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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Bestimmung der Kapsidproteindeterminanten für die Übertragung von Geminiviren durch die Weiße Fliege Bemisia tabaci

Höhnle, Martin. January 2001 (has links)
Stuttgart, Univ., Diss., 2001.
2

Investigations in the resident predator populations in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) fields, Çukurova, Turkey

Pohl, Daniel January 2005 (has links)
Zugl.: Giessen, Univ., Diss., 2005
3

Untersuchung zum Einsatz natürlicher und synthetischer Insektizide und zur Parasitierung von Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) im Tomatenanbau in Panama /

Bernal Vega, Juan A. January 2001 (has links)
Universiẗat, Diss.--Gießen, 2001.
4

Análise da aplicação de inseticida no controle de mosca-branca em berinjela / Inseticide application equipment analysis for controlling the white fly on eggplant plants

Figueiredo, José Luís Aguiar 06 November 2000 (has links)
Submitted by Marco Antônio de Ramos Chagas (mchagas@ufv.br) on 2017-06-20T14:09:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 677644 bytes, checksum: 9fc3069f4c1993d7a7c865eb101e98a1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-20T14:09:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 677644 bytes, checksum: 9fc3069f4c1993d7a7c865eb101e98a1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2000-11-06 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / Esta tese teve por objetivo determinar a influência do volume de calda e a uniformidade de distribuição resultante durante aplicações inseticidas, no controle de mosca branca (Bemisia tabaci), na cultura da berinjela. Foram realizados ensaios de laboratório com os bicos leque das séries LD e API e com bicos tipo cone vazio JD 12P, onde foi caracterizado o espectro da população de gotas obtido e determinado a influência do tipo de bico, da vazão nominal, da pressão de trabalho, do ângulo de abertura e da posição sobre o alvo na uniformidade de distribuição transversal do líquido pulverizado. Os ensaios de campo constaram de amostragens de ninfas e adultos de mosca branca (B. tabaci) nos terços apical e mediano do dossel de plantas de berinjela, antes, 4, 7, 14 e 21 dias após a aplicação dos tratamentos e da caracterização do espectro da população de gotas obtido. Os tratamentos utilizados foram resultantes da combinação de tipo de equipamento (costal manual equipado com válvula de pressão constante de 2 bar e costal de precisão), bicos hidráulicos (tipo leque séries API e LD e tipo cone vazio JD 12P) e taxa de pulverização (500, 700 e 1000 L/ha respectivamente), além de testemunha onde não houve aplicação. A melhor uniformidade de distribuição foi obtida com bicos da série API com 110o de ângulo de abertura, trabalhando com pressões entre 2 e 4 bar, na altura de 50 cm sobre o objetivo. O uso de menores taxas de aplicação implicou em gotas de menor tamanho e melhor cobertura, avaliada em termos de impactos por unidade de área. O melhor controle de ninfas e adultos de mosca branca (B. tabaci) foi obtido através da combinação de equipamento costal manual dotado de válvula de pressão constante (2 bar), bico leque (API 11003) e taxa de pulverização de 500 L/ha. / The objective of this thesis was to determine the influence of liquid volume and distribution uniformity of insecticide application for controlling the white fly (Bemisia tabaci) on eggplant plants. To characterize the spectrum population of droplets, it was carried out laboratory tests using flat fan nozzles series LD and API, and hollow cone nozzles JD 12P. The influence of nozzles type, nominal flow, work pressure, opening angle and the nozzles height over the transversal distribution homogeneity of sprayed liquid were also evaluated in the laboratory tests. On the field were run some tests to sample the white fly (B. tabaci) nymphs and adults in the third apical and the medium of the eggplant plants and characterization of the droplets spectrum population. The sampling the white fly (B. tabaci) nymphs and adults was before the insecticide application and on the 4 th , 7 th , 14 th and 21 th days after that and the control. Each test was a combination of equipment (manual knapsack sprayer with constant pressure valve 2 bar and precision knapsack sprayer), nozzles type (flat fan nozzles API 11003 and hollow cone nozzles JD 2P) an application rate (500, 700 and 1000 L/ha): The best distribution uniformity was obtained with API series nozzles with 110o opening angle, working with pressures between 2 and 4 bar, at 50 cm in height. The best control of white fly (B. tabaci) nymphs and adults was the treatment T 1 (manual knapsack sprayer with constant pressure valve 2 bar, nozzles API 11003 and 500 L/ha). / Dissertação importada do Alexandria
5

Levantamento de mosca-branca associada às plantas ornamentais e hortaliças e caracterização de seus endossimbiontes / Whitefly survey associated with ornamental plants and vegetables and characterization of their endosimbionts

Moraes, Letícia Aparecida de [UNESP] 23 January 2017 (has links)
Submitted by LETÍCIA APARECIDA DE MORAES (leticiaobragacity@hotmail.com) on 2017-03-31T11:52:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE FINAL LETICIA .pdf: 1728661 bytes, checksum: 9410eb82ac8ca46e2fbadd1b1fe5124f (MD5) / Rejected by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com), reason: Solicitamos que realize uma nova submissão seguindo a orientação abaixo: Incluir o número do processo de financiamento nos agradecimentos da dissertação/tese. Corrija esta informação e realize uma nova submissão com o arquivo correto. Agradecemos a compreensão. on 2017-04-11T17:58:42Z (GMT) / Submitted by LETÍCIA APARECIDA DE MORAES (leticiaobragacity@hotmail.com) on 2017-04-12T13:59:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE LETICIA.pdf: 1675791 bytes, checksum: 14b1fe1f9317d43e938e1a5b555bcd46 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-04-12T14:23:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 moraes_la_dr_bot.pdf: 1675791 bytes, checksum: 14b1fe1f9317d43e938e1a5b555bcd46 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-12T14:23:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 moraes_la_dr_bot.pdf: 1675791 bytes, checksum: 14b1fe1f9317d43e938e1a5b555bcd46 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-01-23 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), é um complexo composto por pelo menos 37 espécies crípticas e representa uma das mais importantes pragas agrícolas do mundo, já que é um inseto altamente polifago e considerado um supervector de vírus, uma vez que sozinho é capaz de transmitir mais de 300 espécies, como os begomovírus (gênero Begomovirus, família Geminiviridae) e crinivírus (gênero Crinivirus, família Closteroviridae). Mais de duas décadas depois que a espécie B. tabaci Middle East Asia Menor 1 (MEAM1, biótipo B) invadiu e se estabeleceu no Brasil através de plantas ornamentais, a presença da B. tabaci especie Mediterranean (MED, biótipo Q) foi relatada pela primeira vez no Rio Grande do Sul em 2014, e, recentemente, nos estados de São Paulo e Paraná. Em 2015, espécimes de moscas-brancas coletadas em cultivos comerciais protegidos de begônias, hortênsias, petúnias e poinsettias em São Paulo, bem como de begônias e poinsetias de floriculturas e Capsicum spp. associado a Emilia fosbergii em estufas usadas anteriormente para poinsettia no Paraná, foram todos identificados como pertencentes a espécie MED. Adicionalmente, os endosimbiontes secundários identificados foram Arsenophonus, Hamiltonella e Rickettsia foram detectados por PCR e confirmados por sequenciamento e análise de FISH, divergindo dos encontrados nas moscas MED do Rio Grande do Sul, as quais abrigavam Hamiltonella e Cardinium. Em 2015, portanto, a primeira pesquisa no Estado de São Paulo revelou que a espécie MED estava presente apenas em cultivos protegidos de ornamentais e floriculturas, ou seja, associadas a ornamentais. Em 2016, no entanto, uma segunda e mais extensa pesquisa realizada em São Paulo e Paraná mostraram que MED se espalhou por várias e importantes hortaliças, não somente em estufas, mas também para campos abertos localizados próximos de onde MED foi detectada em plantas ornamentais previamente. Os conjuntos de endossimbiontes, cujos sets foram compostos por Arsenophonus, Hamiltonella, Rickettsia e Wolbachia são diferentes também tanto da MED de São Paulo e Paraná de 2015, como da MED detectada no Rio Grande do Sul em 2014. Através da análise filogenética do gene mtCOI usando o banco de dados global de mosca-branca, os espécimes representam diferentes haplótipos divididos em dois grupos dentro da espécie MED. Além disso, neste trabalho houve o primeiro relato da presença do endossimbionte Arsenophonus infectando B. tabaci MEAM1. / Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), it is a complex consisting of at least 37 cryptic species and is one of the most important agricultural pests worldwide, since it is a highly polyphagous insect and considered a virus supervector once it alone transmits more than 300 species, such as begomovirus (genus Begomovirus, Geminiviridae family) and crinivirus (genus Crinivirus, Closteroviridae family). More than two decades after the species B. tabaci Middle East Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1, biotype B) invaded and settled in Brazil through ornamental plants, the presence of B. tabaci Mediterraneann species (MED, biotype Q) was first reported in Rio Grande do Sul in 2014, and recently in São Paulo and Paraná States. In 2015, specimens of whiteflies collected in commercial greenhouses of begonias, hydrangeas, petunias and poinsettias in São Paulo, as well as begonias and poinsettias from flower shops and Capsicum spp. associated with Emilia fosbergii in greenhouses used previously for poinsettia in Paraná, they were all identified as belonging to MED species. In addition, the identified secondary endosymbionts were Arsenophonus, Hamiltonella and Rickettsia were detected by PCR and confirmed by sequencing and FISH analysis, diverging from the set of MED from Rio Grande do Sul, which harbored Hamiltonella and Cardinium. In 2015, therefore, the first research in São Paulo revealed that the MED species was present only in greenhouses of ornamentals and flower shops, associated with ornamental. In 2016, however, a second and more extensive research conducted in São Paulo and Paraná showed that MED has spread to several important vegetables, not only in greenhouses, but also to open fields located close to where MED was detected in ornamental plants previously. The endosymbionts, whose sets were composed of Arsenophonus, Hamiltonella, Rickettsia and Wolbachia are also different from both the MED of São Paulo and Paraná in 2015, and the MED of Rio Grande do Sul in 2014. Through phylogenetic analysis of gene mtCOI using the whitefly global database, specimens has shown to represent different haplotypes divided into two groups within the species MED. In addition, this study was the first report of Arsenophonus endosymbiont present infecting B. tabaci MEAM1. / FAPESP: 2014/21773-0
6

Genome sequencing of the sweetpotato whitefly Bemisia tabaci MED/Q

Xie, Wen, Chen, Chunhai, Yang, Zezhong, Guo, Litao, Yang, Xin, Wang, Dan, Chen, Ming, Huang, Jinqun, Wen, Yanan, Zeng, Yang, Liu, Yating, Xia, Jixing, Tian, Lixia, Cui, Hongying, Wu, Qingjun, Wang, Shaoli, Xu, Baoyun, Li, Xianchun, Tan, Xinqiu, Ghanim, Murad, Qiu, Baoli, Pan, Huipeng, Chu, Dong, Delatte, Helene, Maruthi, M. N., Ge, Feng, Zhou, Xueping, Wang, Xiaowei, Wan, Fanghao, Du, Yuzhou, Luo, Chen, Yan, Fengming, Preisser, Evan L., Jiao, Xiaoguo, Coates, Brad S., Zhao, Jinyang, Gao, Qiang, Xia, Jinquan, Yin, Ye, Liu, Yong, Brown, Judith K., Zhou, Xuguo “Joe”, Zhang, Youjun 05 1900 (has links)
The sweetpotato whitefly Bemisia tabaci is a highly destructive agricultural and ornamental crop pest. It damages host plants through both phloem feeding and vectoring plant pathogens. Introductions of B. tabaci are difficult to quarantine and eradicate because of its high reproductive rates, broad host plant range, and insecticide resistance. A total of 791 Gb of raw DNA sequence from whole genome shotgun sequencing, and 13 BAC pooling libraries were generated by Illumina sequencing using different combinations of mate-pair and pair-end libraries. Assembly gave a final genome with a scaffold N50 of 437 kb, and a total length of 658 Mb. Annotation of repetitive elements and coding regions resulted in 265.0 Mb TEs (40.3%) and 20 786 protein-coding genes with putative gene family expansions, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis based on orthologs across 14 arthropod taxa suggested that MED/Q is clustered into a hemipteran clade containing A. pisum and is a sister lineage to a clade containing both R. prolixus and N. lugens. Genome completeness, as estimated using the CEGMA and Benchmarking Universal Single-Copy Orthologs pipelines, reached 96% and 79%. These MED/Q genomic resources lay a foundation for future 'pan-genomic' comparisons of invasive vs. noninvasive, invasive vs. invasive, and native vs. exotic Bemisia, which, in return, will open up new avenues of investigation into whitefly biology, evolution, and management.
7

Genetic variability of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci and its secondary endosymbionts in the Arabian Peninsula

Ragab, Alaa I. 05 1900 (has links)
The whitefly Bemisia tabaci species complex has been well documented as one of the most economically important emergent plant virus vectors, through serious feeding damage to its broad range of plant hosts and transmission of plant viruses to important agricultural crops. It has been shown to have associations with endosymbionts which have significant effects on the insect fitness. The purpose of this study was to provide information for the biotype and secondary endosymbiont distribution for B. tabaci populations in the relatively unstudied Arabian peninsula. The geographical localization and variation in endosymbiont populations across the region were identified using a sequence-driven analysis of the population genetics of the secondary endosymbiont. Live field specimens were collected from 22 different locations in the region and preserved in 70% ethanol for genetic studies. Previously established procedures were used to extract and purify total insect DNA from 24-30 individual whiteflies for each location (Frohlich et al., 1999; Chiel et al., 2007). Specimens were subjected to PCR amplification using the respective 16S rDNAprimers for the Rickettsia, Hamiltonella, and Wolbachia to amplify endosymbiont DNA. PCR was run with primers for the highly conserved whitefly mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene for biotyping. Samples were sequenced using the Sanger method and the data analyzed to correlate the presence, prevalence and geographical distribution of endosymbionts in B. tabaci. Phylogenies 5 were constructed to track evolutionary differences amongst the endosymbionts and insects and how they have influenced the evolution of the regional populations. Samples were characterized by differences in the genomes and endosymbionts of common whitefly ‘biotypes’ that have different host plant preferences, vector capacities and insecticide resistance characteristics. It was found that the B biotype is the predominant haplotype, with no evidence of the Q biotype. All endosymbionts were detected, with Hamiltonella as the most predominant. Several instances of co-infection by two or more endosymbionts were observed. Samples from the geographically isolated and mountainous region of Fayfa demonstrated higher genetic variability compared to the other locations, leading to the possible identification of a new haplotype, as well as the first time identification of the A biotype in the region.
8

Les communautés endosymbiotiques des insectes vecteurs de virus : diversité bactérienne, effets phénotypiques, conséquences écologiques et épidémiologiques / Endosymbiotic communities in insects vectoring viruses : bacterial diversity, phenotypic effects, ecological and epidemiological consequences

Gueguen, Gwénaelle 29 September 2009 (has links)
Les bactéries symbiotiques facultatives, transmises verticalement de mère à descendants, sont connues pour avoir des effets importants sur la reproduction de leurs hôtes (incompatibilité cytoplasmique et biais de sex-ratio), sur l’adaptation à des situations de stress (spécialisation, résistance aux pathogènes et aux fortes températures) ainsi que sur l’évolution de l’ADN mitochondrial par l’induction de balayages sélectifs. Bemisia tabaci est un complexe d’espèces divisé en nombreux biotypes, principalement différenciés sur la base de marqueurs moléculaires (essentiellement mitochondrial). Cet insecte héberge 7 symbiotes, 1 symbiote nutritionnel obligatoire et 6 symbiotes facultatifs. Nos résultats ont montré une extrême diversité ainsi qu’une prévalence exceptionnelle des bactéries symbiotiques chez B. tabaci. Leur dynamique rapide a entraîné de nombreux balayages sélectifs sur l’ADN mitochondrial influençant nettement son évolution. La très forte fréquence des infections multiples chez cet insecte peut certainement être expliquée par la co-localisation de l’ensemble des bactéries au sein des mêmes cellules, avec le symbiote nutritionnelle. Enfin, la coexistence de différents cytotypes en sympatrie offre l’opportunité d’étudier les interactions qui se mettent en place entre différentes communautés symbiotiques et comment ces systèmes vont évoluer / Facultative endosymbiotic bacteria that are vertically transmitted from mother to offsprings, have important effects on their host reproduction (cytoplasmic incompatibilities and sex-ratio biais), on host adaptation to situation of stress (specialization, resistance against pathogens or high temperature) and also on the evolution of mtDNA, by inducing selective sweeps. Bemisia tabaci is a species complex divided into numerous, mainly differentiated based on molecular markers (essentially mtDNA markers). This insect is infected by 7 bacterial symbionts, one nutritionnal symbiont that is obligatory and 6 facultative symbionts. Our results show an extreme diversity of symbionts in this insect and a very high prevalence in B. tabaci populations. Moreover their rapid dynamic has strongly influenced mtDNA evolution by inducing recurrent selective sweeps. The colocalization of the whole symbiotic community in the same cells, with the nutritional symbiont, might certainly explain the very high frequency of multiple infections in B. tabaci. Finally, coexistence of very different cytotypes in sympatry allows to study the interactions that take place between different symbiotic communities and how these systems will evolve
9

Resistência de genótipos de tomateiro à infecção com o Tomato chlorosis virus e tolerância à doença / Resistance of tomato genotypes to infection with Tomato chlorosis virus and tolerance to the disease

Córdova, Pedro Javier Mansilla 02 March 2015 (has links)
O Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV), família Closteroviridae, gênero Crinivirus é um vírus de RNA de fita simples, senso positivo, transmitido de maneira semi-persistente por espécies da família Aleyrodidae, dos gêneros Bemisia e Trialeurodes. Possui uma gama de hospedeiros considerável que inclui plantas domesticadas e ervas daninhas das famílias Alzoaceae, Amaranthaceae, Apiaceae, Apocynaceae, Asteraceae, Plumbaginaceae, e Solanaceae. No estado de São Paulo, Brasil, foi relatado pela primeira vez em 2008, causando clorose internerval nas folhas de tomateiros. A importância desta doença emergente tem incrementado nos últimos anos e, no entanto, até o momento não existem estimativas dos danos causados nem alternativas adequadas para o manejo da doença no campo. Diante disso, esse trabalho teve como objetivos (i) avaliar a resistência de genótipos de tomateiro à infecção com o ToCV, (ii) avaliar a tolerância de alguns dos genótipos à doença e (iii) estimar o dano produzido em campo protegido. Para isso, 57 genótipos, incluindo espécies selvagens, linhagens avançadas e cultivares comerciais de tomateiro foram inicialmente avaliados quanto à resistência à infecção. Plantas jovens, produzidas em bandejas de poliestireno expandido, protegidas por gaiola recoberta com tecido de voil foram inoculadas por meio da liberação massal de B. tabaci MEAM1 virulífera para o ToCV. A incidência de plantas infectadas por genótipo foi determinada mediante observação dos sintomas e a detecção do vírus por RT-PCR. Alguns dos genótipos também foram avaliados quanto à tolerância à doença causada pelo crinivírus. Plantas sadias e sabidamente infectadas com o ToCV foram transplantadas no campo no interior de telados protegidos com tecido de voil. As plantas foram avaliadas quanto ao peso de frutos produzidos. No fim do ensaio, todas as plantas foram cortadas na região do colo e avaliaram-se os pesos fresco e seco da parte aérea. Em dois ensaios independentes de avaliação da resistência à infecção com o ToCV por meio da liberação massal de B. tabaci virulífera constatou-se que em condições de livre chance de escolha dos insetos os acessos Solanum peruvianum LA 444-1 e S. habrochaites PI 127826 e PI 134417 e as linhagens avançadas IAC 14-2-49+14-2-85 (somente no primeiro ensaio) e IAC 68F-22-2-24-1 não tiveram plantas infectadas, sugerindo alto grau de resistência à infecção pelo crinivírus. Para os demais genótipos avaliados a reação das plantas à infecção com o ToCV variou de moderadamente resistente à altamente suscetível. Dois ensaios independentes para avaliar a tolerância dos diferentes genótipos de tomateiro ao amarelão causado pelo ToCV, com base no desenvolvimento e na produção das plantas mostrou resultados bastante variáveis. Os resultados desse trabalho fornecerão subsídios para futuros trabalhos de melhoramento genético para o desenvolvimento de cultivares resistentes/tolerantes ao ToCV. / Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV), family Closteroviridae, genus Crinivirus is a single-stranded, positive sense RNA virus, transmitted semi-persistently by species of the family Aleyrodidae, belonging to the genus Bemisia and Trialeurodes. ToCV infects several species including domesticated and weed plants belonging to the families Alzoaceae, Amaranthaceae, Apiaceae, Apocynaceae, Asteraceae, Plumbaginaceae and Solanaceae. In São Paulo, Brazil, this crinivirus was first reported in 2008, causing chlorosis in the leaves of tomato plants. The importance of this emerging disease has increased in recent years and yet, so far there are no estimates of the damage, nor suitable alternatives for the management of the disease in the field. Therefore, this study aimed to (i) evaluate the resistance of tomato genotypes to infection with ToCV, (ii) to evaluate the tolerance of some genotypes to the disease and (iii) estimate the damage produced in infected plants. Fifty seven genotypes, including wild species, hybrids and commercial tomato cultivars were initially evaluated for resistance to infection. Seedlings produced in expanded polystyrene trays protected by cage covered with voile fabric were inoculated through the mass release of ToCV viruliferous B. tabaci MEAM1. The incidence of infected plants per genotype was determined by observation of symptoms and virus detection by RT-PCR. Some of the genotypes were also evaluated for tolerance to the disease caused by the crinivirus. Healthy and ToCV infected plants were separately transplanted in the field, in cages protected with voile fabric. Weight of harvested fruits of the plants were evaluated. At the end of the test, all the plants were cut out and their fresh and dry weights were measured. Results from two independent trials showed that the accesses Solanum peruvianum LA 444-1, and S. habrochaites PI 127826 and PI 134417, and the hybrids IAC 14249+14285 and IAC 68F-22-2-24-1 did not have infected plants, suggesting a high degree of resistance to infection by the crinivirus. For all other genotypes the response of the plants to infection with ToCV ranged from moderately resistant to highly susceptible. Results from two independent trials to assess the tolerance of different tomato genotypes to the disease caused by ToCV, based on the development and production of the plants were widely variable. These findings provide insights for future breeding programs for the development of cultivars resistant and/or tolerant to ToCV.
10

Cinética da invasão sistêmica e períodos de latência e de incubação do Tomato severe rugose virus e Tomato chlorosis virus, em infecções simples e mista em tomateiro / Kinetics of systemic invasion and latent and incubation periods of Tomato severe rugose virus and Tomato chlorosis virus, in single and mixed infections in tomato

Favara, Gabriel Madoglio 08 February 2018 (has links)
O Tomato severe rugose virus (ToSRV) e o Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV) estão entre as principais espécies de vírus que afetam a cultura do tomateiro atualmente no Brasil. Ambos possuem o mesmo vetor, a mosca-branca Bemisia tabaci MEAM1 (biótipo B), um inseto polífago e amplamente disseminado por todo país. Por este fato, infecções mistas destes vírus em lavouras de tomateiro são frequentes. No entanto, parâmetros epidemiológicos importantes para melhor compreensão das viroses associadas a esses vírus, quando em infecção simples ou mista em tomateiro, permanecem desconhecidos. Neste trabalho foram avaliados a cinética da invasão sistêmica e os períodos de latência e de incubação do ToSRV e do ToCV, em infecções simples e mista, em tomateiros. A cinética da invasão sistêmica foi analisada em tomateiros nos quais a folha inoculada foi destacada em diferentes intervalos de tempo após a inoculação. Os períodos de latência foram avaliados em tomateiros inoculados e que foram posteriormente utilizados como fontes de inóculo para a aquisição do(s) vírus por B. tabaci MEAM1, em ensaios de transmissão realizados em diferentes intervalos de tempo. Os períodos de incubação foram avaliados através da observação diária dos sintomas após a inoculação dos vírus nos tomateiros. O ToSRV e o ToCV iniciaram o movimento sistêmico em apenas um dia após a inoculação em tomateiro. Os períodos de latência do ToSRV, em infeções simples e mista, foram em média, 7 e 6 dias, respectivamente. Para o ToCV, os períodos médios de latência foram 13 dias em infecção simples e 11 dias em infecção mista. Os períodos de incubação do ToSRV, em infecções simples e mista, ocorreram, em média, 11 dias após os períodos de latência. O período de incubação do ToSRV foi influenciado pela idade da planta no momento da inoculação e também pela co-infecção com o ToCV. Os períodos de incubação do ToCV, em infecções simples e mista, ocorreram, em média, 17 e 20 dias após os períodos de latência, respectivamente. O início dos sintomas do ToCV não foi afetado pela idade da planta no momento da inoculação e nem pela co-infecção com o ToSRV. Estes resultados indicam que após a infecção o tomateiro rapidamente se torna uma fonte de inóculo do(s) vírus e passa a contribuir para a disseminação de ambos no campo. A defasagem de tempo entre os períodos de latência e de incubação do ToSRV e do ToCV nos tomateiros infectados revela que as plantas possibilitam a aquisição e subsequente transmissão dos vírus de um hospedeiro doente para um hospedeiro sadio antes de qualquer manifestação dos sintomas, fato que deve ser levado em consideração para o manejo destas fitoviroses no campo. / Tomato severe rugose virus (ToSRV) and Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV) are among the main species of virus affecting tomato crops currently in Brazil. Both are transmitted by the same vector, the whitefly Bemisia tabaci MEAM1 (biotype B), a polyphagous insect widely disseminated throughout the country. Because of this fact, mixed infections of these viruses in tomato crops are frequent. However, important epidemiological parameters to better understand the diseases associated with these viruses, when in single or mixed infection in tomato, remain unknown. This study evaluated the kinetics of systemic invasion and latent and incubation periods of ToSRV and ToCV in single and mixed infections in tomato. The kinetics of systemic invasion was analyzed in tomato plants in which the inoculated leaf was detached at different time intervals after inoculation. The latent periods were evaluated in inoculated tomato plants which were later used as inoculum sources for the acquisition of ToSRV and/or ToCV by B. tabaci MEAM1, in transmission assays performed at different time intervals. Incubation periods were evaluated by daily observation of symptoms after inoculation of tomato plants. ToSRV and ToCV started the systemic movement just one day after inoculation in tomato plants. Average latent periods of ToSRV, in single and mixed infections, were 7 and 6 days, respectively. For ToCV, the average latent periods were 13 days in single infection and 11 days in mixed infection. ToSRV incubation periods, in single and mixed infections, occurred on average 11 days after the respective latent periods. The incubation period of ToSRV was influenced by the age of the plant at the time of inoculation and by the co-infection with ToCV. ToCV incubation periods, in single and mixed infections, occurred on average 17 and 20 days after the latent periods, respectively. The beginning of ToCV symptoms was not affected by the age of the plant at the time of inoculation or by co-infection with ToSRV. These results indicate that after infection, tomato plants rapidly become source of inoculum of the viruses and contribute to the dissemination of both in tomato crops. The mismatch between the latent and incubation periods of ToSRV and ToCV in infected tomato plants reveals that plants enable the acquisition and subsequent transmission of both viruses from a diseased to a healthy plant, prior to any manifestation of symptoms. Such knowlegment should be taken into consideration for the management of these viruses in tomato crops.

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