Magister Artium - MA / This thesis investigates the influence of climate change and climatic variability on wetland ecosystems (coastal and inland wetlands) on the Agulhas coastal plain. Firstly, this research examines coastal wetland ecosystem resilience to sea level rise by modelling sea level rise trajectories for the Droё River wetland. The rate of sediment accretion was modelled relative to IPCC sea level rise estimates for multiple RCP scenarios. For each scenario, inundation by neap and spring tide and the 2-, 4- and 8-year recurrence interval water level was modelled over a period of 200 years. When tidal variation is considered, the rate of sediment accretion exceeds rising sea levels associated with climate change, resulting in no major changes in terms of inundation. When sea level rise scenarios were modelled in conjunction with the recurrence interval water levels, flooding of the coastal wetland was much greater than current levels for the 1 in 4 and 1 in 8 year events. The study suggests that for this wetland, variability of flows may be a key factor contributing to wetland resilience. Secondly, the thesis examines the variability of open wetland water surface areas and their relation to rainfall to determine wetland hydrological inputs for the Nuwejaars wetland system and respective wetlands. A remote sensing approach was adopted, Landsat 5 TM and 8 OLI multispectral imagery were used to detect changes of water surfaces for the period 1989 to 2017. Water surfaces were enhanced and extracted using the Modified Normalized Difference Water Index of Xu (2006). The coefficient of variation of wetland water surface area was determined. The variability ranges from low to high for respective wetlands. A correlation analysis of wetland water surfaces and local and catchment rainfall for the preceding 1, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 24 months was undertaken. The preceding month and associated inputs explains the annual variability of surface waters. The study suggests that, the variability of wetland water surface area are related to variations to water inputs and groundwater, as well as variations in water outputs such as evapotranspiration and an outlet channel.

Orientador: Simone Biagio Chiacchio / Resumo: A bubalinocultura tem assumido cada vez mais importância econômica devido às suas características zootécnicas como a rusticidade e melhor qualidade do leite para a fabricação de derivados lácteos quando comparada ao leite de vaca. A morte embrionária e fetal é um importante fator de diminuição da eficiência reprodutiva pois aumenta o intervalo entre partos e causa perdas econômicas pela diminuição da lactação. O eletrocardiograma materno-fetal permite a avaliação da frequência cardíaca fetal (FCF) e variabilidade da frequência cardíaca (VFC) mediante análise de indicadores da VFC (HR, RR, RMSSD, SDNN, LF, HF e a relação LF/HF). Foram avaliadas semanalmente nove búfalas e neonatos saudáveis da raça murrah, nos momentos -28, -21, -14, -7 dias antes do parto e nos dias 7, 14, 21 e 28 dias após o parto. Nas búfalas foi observada diferença significativa na frequência cardíaca na fase pré-parto e com diminuição gradual conforme proximidade do parto. Já os índices RMSSD e SDNN não apresentaram diferença significativa mas demonstraram predomínio parassimpático. O componente de baixa frequência (LF) apresentou aumento significativo na fase pré-parto e o componente de alta frequência (HF) apresentou diminuição significativa, compatível com predomínio simpático. Embora não significativa, a relação LF/HF apresentou aumento na fase pré-parto e equilíbrio vagal pós-parto. Já os bezerros apresentaram variação significativa na fase pré-parto, com aumento gradativo conforme a proximidade dest... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Bubalinoculture has become increasingly important economically due to its zootechnical characteristics such as the rusticity and better quality of milk for the manufacture of dairy products when compared to cow's milk. Embryonic and fetal death is an important factor in decreasing reproductive efficiency because it increases the interval between births and causes economic losses due to decreased lactation. The maternal-fetal electrocardiogram allows the assessment of fetal heart rate (HRF) and heart rate variability (HRV) by analyzing HRV indicators (HR, RR, RMSSD, SDNN, LF, HF and the LF / HF ratio). Nine murrah buffaloes and healthy newborns were evaluated weekly at -28, -21, -14, -7 days before delivery and at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after delivery. In buffaloes, a significant difference in heart rate was observed in the pre-partum phase and with a gradual decrease as the childbirth approached. The RMSSD and SDNN indices did not present significant difference but showed a parasympathetic predominance. The low frequency component (LF) showed a significant increase in the prepartum phase and the high frequency component (HF) showed a significant decrease, compatible with sympathetic predominance. Although not significant, the LF / HF ratio showed an increase in the prepartum phase and postpartum vagal balance. Calves, on the other hand, presented significant variation in the pre-partum phase, with gradual increase according to its proximity, with subsequent postpartum fall. Th... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Magister Artium - MA / Changes in climate patterns have raised concerns for environmentalists globally and across southern Africa. The changes greatly affect the growth dynamics of vegetation to such an extent that climate elements such as rainfall have become the most important determinant of vegetation growth. In arid and semi-arid environments, vegetation relies on near-surface groundwater as the main source of water. Changes in the environment due to climate can be examined by using remotely sensed data. This approach offers an affordable and easy means of monitoring the impact of climate variability on vegetation growth. This study examined the response of vegetation to rainfall and temperature, and assessed the dependence thereof on groundwater in a climatically variable region of the semi-arid Karoo. The methodology used included sampling plant species in the riparian and non-riparian areas over two plant communities in seven vegetation plots. The Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) derived from the Landsat OLI and TM was used to measure vegetation productivity. This was compared with rainfall totals derived from the Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Station data (CHIRPS) and the mean monthly temperature totals. A drought index, (Standardised Precipitation Index – SPI) was an additional analysis to investigate rainfall variability. Object-based Image Analysis (OBIA) and Maximum Likelihood supervised classification approaches together with indicators of groundwater discharge areas (Topographic Wetness Index – TWI, and profile curvature) were used to map vegetation and surface water that depend on groundwater.

Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) is the vector of cassava mosaic geminiviruses (CMGs), which are the main production constraint to cassava, both in Uganda and elsewhere in Africa. A severe form of cassava mosaic disease (CMD) was responsible for the devastation of cassava in Uganda beginning in the late 1980s. In subsequent years the severe CMD epidemic spread throughout Uganda, and to neighbouring countries, causing devastating effects to cassava production, and its geographical range continues to expand with the pandemic. To further understand the virus-vector dynamics involved in the spread of CMD in the post epidemic zone in Uganda, we investigated the current distribution of B. tabaci genotypes in selected cassava-growing regions. Additionally, the relationship between the vector genotypes and distribution of CMGs in the post-epidemic zone was examined also. CMD-affected cassava leaves were collected from 3 to 5 month-old cassava plants, and B. tabaci adults and fourth instar nymphs were collected from cassava and twenty-two other plant species occurring adjacent to the sampled cassava fields. The mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (mtCOI) sequence was used to establish the genotype of B. tabaci adults and nymphs associated with the sampled plant species. African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV) and East African cassava mosaic virus-Uganda 2 (EACMV-UG2) were confirmed to be present in the post-epidemic zone in Uganda, as reported previously. As expected, EACMV-UG2 predominated. However, unlike previous observations in which EACMV-UG2 was consistently associated with the severe disease phenotype, in this study EACMV-UG2 occurred almost equally in the severely and mildly diseased plants. Phylogenetic analyses of Ugandan B. tabaci genotypes (mtCOI) revealed that their closest relatives were other Old World genotypes, as might be expected. Two previously reported B. tabaci genotype clusters, Uganda 1 (Ug1) and Uganda 2 (Ug2), at ~8% nt divergence, were confirmed to occur on cassava in the post-epidemic zone. However, Ug1 occurred more frequently (83%) than Ug2 (17%), and no definite association was established of a particular vector genotype with cassava plants exhibiting the severe disease phenotype, in contrast to the B. tabaci genotype distribution and association with the CMGs reported there at the height of the spread of the severe CMD epidemic. Based on the presence of B. tabaci fourth instar nymphs, the Ug1 genotypes colonized five additional non-cassava plant species: Manihot glaziovii, Jatropha gossypifolia, Euphorbia heterophylla, Aspilia africana and Abelmoschus esculentus, suggesting that in Uganda the Ug1 genotypes are not restricted to cassava. However, no Ug2 genotypes were detected on the non-cassava plant species sampled. This study revealed also the presence in Uganda of five distinct previously unrecorded B. tabaci genotype clusters, Uganda 3 (Ug3), Uganda 4 (Ug4), Uganda 5 (Ug5), Uganda 6 (Ug6) and Uganda 7 (Ug7), and a sweetpotato colonizing genotype cluster, designated Uganda 8 (Ug8), among the collective Ugandan B. tabaci populations. Ug3 was the only exemplar representing one cluster, which was unlike any previously described genotype in Uganda or elsewhere, and diverged at 8%, 10% and 17% from Ug1, Ug2 and Ug8, respectively. The Ug3 genotypes colonized a single species, Ocimum gratissimum. Ug4, Ug5, Ug6 and Ug7 formed four closely related sub-clusters (93-97% nt identity), and diverged from one another by 1-7%, and by 15-18% from Ug1, Ug2, Ug3 and Ug8, respectively. The Ug4 genotypes had as their closest relatives (at 97-99% nt identity) previously reported B. tabaci from okra in the Ivory Coast, whereas, the Ug5 and Ug6 genotypes shared 95-99% and 99% nt identity, respectively, with their closest relatives from the Mediterranean-North Africa- Middle East (MED-NAFR-ME) region, which also includes the well studied B and Q biotypes. The Ug7 genotypes were closely related (at 98-99% nt identity) to B. tabaci from Reunion Island in the Indian Ocean. The Ug4, Ug5, Ug6 and Ug7 genotypes were identified on 54%, 8%, 8%, and 31% of the sampled plants species, respectively. Ug4 were most polyphagous, followed by Ug7 and Ug6. However, none of the new five genotypes (Ug3-Ug7) was found associated with, or colonizing, xx cassava or sweetpotato plants in this study. Squash plants colonized by the Ug6 and Ug7 genotypes, both members of the B biotype/B-like cluster, developed the silvering phenotype, while those colonized by the Ug4 genotypes (most closely related to a non-B like genotype from okra in the Ivory Coast) did not. In addition to colonizing sweetpotato, the Ug8 genotypes also colonized Lycopersicon esculentum and L nepetifolia.

Há pouca literatura acerca dos valores de referência das medidas de dispersão na pesquisa avícola bem como a relação entre tais medidas e o número de aves por repetição e número de repetições e ainda os efeitos de fatores intrínsecos à pesquisa sobre a variabilidade experimental. Com isso, objetiva-se estabelecer faixas de classificação das medidas de dispersão, bem como a relação entre medidas e o número de aves por repetição, número de repetições por tratamento, número de aves abatidas para avaliação de carcaças, número de ovos coletados para análises de qualidade e os efeitos de fatores intrínsecos à pesquisa sobre a variabilidade experimental. Os dados foram obtidos nos trabalhos publicados nos periódicos com classificação Qualis/CAPES nos estratos A1, A2, B1, B2 e B3, na área de zootecnia. Para a determinação das faixas de classificação das medidas de dispersão. Os dados foram correlacionados através da correlação de Spearman, dados qualitativos foram comparados pelo teste de Kruskal-Wallis. As faixas de classificação de coeficientes de variação podem ser utilizadas como balizador da qualidade e confiabilidade dos dados de experimentos com poedeiras comerciais e frangos de corte. A fase de vida ou estágio produtivo de poedeiras e frangos de corte devem ser levados em consideração na comparação de resultados experimentais. O erro padrão da média varia bastante nos parâmetros produtivos de poedeiras e frangos de corte e parece não ser uma medida de dispersão indicada para se comparar a precisão de diferentes experimentos, as suas faixas de classificação servem como referencial da frequência com que se encontra resultados. Coeficientes de variação e erros padrão da média de parâmetros produtivos de frangos de corte e de poedeiras comerciais são menores quanto maior o número de repetições e de aves por repetição. As aves amostradas para o abate nas avaliações de carcaça de frangos de corte devem apresentar o peso médio da parcela. O número de aves amostradas não influencia a variabilidade experimental. Os dias de amostragem para análises de qualidade de ovos não influenciam a variação aleatória. O número ideal de ovos amostrados está entre quatro e cinco ovos por repetição. Em frangos de corte a variabilidade aleatória para variáveis de produção são maiores para aves da linhagem Ross do que para aves da linhagem Cobb. Lotes mistos de frangos de corte apresentam maior variação de ganho de peso do que lotes de machos na fase de criação de um a 21 dias de idade. O rendimento de carcaça e a porcentagem de gordura abdominal apresentam menor variabilidade aleatória em lotes mistos do que em lotes de frangos machos. Para frangos de corte não há efeitos aleatórios que possam aumentar a variabilidade experimental em função da área disponível por ave. Para poedeiras quanto maior o período experimental menor tende a ser a variação aleatória. Poedeiras brancas apresentam menor variação aleatória dos parâmetros produtivos do que poedeiras vermelhas. O coeficiente de variação de parâmetros produtivos de poedeiras comerciais aumenta com o aumento da área disponível por ave. / There is little literature on the reference values of spread measures in poultry research and the relationship between such measures and the number of birds per replicate and number of replicates and even the effects of intrinsic factors to research on experimental variability. The aim of this research is to establish ranges for the classification of spread measures, and the relationship between measurements and the number of birds per replicate, number of replicates per treatment, number of birds slaughtered for carcass evaluation, number of eggs collected for quality analysis and impact of research intrinsic factors on experimental variability. The data were obtained in papers published in journals with Qualis/CAPES classification in strata A1, A2, B1, B2 and B3, in the area of animal science. To determine the classification of the spread measures. The data were correlated by Spearman correlation, qualitative data were compared using the Kruskal-Wallis test. The classification ranges of coefficients of variation can be used as an indicator of the quality and reliability of data from experiments with laying hens and broilers. The age or production stage of laying hens and broilers should be considered in the comparison of experimental results. The standard error of means varies greatly in production parameters of laying hens and broilers and seems not to be a measure of dispersion indicated to compare the accuracy of different experiments, their classification ranges serve as a frequency reference which it is results. Coefficients of variation and standard error of means of production parameters of broilers and laying hens are smaller the greater the number of repetitions and birds per replicate. The birds sampled for slaughter in assessing carcass of broilers must present the average weight of the replicate. The number of birds sampled does not influence the experimental variability. The days of sampling for quality analysis of eggs did not influence the random variation. The ideal number of eggs sampled is between four and five eggs per replicate. In broilers random variability for production variables are higher for Ross than for Cobb broilers. Straight run broilers exhibit greater variation in weight gain than lots of males in the creation phase of 1 to 21 days old. The carcass yield and abdominal fat have less random variability in straight run broilers than in lots of male chickens. No random effects that can increase experimental variability depending on the available area per bird on broilers. The higher is experimental period the greater is the random variations. White hens have less random variation in production parameters than brown hens. The coefficient of variation of productive parameters of laying hens increases with increasing the available area per bird.

O radioisótopo cosmogênico \'ANTPOT.7Be\' é produzido por interações de partículas cósmicas com átomos da atmosfera, e vem sendo usado como traçador em estudos de erosão do solo e de processos climáticos. Após a formação, o \'ANTPOT.7Be\' liga-se as partículas dos aerossóis presentes na atmosfera e é depositado na superfície terrestre com outras espécies de isótopos cosmogênicos pelas chuvas. Devido à grande afinidade com as partículas do solo e a meia vida curta de 53,2 dias, este radioisótopo acompanha os processos erosivos do solo e pode ser usado como traçador para estimar taxas de erosão e deposição de sedimentos durante um evento de chuva isolado ou conjunto de eventos de chuva erosivos de curta duração. Uma hipótese fundamental para a avaliação da redistribuição do solo através do \'ANTPOT.7Be\' é a uniformidade da distribuição espacial do seu fallout. O método do \'ANTPOT.7Be\' foi elaborado recentemente e por isso aplicado em poucas situações, de forma que muitos assuntos em relação ao método ainda não foram propriamente estudados, e algumas hipóteses, como da uniformidade do fallout do \'ANTPOT.7Be\', precisam ser avaliadas. O principal objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a distribuição espacial do fallout do \'ANTPOT.7Be\' analisando-se as atividades dos 5 mm iniciais da água da chuva de eventos isolados. Os eventos de chuva foram amostrados em doze pontos de coleta distribuídos em uma área experimental de aproximadamente 300 m² e localizada no campus da Universidade de São Paulo, em Piracicaba. As medidas de atividade do \'ANTPOT.7Be\' foram realizadas em um espectrômetro gama de eficiência relativa de 53%, pertencente ao laboratório de Radioisótopos do CENA. As atividades de \'ANTPOT.7Be\' na água da chuva dos eventos no período estudado variaram de 0,26 e 1,81 Bq.L-1, com as maiores atividades obtidas no verão e as menores na primavera. A variabilidade espacial das atividades na água da chuva apresentou valor elevado em cada um dos 5 eventos isolados, evidenciando a alta aleatoriedade da distribuição espacial dos valores de atividade. Através de uma simulação com os dados de variabilidade espacial obtidos neste trabalho e de inventários de referência citados na literatura, determinou-se a taxa de erosão mínima detectável pelo método do \'ANTPOT.7Be\'. Verifica-se a importância em se considerar um número representativo de amostras no levantamento do inventário médio de referência do \'ANTPOT.7Be\' no solo, essencial para precisão dos resultados de taxas de redistribuição do solo pelo método / The cosmogenic radionuclide beryllium-7 (\'ANTPOT.7Be\') is produced in the atmosphere by cosmic particle reactions and is being used as a tracer for soil erosion and climatic processes research. After the production, \'ANTPOT.7Be\' bonds to aerosol particles in the atmosphere and is deposited on the soil surface with other radionuclide species by rainfall. Because of the high adsorption on soil particles and its short half-life of 53.2 days, this radionuclide follows of the erosion process and can be used as a tracer to evaluate the sediment transport that occurs during a single rain event or short period of rain events. A key assumption for the erosion evaluation through this radiotracer is the uniformity of the spatial distribution of the \'ANTPOT.7Be\' fallout. The \'ANTPOT.7Be\' method was elaborated recently and due to its few applications, some assumptions related to the method were not yet properly investigated yet, and the hypothesis of \'ANTPOT.7Be\' fallout uniformity needs to be evaluated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the \'ANTPOT.7Be\' fallout spatial distribution through the rain water \'ANTPOT.7Be\' activity analysis of the first five millimeters of single rain events. The rain water was sampled using twelve collectors distributed on an experimental area of about 300 m², located in the campus of São Paulo University, Piracicaba. The \'ANTPOT.7Be\' activities were measured using a 53% efficiency gamma-ray spectrometer from the Radioisotope laboratory of CENA. The \'ANTPOT.7Be\' activities in rain water varied from 0.26 to 1.81 Bq.L-1, with the highest values in summer and lowest in spring. In each one of the 5 single events, the spatial variability of \'ANTPOT.7Be\' activity in rain water was high, showing the high randomness of the fallout spatial distribution. A simulation using the \'ANTPOT.7Be\' spatial variability values obtained here and \'ANTPOT.7Be\' average reference inventories taken from the literature was performed determining the lowest detectable erosion rate estimated by \'ANTPOT.7Be\' model. The importance of taking a representative number of samples to determine the average reference \'ANTPOT.7Be\' inventory was verified, which is essential to improve the precision of the soil redistribution rate estimates

This paper develops and applies a practical method to estimate the benefits of improved reliability of road networks. We present a general methodology to estimate the scheduling costs due to travel time variability for car travel. In contrast to existing practical methods, we explicitly consider the effect of travel time variability on departure time choices. We focus on situations when only mean delays are known, which is typically the case when standard transport models are used. We first show how travel time variability can be predicted from mean delays. We then estimate the scheduling costs of travellers, taking into account their optimal departure time choice given the estimated travel time variability. We illustrate the methodology for air passengers traveling by car to Amsterdam Schiphol Airport. We find that on average planned improvements in network reliability only lead to a small reduction in access costs per trip in absolute terms, mainly because most air passengers drive to the airport outside peak hours, when travel time variability tends to be low. However, in relative terms the reduction in access costs due to the improvements in network reliability is substantial. In our case we find that for every 1 Euro reduction in travel time costs, there is an additional cost reduction of 0.7 Euro due to lower travel time variability, and hence lower scheduling costs. Ignoring the benefits from improved reliability may therefore lead to a severe underestimation of the total benefits of infrastructure improvements.

Magister Artium - MA / Wetlands provide various ecosystem services such as provisioning, regulating, supporting, and cultural services which may be directly or indirectly beneficial to humans. The manner in which such wetlands are managed is partly determined by human perceptions of their value. However, climatic variability and climate change put the continued provision of such ecosystems under stress. The result is that certain ecosystem services may be provided to differing extents during anomalously wet or dry years. There is thus uncertainty as to the values ascribed to wetlands by people during varying climatic phases. This thesis focuses on understanding how people perceive the functioning of wetlands within our current climate against a background of climatic variability and climate change. This study explores people’s perceptions regarding the functioning of wetlands and ecosystem services provided during dry and wet years, as an indication of how climatic variability and climate change impact peoples’ perceptions. The data was collected in the wetlands of the Agulhas Plain in the Nuwejaars Catchment. Five wetlands classified and scored using the WETEcoServices tool. In addition, five semi-structured interviews and three participatory mapping exercises with landowners were also undertaken. The study reports on the landowners’ awareness of wetland ecosystems, ecosystem services and climatic variability and climate change. Provisioning, supporting, and cultural ecosystem services are frequently used by landowners, which can be impacted by climatic variability and climate change. The WETEcoService benefits and landowners perceptions of ecosystem services varies, as the WETEcoService direct and indirect ecosystem services are either effective or ineffective in dry and wet years. In contrast to landowners perceptions emphasising the importance of ecosystem services directly beneficial to them. The study recommends that the ecosystem services landowners perceive as important is linked to their interest to guarantee their participation in catchment management. WET-EcoService benefits can inform landowners and managers about ecosystem services degradation and whether their conservation methods are either positively or negatively impacting wetlands.

Os avanços na microeletrônica contribuíram para a redução de tamanho do nó tecnológico, diminuindo a tensão de limiar e aumentando a freqüência de operação dos sistemas. Embora tenha resultado em ganhos positivos relacionados ao desempenho e ao consumo de energia dos circuitos VLSI, a miniaturização também tem um impacto negativo em termos de confiabilidade dos projetos. À medida que a tecnologia diminui, os circuitos estão se tornando mais suscetíveis a inúmeros efeitos devido à redução da robustez ao ruído externo, bem como ao aumento do grau de incerteza relacionado às muitas fontes de variabilidade. As técnicas de tolerancia a falhas geralmente são usadas para melhorar a robustez das aplicações de segurança crítica. No entanto, as implicações da redução da tecnologia interferem na eficácia de tais abordagem em fornecer a cobertura de falhas desejada. Por esse motivo, este trabalho avaliou a robustez aos efeitos de radiação de diferentes circuitos projetados na tecnologia FinFET sob efeitos de variabilidade. Para determinar as melhores opções de projeto para implementar técnicas de tolerancia a falhas, como os esquemas de Redundância de módulo triplo (TMR) e/ou duplicação com comparação (DWC), o conjunto de circuitos analisados é composto por dez diferentes topologias de porta lógica OR-exclusivo (XOR) e dois circuitos votadores maioritários (MJV). Para investigar o efeito da configuração do gate dos dispositivos FinFET, os circuitos XOR são analisados usando a configuração de double-gate (DG FinFET) e tri-gate (TG FinFET). A variabilidade ambiental, como variabilidade de temperatura e tensão, são avaliadas no conjunto de circuitos analisados. Além disso, o efeito da variabilidade de processo Work-Function Fluctuation (WFF) também é avaliado. A fim de fornecer um estudo mais preciso, o projeto do leiaute dos circuitos MJV usando 7nm FinFET PDK é avaliado pela ferramenta preditiva MUSCA SEP3 para estimar o Soft-Error Rate (SER) dos circuitos considerando as características do leiaute e as camadas de Back-End-Of-Line (BEOL) e Front-End-Of-Line (FEOL) de um nó tecnológico avançado. / Advances in microelectronics have contributed to the size reduction of the technological node, lowering the threshold voltage and increasing the operating frequency of the systems. Although it has positive outcomes related to the performance and power consumption of VLSI circuits, it does also have a strong negative impact in terms of the reliability of designs. As technology scales down, the circuits are becoming more susceptible to numerous effects due to the reduction of robustness to external noise as well as the increase of uncertainty degree related to the many sources of variability. Faulttolerant techniques are usually used to improve the robustness of safety critical applications. However, the implications of the scaling of technology have interfered against the effectiveness of fault-tolerant approaches to provide the fault coverage. For this reason, this work has evaluated the radiation robustness of different circuits designed in FinFET technology under variability effects. In order to determine the best design options to implement fault-tolerant techniques such as the Triple-Module Redundancy (TMR) and/or Duplication with Comparison (DWC) schemes, the set of analyzed circuits is composed of ten different exclusive-OR (XOR) logic gate topologies and two majority voter (MJV) circuits. To investigate the effect of gate configuration of FinFET devices, the XOR circuits is analyzed using double-gate configuration (DG FinFET) and tri-gate configuration (TG FinFET). Environmental Variability such as Temperature and Voltage Variability are evaluated in the set of analyzed circuits. Additionally, the process-related variability effect Work-Function Fluctuation (WFF) is also evaluated. In order to provide a more precise study, the layout design of the MJV circuits using a 7nm FinFET PDK is evaluated by the predictive MUSCA SEP3 tool to estimate the Soft-Error Rate (SER) of the circuits considering the layout contrainsts and Back-End-Of-Line (BEOL) and Front-End-Of-Line (FEOL) layers of an advanced technology node.

A injeção de termoplásticos é um processo bastante abrangente e visa a produção seriada de peças. A variabilidade produtiva desse processo pode gerar perdas industriais indesejáveis que poderão impactar sobre os preços dos produtos ou aumentar o descarte de peças pelo incorreto funcionamento de seus componentes. Sabe-se que as tolerâncias de projeto delimitam essa variabilidade, então, se há uma faixa permitida de variabilidade como ela pode ser controlada? Este questionamento levou ao desenvolvimento deste trabalho, que objetiva correlacionar os parâmetros de processamento de velocidade de injeção e temperatura de processamento com propriedades físicas, mecânicas e morfológicas do Polipropileno (PP). O GD&T (Geometrical Dimensioning and Tolerancing) delimita a faixa de variação aceitável da geometria das peças e foi verificado por meio da variação de planeza e circularidade. Além disso, a variação de massa e de colorimetria, de densidade e grau de cristalinidade, a resistência ao impacto e dureza e o índice de fluidez do fundido balizaram este estudo. Resultados mostram que a variação da velocidade de injeção possui influência positiva na variação de planeza, circularidade e massa para temperaturas de processamento mais baixas, enquanto para temperaturas de processamento mais altas, ela tem influência negativa, aumentando os erros As velocidades de injeção não apresentaram mudanças significativas da densidade e do grau de cristalinidade, porém, quanto maior a temperatura de processamento, maior é a densidade e, consequentemente, maior é o grau de cristalinidade. A cor da peça é influenciada por ambos os parâmetros analisados e a resistência ao impacto é influenciada pela velocidade de injeção, enquanto a dureza possui influência direta do grau de cristalinidade e, consequentemente, da temperatura de processamento, que também possui influência significativa sobre o índice de fluidez. Assim, conhecendo a influência dos parâmetros de processamento na moldagem por injeção do PP, é possível combinar melhores propriedades físicas, mecânicas e reológicas, com menor custo e menores tempos de produção e de tomada de decisões. / The injection molding of thermoplastics is a very comprehensive process and aims to mass production parts. The production variability of this process can lead to undesirable industrial losses may impact on the prices of products or increase the disposal of parts by the malfunction of its components. The design tolerances delimit this variability, so if there is a permitted range of variability as it can be controlled? This question led to the development of this work aimed at correlating the injection speed processing parameters and processing temperature with physical, mechanical and morphological properties of Polypropylene (PP). The GD&T (Geometrical Dimensioning and Tolerancing) delimits the acceptable range of variation of the geometry of the parts and has been verified by the change in flatness and circularity, furthermore, the weight variation and colorimetry, density and degree of crystallinity, resistance to impact and hardness and melt flow index Results show that variation in the injection speed rate has a positive influence on the variation of flatness, circularity and mass to lower processing temperatures, while for higher processing temperatures it has negative influence increasing the errors. The injection speed rate had no significant changes of density and crystallinity, but the higher processing temperature increases the density and the degree of crystallinity too. The color of pieces is influenced by both the parameters analyzed and the impact resistance is affected by injection speed rate, while the hardness has a direct influence on the degree of crystallinity and hence the processing temperature, also has a significant influence on the melt flow index. Thus, knowing the influence of processing parameters in injection molding of PP is possible to combine the best physical, mechanical and rheological properties, with less cost and less time production and decision-making.