hydrochloric acid in the crude oil separation process. In order to mitigate the effects of acid corrosion, amines can be added at the top of the columns to act as neutralizers. However, depending on the operational conditions and the amount of amine added, a deposition of amine hydrochlorides may occur, promoting under-deposit corrosion. Thus, the knowledge of the sublimation pressure of these salts has an extreme importance in trying to predict and to optimize the performance of the additives in the process. Within this context, the purpose of this study is to determine pressure and enthalpy of sublimation of amine hydrochlorides with the thermogravimetric technique. Due to the difficulties encountered to obtain precise pressure data at low temperatures, an extension of the thermogravimetric method was proposed, enabling to measure sublimation pressures in the order of 1 0,5 Pa. The substances studied were: ammonium bromide, ammonium chloride, ethanolamine hydrochloride, methylamine hydrochloride, pyridine hydrochloride, trimethylamine hydrochloride and n-(1-naphthyl)ethylenediamine dihydrochloride. Results of pressure and enthalpy of sublimation obtained with benzoic acid, ammonium bromide and ammonium chloride were validated using literature data. For other solids investigated in this study, experimental data is scarce in the literature. However, as the sublimation reaction of ammonium chloride is analogous to the others amine hydrochlorides, enthalpies of sublimation could be compared with the results found. Since similar values were observed, the results were considered satisfactory. Finally, the measured data were correlated using a modified Clausius-Clapeyron equation. A good correlation was possible for all salts studied, with correlation coefficient always higher than 0.97.